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Kenneth Knowles Dr.

Alan Morris Kilgore College Fall 2012

ELEMENTARY LINEAR ALGEBRA


CHAPTER THREE - Determinants
Section 3.1 - The Determinant of a Matrix
Definition: Every square matrix can be associated with a real number called its determinant. The determinant of a 1 by 1 matrix is the matrix entry. I.e., if determinant is a scalar, not a matrix. The determinant of a 2 by 2 matrix if then . The

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determinant

Example:

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determinant

14 Definition: If A is a square matrix, then an element of the minor matrix, the matrix obtained from by deleting the th row and th column from A. Definition: The cofactor, , of an element , is given by . Example: Find the minors and cofactors of

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The minor matrix and cofactor matrix are then

and

Note the sign pattern relation between the minor and cofactor matrices:

Definition: If

is a square matrix of order

, then

Example:

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determinant

2 det(A) = 2 Theorem 3.4: Expansion by Cofactors Let be a square matrix of order . The determinant of is given by (5)

( th row expansion) or ( th row expansion). is arbitrary.

Note: The rown and column chosen to find

Section 3.2 - Evaluation of a Determinant Using Elementary Operations


Definition: Theorem 3.3: Elementary Row Operations and Determinants Let and be square matrices. 1) If is obtained from by interchanging two rows, then . 2) If is obtained from by adding a multiple of a row of to another row of , then . 3) If is obtained from by multiplying a row of by a nonzero constant, c, then .

Theorem 3.4: Conditions That Yield a Zero Determinant If is a square matrix and one of the following conditions is true, then 1) An entire row or an entire column consists of zeros 2) Two rows or two columns are equal 3) One row or column is a multiple of another row or column

Section 3.3 - Properties of Determinants


Theorem 3.5: Determinant of a Matrix Product If are square matrices of order then Theorem 3.6: Determinant of a Scalar Multiple of a Matrix If is a square matrix size obtained by Example: Problem 4 pg 145 a) . is

, and is a nonzero scalar, then , because , thus there are factors of in the determinant.

determinant

0 b)

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determinant

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determinant

0 Example:

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determinant

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determinant

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(13) This example illustrates that if c=5, then Theorem 3.7: Determinant of an Invertible Matrix A square matrix A is invertible if and only if Theorem 3.8: Determinant of an Inverse Matrix If A is invertible, then . .

Theorem 3.9: Determinant of a Transpose If A is a square matrix, then .

Section 3.4 - Introduction to Eigenvalues


Definition:

Section 3.5 - Applications of Determinants


Definition: The adjoint of a matrix A is the transpose of the matrix where each element is the cofactor of . In other words, adj , where is the cofactor matrix of . Theorem 3.10: The Inverse of a Matrix Given by Its Adjoint If A is an Example: invertible matrix, then .

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determinant

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transpose

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This example illustrates that Theorem 3.11: Cramer's Rule If a solution of n linear eqns in n variables has a coefficient matrix solution of the system is given by column of constants in the system of eqns. Example:

. where , then the is the

, where the th column of

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determinant

(20) (This should be )

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determinant

(22) (This should be )

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determinant

(This should be

determinant

164

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