2004 lntematlonal Conference on

Power System Technology POWERCON 2004 Slngapom, 21-24 November 2004

SIMULATION OF CHOPPING CURRENT EFFECTS UPON

CAPACITIVE SWITCHING TRANSIENTS
Petre Tusaliu Aydogan Ozdemir

suat Ilhan

Abstrari - Transient overvoltages and overcurrents arise due to the switching action in high voltage electric power systems. Consequently, high electric field strengths occur because of the modified electrical patterns. Transient overvoltages and overcurrents a r e one of the main concerns of insulation coordination and short circuit analysis; whereas high electrical fields are primarily related with the environmental and biological Issues. Transients due to the switching action depend on the network configurations as well as loading schedule. Unloaded line switching (capacitive switching) is one of the most important switching type from the point of substantial transients. On the other hand, chopping time of the current generally dominate:; the time dependent behavior of the transients. This paper presents a different method to analyze the effects of current chopping upon capacitive switching transients. Traditional frequency dependent T-model is changed by the proposed frequency dependent T-model to simulate the transmission line. The proposed model is applied and the transients for several different chopping currents are evaluated by using EMTDCIPSCAD soilware. All simulations a r e conducted for a practical power transmission line used in 380 kV Turkish National Power Transmission System. The results a r e compared with MATACAD simulations. i t is shown that the proposed model achieves more accurate calculations
Index TermsAisturbances, power systems, unloaded line switching, circuit bruaker, switching transients.

mainly based on the travelling waves formulation with the voltage disturbances reflecting the delay function and the wave-shape attenuation. The paper presents the calculation of transient voltages, currents and electrical field strengths following a capacitive switching action. The proposed model is used for the transmission line and simulations are conducted for various line lengths. Chopping current, the current flowing through the line at the instant of switching, increases the magnitude of transient recovery voltage switched at current zero passing, [ 151. This paper presents the effect of chopping current upon transient quantities for several different line lengths.

U.

ANALYTICAL APPROACH

The theoretical analysis of the transient phenomena following an unload transmission line switching can be performed by using the following single-phase circuit proposed by [l-51 (fig. 1). Transmission line is modeled by the conventional T-equivalent.

I. INTRODUCTION

The voltage stress in the switching devices depends on the network con@grationaud on the switching device characteristics.[l,4]. One o f the major concerns of electromagnetic transient simulations is the switching of an unloaded transmission line [5-141. Such a switching is generally called as capacitive switching. Transmission lines are conventionally modelled by the well-known T-model. Although lumped parameter models overcome several difficulties of distributed parameter models, the conventional model may not provide the sufficient accuracy in most cases. This paper implements a new fkquencydependent Tmodel, which improves the performance of the conventional m d l and so does provide higher accuracy. The model is oe
__
-

Fig. 1 Disconnection o an unloaded line f al) Model equivalent az) Resistance neglected bl) Phasor Diagram b2) Phasor Diagram cI) Instantaneous values cz) instantaneous values

Switching transient phenomena for an unloaded line modeled by the proposed T-equivalent (Fig.2) can be represented by the following equations [6,7]:

P. T w l m is a 1 1 professor at Craiova University, Romania (e-mail: 1

ptusaliu@yahoo.com); A. Ozdemir is a Full Professor i the Elecirical and Electronics Faculty of n the Technical UdveRiiy of Istanbul, Turkey (e-mail. ozdemi@elk itcedu-tr) S. Ilhan is Assistant in the Electrical and Electronics Faculty of the Technical University of Istanbul, Turkey (e-mail: ilhan@clk.itu.edu.tr)
*

Fig.2. The proposed nrodei o the unloaded line f

0-7803-8610-81041$20.00 0 2004 lEEE

436

L1 =

=O,627L

q+e,=c
--

2 n m - 2a L

J "

Fig.3 Transient Recovery Voltage The maximum of the Transient Recovery Voltages will be:

Cl + c 2

22,

= (ul -u,)max = 2fi2 +1,594(c3

-c2)

(8)

The voltage 112 can be calculated by [ 1-31:

where, ti02 and u03 are the voltage values at terminal 2 and terminal 3 at current interrupting moment, respectively. By Laplace Transform:

The current flowing through an unloaded line is pretty small when compared witb the rated current of the line. It is therefore possible to disconnect the current before current passing zero. The current flowing thmugh the line while switching action takes place is called the chopping current [l5]. The value of the chopping current effects the magnitude of transient quantities. [ 151 The circuit breaker characteristics and the feeding network parameters influence the transient phenomena. The growing speed of dielectric rigidity (Ud= f (t)) and the rise of the transient recovery voltage (Ur = f (t)), play also a very important role in this process [6-91.

The inverse Laplace transformation of 4 and plugging it in voltage equations results in:

#,

= U g +-?-(U,,

c,

-U,

1-cos-

I&
Figure 4. Modelling and Simulation in PSCAD

The maximum value of the voltage will be:

The voltage Diagrams for ul, uz and the Transient Recovery

Voltage are illustrated in figure 3 [IS].

43 7

ID.APPLICATION EXAMPLE
The transient overvoltages following the switching of an
unloaded line (witblwithout chopping current) in a 380 kV
T W due to current chopping at the unload line disconnecting

Turkish National Electric Power System were studied by using the model given in Fig.4. This model was evaluated using the EMTDCPSCAD software package. The 380 kV high voltage system comprises the voltage generators, the power transformer, the transmission line represented by associated T-Line model, the busbar, capacitor bank branch, the circuit breakers or the line switching and for the capacitor bank switching. The transient phenomena were simulated wt the circuit breaker on first position it was closed, ih following disconnecting operation. The 1'' time was 0.1373 sec and the Zd time was 3 sec. Discrete capacitance values J ih between 30 pF and 150 p ? wt a step of 20 pF were assumed for the star connected capacitor bank
~

30

90
~

150
[kml

210

260
~

1V. THE RESULTS The results are presented in the following tables and figures. Transient recovery voltages on phase A for various in chopping times are illustrated in Table 1 and FigS. Table 2 and Fig.6 present the transient recoveIy voltages for different lengths of an unloaded 380 kV transmission line. The phase voltages for different l i e lengths are illustrated in Table 3 and Fig.7. Table 1, Transient Recovery Voltages for phase A for several chopping times
-ch[sec] RV-Ac[kY

Figure 6. TransientRecovery Voltagesfor different line lengths

Table 3. Phase Overvoltages due to current chopping in the system for different line lengths
i h ] 30 90 150 210 240 260 280 V-AL[kY 307.96 315.04 329.2 329.2 336.28 336.28 350.44 V-BL[kfl 307.96 316.81 329.2 334.51 338.05 343.36 346.9 V-CLBVI 315.04 315.04 329.2 336.28 336.28 336.28 350.44

I 0.136 I 0.1324 I 0,1332 1 0.134 1 0.1348 I 0.1352 I 336.28 I 358.41 I 471.68 I 538 1 572.57 I 596.
current chopping

the unload line disconnecting

Transient Recovery Voltages on the phase A at the 380 kV unload line disconnecting with the

340

700fl

330 [kVj 320 310 300

290 280
30

90

150

210

260

[kml
'igure 7. The phase voltages for dtflerenl lengths o line at f the disconnecting with the current chopping
0,14 0,13 0,13 0,13 0,13 0,14 0,14

Iwcl
Figure 5. The tmnsient recovery voltages versus chopping time while disconnection o an unlonded line f

Table 2. Transient Recovery Voltages for different line lengths

1 [km] 30 90 150 210 240 260 280 TRV-A[kQ 567.26 584.96 584.96 602.65 602.65 611.3 611.5
TRV-B[kV] 393.81 407.96 416.81 443.32 443.32 448.67 448.67 TRV-C[kV] 485.W 487.61 498.23 498.23 527.43 527.43 532.17

Table 4 and Fig.8 present the comparative transient recovery voltages with and without chopping current cases for different line lengths. The effects of current chopping upon the magnitude of transient recovery voltages are shown in Table 5 and in Fig. 9 for several line lengths. Finally, phase voltages and associated electrical field strengths at ground level under an unloaded 380 kV line crossing the national highway and railway are illustrated in table 6 and Fig. 10.

438

Table 4. Transient Recovery Voltages with and without chorqing currents for sev& h e tengths.
1I W
30
567.26

Table 6. Phase Voltages and Electrical Field Strengths under

280 611.5 448.7 532.2 432.7 728.3 712.6

TRV-AcBVI TRV-Bc[kVI

TRV-Cc[kv] TV V X- l m
TRV-B[kVJ TRV-C[Lv]

585 393.81 408 416.8 485.84 487.6 498.2 415.04 416.8 422.1 680.53 693.8 702.7 684.96 700 702.7

90 S85

10 5

210 602.65 443.32 498.23 424.78 712 712.59

240 260 602.65 611.3

443.32 448.67

527.43 424.78 712.59 712.59

527.43 424.78
728.32 712.59

Comparative TRV wlthlwithout current chopping at unload line dlsconnecting

800
700
600 500

Electrical Field under a 380 k V unload line disconnecting (with current chopping) to the crossing of the Hghway and Railway, at grounded level

0TRV-Bc[kVl

1 6
14 12

400

OTRV-Cc[kVj
HTRV-A[kV]

10

300

[kv'ml
6 4 2 0

200
100

TRV-CFV]

Figure S Transientrecovey voltages with chopping and . without chopping ofthe current.

Figure 10. Electrical F e d Shength under CI 380 kV il unloaded line {with current choppin&

Table 5. Comparative TFW of the A phases without/with current chopping

30 90 150 210 240 260 280 414.15 416.81 422.12 424.78 424.78 424.78 432.74 567.26 584.96 584.96 602.65 602.65 611.3 6f1.5

Electrical Field uder a 380 kV Line

Comparative TW on the phase A wilhouthith current chopping

E
f

b
-15

-10

-5

0
[m 1

10

15

700 600

500
400

300
200 100 0

Figure I I . The Maximum Electrical Field Strength under the line.

30

90 150 210 260

Figure 9. The comparative transient recovery voltages at phase A, without/with current chopping.

The tables 1,2,3,4 and 5 show the influence of the line length on the transient recovery voltages, phase voltages and electrical field strengths for the disconnection of an unloaded line. Although the percentage is different, it can be stated that chopping of the current increase those transient quantities. They can be harmful both for the electrical equipment and for the environment. It is therefore necessary to organize an adequate maintenance policy for the lines and for the switching devices to limit the magnitude of those transient
quantities.

439

Unloaded Line Disconnection

Line length: 280.km f =soHz 0 '2.K.f

1 =280-km Rtot zR1.l

xtot =x14 Rtot = 1.884kg.m2 *S -3mA-2 Xtot = 17.344kg*tr1~*s-~*A-* 4 Ytot = 3.S54=10g *kg*m *S-3.A-2

Ytot = Y1.l
Figure 12. MuthCAD Model for the disconnection o nn f unload line.

=-

xtot
0

L = 0.055.kg.m2 *S -2.A-2

Line Parameters:
Untoad Line Parameters

=-Ytot

w c1 = 0.203c

C2 10.797.C

L1 ~0.627.L
USmaXfi-

" U
J 3

Usmaxf3.10316 *kgm2-;3*A-1

f:=SQWz
0

:=2.x.f
t '= Dsec,O.OOhec..O.hec

ul(t) : = U s d " . t )
uOqt) . U s m d d w t )

t
u02ma1~Umaxf

Osec,0.001sec..O.hc

uOZm~3.10316 *kgm2*L3-A-'
0
,O,

k:=1.05

0.05
t

0.1

0.1s

0.2

.O.Z

Figure 13. f i e phase voltuge

t =0.sec,0.00hec..0.2sa:

Transient Recovery Voltage

L 1:

0.62t

.6.4526m6,

1.10~

c2 = a.7972

c1 =0.203c c2 CR=Cl.C l t c2

ramaft) -

CR.CuO3max- u02ma$.
3(t)

=uOZmax+

c1

.-5.9580916,

- ,.In6
.O,

I I"

urm4t) :=2-ul(t)+ 1.594(u03max-u02md

0.05

0.1

0.15
I

0.2

t
I

,o .2.

Figure 14. The Transient Recovery Yoltage obtained by MathCAD Program

440

V. CONCLUSIONS

From the above results the following conclusions can be extracted: Following a switching action of an unloaded p w r oe transmission h e , harmful transient may arise both for the electrical equipments and for the environment. Among them, electrical field strengths have become the principal concern of several researchers. Transient fields need a detailed investigation, in addition to steady state fields. - Following a switching of an unloaded line transient recovery voltages of 2.33 p.u.and phase overvoltages of 1.131 p.u. are created and they result in several inconveniences i the n system as well as health problems for the living organisms around. - Simulation results obtained for the proposed models are i n good concordancewith the theoretical solutions. - The results obtained for PSCAD Model and MathCAD Model are i good concordance. M a x i deviation is 3.8 n

[ 121TusaIiu, P., Tusalu, V., Tusaliu, M., Tusaliu,D., About p w r system oe electromagnetic compatibility at the transients due to sWitCbg operations, i h e . o the 4th Europeun Symposium O R Electromagnetic n f Compatibilip, September 11-15,2000, vol. 2, pp.178-184, Brugge,
Belgium.
[I31 Machado, C. M., Pinto, J. A., Barbosa, M. F. P ,Influence of the circuit .

breakem reclosure in the transient stability of an electric power system using a new hybrid approach, in Proc. ofthe UPEC 2001. ?he 36th ae, Universities Power Engineering conference, University of W l s 12th14th September,2001, Swansea. [14] Tusaliu, P., e i ef r swains determiuationofelectric breakers, when Dvc o simple or multiple capacitor banks are switched, AU~~OISd i c a t e of c invention ao.92383/1987, Bucharest, Romania.

W. BIOGRAPHIES
Pehe Tusaliu was born in Melinesti, Romania, at the 25. April 1949 He is 1 1 1 professor at Wivmity of Cmiova Is the author and joint author of over 150 works at bis a r a He has seven utvention aud innovatm patents, four works for Ectucahon and two books published. He was CIGRE member (5 years) and their Cumculum vitae and activity have been included in Tbe International Diractory of Distinguished Leadership, 1997, edited by *&rim BiogrsphicaI Institute so, he >L have received the title Man of the Year-1997, awarded by American Biographical Inshtute-North Carolma-USA. He was specialising in Germany and III last years worked three stages, in cooperahon at tbe Polytechnic Institute of Combra, Inshtuto Superior de Engenharia de Coimbra (ISEC), Porhtgal and, also, at the Technical Umvmity of Istanbul, for a unportant sci-fic n cc-operation was made possible due to the NATO Fellowship Research Programs He has participatedas member of many Steering Commttee and %&tonal Board
I

%.

- Maximal etectrical fields under the 380 kV unloaded tine are

9.46 kV/m and 14.92 kV/m at the ground level (for the crossing of the national highway) and at the crossing of the national railway, respectively, These values are near the limits recommended by the CIGRE and IEEE Intematiod norms [1,2,8]. Therefore, it worth a detailed investigation.

VI.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to acknowledge NATO for the fellowship awarded to Prof.Tusaliu that allowed him to join the other coauthors in this research.

of numerous htemtional Conferences.

Aydogan d d mr was born in Artvin, Turkey, ze i

W. MFERENCES
[l] Environmental treatment of trarrsmission lines. Study Committee 22 (Overhead Lines). E l e m no. 54, pp. 21-94, 1977. [ ] Comparative electric field calculdon and measurements on high voltage Z insulatorsus. Working Group 03. Electra no. 141,pp. 74132,1992. [3J L h o v , T.M., A!&rmdov, SA, Researchon Influence of High Voliage C r u t Breaken Characteristicson SwitchingOvervoltages and ici Overc-ts,in Proc. of fhe Third International Conference on Electrical andElectronics Engineering, ELECO 2003, 3-7D c m e eebr

on January 1957. He received the B.Sc., MSc. and Ph.D. degrees i Electrical Engineering o from Istanbul Technical Uaivmity. Istanbul, Turkey in 1980, 1982 and 1990, respectively. Ke is currently a 111 professor at the same Univemity. His cment research interests are in the area of e l e c ~ c power system with emphasis on reliability analysis, modem tools (neural networks, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithm etc.) for power system modeling, analysis and control aud high-voltage
engineering.

2003, Bursa, Turkey. [4] Marincu, A., Grecanici, M , The electromagnetic field around a high . voltage 110kV electrical overhead lines and the influence on the biological sistems,inProc. of the Y h Intemational Power Systems Conference.November 6-7,2003, Tmisoara, Romania. [5] Mapeanu, Gh., Ground electric field characteristics and measurement problems,in hoc. o fhe fhe5 International Power System f Conference,November 67,2003, Timisoara, Romania. [6] Shunt capacitor bank swithmg, stresses and test m t o s (2nd Patt) . ehd Working Group I3.04 (switching TesfMefhods).Electra no. 183, pp. 1241,April 1999. [7] Shunt capacitor bank switching, stresscs and test m t o s (First Part) . ehd Working Group 13.04 (Swiiching Terf Methods). Electra no. 182, pp. 164-189, Febtuary 1999. [S] Comparativeelectric field calculation and measurements on high voltage insulatorsus. Working Group 03. Electra no. 141, pp. 74-132,1992. [9] Phaniraj, V., Phacke, A. 0..Modelling of circuit breakers in the eldmmagnetic transients program,IEEE Transacrioions on Power Systems, Va1.3, No. 2 . pp. 799-804, May, 1988 [IO] Greenwood, Electrical Transients in Power Systems, Second Edition, A. John Wiley& Sons lnc, 1991. [ I I] Chowdhusi, P. Electromagnetic Transients in Power Systems, John Wiley t Sons Inc, 1996. 4

S u a ilhttn was bom m MaIatya, Turkey on

February 1979. He received the B.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering Department &om Istanbul Technical University in 2001. H is e currently a research assistant at the same university. His current research interests is in the area of high voltage engineering

441