SCHOTT BUSINESS UNIT SOLAR

Solar Thermal Power Plants

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Kramer Junction (Ca): - Output 150 MWel - 900.000 m aperture area

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- 45.000 receiver

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SCHEMA

Parabolic Trough Power Plant- schema

A solar thermal power plant with a capacity of 50 MWel consist of a mirror area of approx. 360.000 m and 15.000 Receivern (total length 60 km)

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Geschichte

Parabolic trough power plants are not new .......

Collector field and turbine at Shuman in Meadi close to Cairo (1914) 5 loops 62 m, steam turbine 120 PS
(technisches Archiv des Deutschen Museums)

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Bauformen

There are different designs of parabolic troughs...

Fix mirror, tracking receiver (General Dynamics)

Parabolrinne mit Blechspiegel, IST 2-axis tracking troughs MAN, Germany 2-axis tracking troughs Ansaldo, Italy

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Receiver for Eurotrough

Technical data: length: ca. 100 m Aperture area: 5,8 m Concentration factor: approx.. 80
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Eurotrough

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Power Plants since 1984

Solar Thermal Power Plants producing electricity over 20 years

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Cost development of SEGS plants

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Energy Pricing Policy

Energy prices and Tax Credits collapsed SO#4 Contract (removed risk of energy prices for 10 years) suspended Investors return rising from 14% to 17% Short construction period forced causing additional costs

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bersicht SH

The receiver is the core component

low thermal losses ( vacuum) high solar absorption ( high transmission of glass cover ) minimal shading

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bersicht SH

SCHOTT PTR70 Receiver

Receicer designed according to the existing troughs (LS3, Euro trough, US-trough)

Characteristics of PTR 70 Receiver:

Glass-to- metall sealing selective absorber coating Antireflective coating ( high transmission) bellow to compansate thermal expansion Vacuum between steel and glass tube diameter 70mm length 4 m

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Known Problems
R eceiver G lass Failures (%of Field)

10% 9% Other Glass/Metal Seal Failure Bowing HR Related Failure Unknown

breakage of glass-to metal-seal (2 - 2.5 %/a) shading of radiation shields (> 7% of length) degradation of coatings

8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0%
1989 1991 1993 1995 1997

1999

2001

2003

Receiver failures at KJC, source: Hank Price, NREL

bellow shields

florescent absorber tubes

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New Receiver Design

Bellows are compressed during operation which leads to further reduction of shading Glass-to-metal-seal is protected against radiation Active length of Receiver is more than 96%

glass-to-metalseal

glass vacuum absorber

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New Glass-to-Metal Seal Improves Strength Properties

Breakage of glass-to-metal sealing (Housekeeper) is main cause for damages of receivers in existing power plants New approach with adapted CTE yields a sealing with low stress Only one glass type necessary Automated production process

Stainless Steel CTE=16*10-6/K

Glas CTE=3.3*10-6/K

Metal CTE=5.5*10-6/K

Glas CTE=5.5*10-6/K

Housekeeper - Method

SCHOTT Approach

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Reliability Solar Receiver

Hydrogen permeation from cracked heat transfer fluid (oil) to evacuated tube is limiting factor for lifetime
glas tube vacuum absorption layer steel tube permeation barrier silicon oil gas convection loss ?

radiation loss

radiation gain

sufficient H2 getter optimize hydrogen barrier of steel tube

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G/M-Seal - Thermal shock test

Intention: A thermal shock produces stress in the glass-to-metal seal pieces with failures are detected and sorted out easily Test conditions: sudden thermal shock from 225C -> 25C The thermal shock resistance of the glass itself is about T= 220K. Result: The glass-to metal seal is nearly as durable as the glass itself

250 200 150 100 50 0

thermal shock resistance GM V thermal shock resistence glass only

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Field Test with New Glass-to-Metal-Seal

100 Receivers operating in KJC since October 03 No breakage

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Performance Test in Eurotrough-Collector (PSA, June 2004)

18 Receivers installed in June 2004 2 % increase in performance compared to UVAC

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Field Test with Pre-Production Prototyps

192 Receivers installed in test loop at KJC in July and October 2004 no breakage 2.4% increase in preformance compared to previously installed tubes of competitor

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Receivers for Molten Salt Technology

SCHOTT tubes installed in 100m test loop at ENEA/Italy goal: 500-550C operating temperature

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Pilot Production
Pilot Production since 2004 2004: tubes for field test 1 MW power plant in Arizona tubes for test loop ENEA (Italy) 2005: spare parts for KJC/FPLE: 670 tubes tubes for test loop ENEA tubes for other customers Glass-to-metal seal

Welding

Evacuation
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New Production Line

located in Germany in operation in summer 2006 highly automated capacity: 50.000 tubes per year First supply for 64MW Nevada power plant

Beispiel: Prozess Hllrohr

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Competing Solar Technologies

Parabolic technology has a head start in the field of solar power...
Dish-Stirling-Systems - stand-alone system with up to 25 kWe - marketable - competing with photovoltaics

Solar Tower Technology

- 0,5-12 MWe-systems in R&D - no commercial operation

Fresnel Line Focus (SolarMundo)

- feasibility study - only 50-70% of parabolic tube efficiency

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Receiver Comparison of costs depending on grid- and local situation

Technology Photovoltaics Costs per kWh 0,4-0,7 /kWh (on-grid) Ca. 1,0 /kWh (solar home system) Both indication for Central Europe 0,09-0,16 /kWh 0,06-0,13 /kWh (on-shore) Ca. 0,07 /kWh (3MW, off-shore) 0,03-0,08 /kWh (1-5 MW) 0,1-0,2 /kWh ( 1 MW) 0,07-0,15 /kWh (8.000 h/a) 0,05-0,3 /kWh Efficiency 15%

Solar Thermal Power Plants Wind Power Hydro Power Geo Thermal (Power Plant) Bio mass

15-16% 50% 75-93% 10-16% (with 100-180C) 10-45 % (depending upon technology) 45-55%

Fossil Energy

ca. 0,03 /kWh

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bersicht SH

Reasons for future power plants Renewable Energy Portfolio Standards (RPS)

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New Spanish Feed-In Law: RD 436/2004

Grants same tariffs for PV and CSP from 100kW to 50MW Cost covering with up to 0.21 /kWh Annual adaptation to electricity price escalation After implementation of first 200MW tariff will be revised for subsequent plants to achieve cost reduction

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Spain: Within 12 months after publication of the feed-in law, more than a dozen projects started development

EHN+SolarGenix 15 MW PT

Iberdrola 7 x 50 MW PT HC 2 x 50 MW PT SENER Solar Tres 15MW Tower

SMAG 50 MW ExtremaSol 1c

Abengoa 10MW Tower 2x20MW Tower 50 MW PT

ACS+SMAG 2 x 50 MW AndaSol

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AndaSol: Key data

Technology: Solar-only Parabolic Trough Power Plant Installed Capacity: 49.9 MWel Storage: Molten salt storage for 7.5 full load hours Project Site: Plateau of Guadix, Province Granada Net electricity production: approx. 180 Mio. kWh/a

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First Parabolic Trough Project in Spain (AndaSol1) is moving forward, but one year in delay
Reasons for delay : project with cost > 250 Mio tedious process for bank financing new technology various permit procedures new players and new partnerships to be established

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NAFTA: Projects in USA and Mexico

Driving Force in USA: Renewable Energy Portfolio (RPS) in south-western states 1000 MW Initiative of Western Governer Association Mexico: GEF Project

Problems: Up to now no feasible implementation strategy for RPS High risk for IPPs, bankability
Existing SEGS 354 MW SolarGenix 50 MW PT

RPS Nevada 15 % of all electricity generated in Nevada be derived from new renewables by the year 2013. 5% of the RPS must be from solar energy projects.

SolarGenix 1 MW PT

GEF Mexico 25 MW PT

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Nevada Project
Size: 64 MW solar only IPP concept, PPA with Nevada Power Garanty from State of Nevada for PPA in Dec. 04 enabled bankability of project Start in 2006

Boulder City, NV

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Africa and Asia

Africa: Morocco project (GEF) most promising. Prequalification for bidders completed, award in 2005 GEF project in Egypt in progress, bidding process should start in 2005 Algeria: attractive Feed in Law for solar combined cycle plants Asia: GEF project in India with low probability due to political difficulties

Gas-solar electricity export to Europe

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bersicht SH

Reasons for new projects World Bank-Projects: 200 Mio USD

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Sites for CSP are in the Sun Belt

Other factors: industrialized countries environmental awareness and political commitment

excellent

good

suitable

not suitable

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Source: Solar Millennium AG, Erlangen

incentives

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Electricity Cost of Power Technologies (Example)

LEC New Plants c/kWh Wind Photovoltaics Geothermal Biomass CSP Plants Wave / Tidal Hydropower Oil / Gas Coal 2000 6.2 31.9 19.1 7.6 7.9 0.0 2.9 5.4 4.0 2010 5.2 14.7 7.4 6.2 7.1 0.0 3.0 5.8 4.2 2020 3.8 7.4 5.3 5.4 5.2 0.0 3.1 6.2 4.5 2030 3.7 5.8 4.5 5.3 4.5 0.0 3.1 6.7 4.8 2040 3.7 4.6 4.4 5.2 4.1 0.0 3.2 7.2 5.1 2050 3.6 4.2 4.3 5.2 4.0 0.0 3.3 7.8 5.5

Egypt

30 Electricity Cost of New Plants [c/kWh] 25 20 15 10 5 0 2000

Photovoltaics Wind Wave / Tidal Biomass Geothermal Hydropower CSP Plants Oil / Gas Coal
2010 2020 Year 2030 2040 2050

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by courtesy of:

MED-CSP

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Thank you very much !