Arms 2010 1

1(51).
2010
C O N T E N T S
COOPERATIONS
2 Russian arms exports on the rise
MILITARY AVIATION
4 Sukhoi PAK FA: first flight
NAVY
Director General Evgeny Osipov Deputy Director General Vyacheslav Schesnovich Executive Director Oleg Perevoschikov Marketing Director Alexander Kiryanov Commercial Director Mikhail Baydak Executive Editor Alexey Makurin Production Editor Eduard Voytenko Editors Alexander Velovich Alexander Gudko Svetlana Komagorova Yaroslav Parkhomenko Marketing Manager Dmitry Kuprin Yana Zhvirbo Art Director Alvina Kirillova Designers Alexander Cheredayko Alexander Strelyaev Elena Shishova IT Manager Pavel Chernyak Photos and graphics in this issue: Vladimir Scherbakov, Marina Lystseva, Alexey Mikheev, Vitaly Kuzmin, NTV channel, "Sukhoi", JSC Ship-building Yard "Severnaya Verf", KBP Instrument Design Bureau
Circulation: 8000 The magazine is registered in the Committee for Press of the Russian Federation. Certificate 016692 as of 20.10.1997. Certificate 77-15450 as of 19.05.2003. Any material in this publication may not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher. The editorial staffs opinion does not necessarily coincide with that of the authors. Advertisers bear responsibility for the content of provided materials.
6 OPK and new directions in MTC
AIR DEFENCE
8 Missiles over Hindustan
LAND FORCES
24 KBP-designed modernized fighting compartment of the BMP-2 an efficient way of upgrading armoured vehicles
MARKETS
28 Indias Armed Forces weapons modernisation programmes in 2009
ARMS, 2010 ADDRESS P.O. Box 77, Moscow, 125057, Russia Tel.: + 7 495 626-52-11 Fax.: + 7 499 151-61-50 E-mail: af@airfleet.ru Office 1V, 2/6, Moskovsky prospect, Saint Petersburg, 190031, Russia Tel./fax: +7 812 310-61-46 E-mail: arsenal@msk2.da.ru
COOPERATIONS
RUSSIAN ARMS EXPORTS ON THE RISE

In 2009, Russia sold abroad $7.4 billion worth of military equipment and technology, a figure 10% higher compared to that in 2008. The growth trend is expected to persist in 2010 as well, as the contract portfolio for the next few years currently exceeds $34 billion. In 2009 alone, Russia signed $15 billion worth of arms contracts, Anatoly Isaikin, head of Russias exclusive arms trader Rosoboronexport, said at a news conference on January 28.
that Russia will begin foreign sales AIRCRAFT TOP THELIST Military aircraft have been best of S-400s only after it supplies its sellers in the recent years, account- own forces with the required numing for 50% of all exports in 2009. ber of such systems. Nevertheless, According to Rosoboronexport, Rosoboronexport head says that Army, Air Defense and Navy weap- preparatory negotiations are unonry made up 19%, 13% and 13.7% der way, which has already resultofthe sales, respectively. All theoth- ed in setting of preliminary terms er weaponry types accounted for for potential deliveries. Such detheremaining 4% ofthe total figure. liveries, however, are not going Rosoboronexport spokes- to take place neither in the commen have repeatedly stated that ing months nor the next year, Mr the Russian-made Air Defense sys- Isaikin highlighted. tems, especially the S-300 and The S-400 air defense missile systhe new S-400 Triumf, are in high tem was designed to engage aerdemand. Anatoly Isaikin stated ial targets including aircraft, UAVs 2
and cruise missiles both in the air and in the outer space as well as to carry out non-strategic missile defense missions. The new Triumf system, meant toreplace theS-200 and S-300, has an improved capability to destroy new types of aerial targets, including Stealth aircraft, small-sized cruise missiles and ballistic missiles with a range within 3,500 km and a speed of up to4.8km per second. THE UNIQUE FIGHTING VEHICLE Rosoboronexport sees the Tank Support Fighting Vehicle (BMPT) as
ARMS Defence Technologies Review
COOPERATIONS
a promising item for the interna- the rest of the fighters to be lintional arms market, among other ad- cense-produced by HAL enterprisvanced programs. Mr Isaikin called es inIndia. According to Indian sourcthe vehicle unique, saying I know ofno other country operating asim- es, the deal will total Rs 420 billion ilar piece of equipment. The ve- (over $10 billion). The Russian MiGhicle has high firepower and of- 35 is rivaled by theRafale offered by fers excellent protection against an- Frances Dassault Aviation, Gripen titank weapons, Rosoboronexport by Swedens SAAB, U.S. Boeing F/A18 and Lockheed Martin F-16, and CEO added. Despite its incredible perfor- the Eurofighter Typhoon made mance, the BMPT hasnt been ad- byEADS. Rosoboronexport CEO also menopted by theRussian Armed Forces so far. Thevehicle, built onthe T-90 tioned that anadditional agreement MBT chassis, is fitted with a dual will be signed soon to upgrade 30mm automatic cannon, four AT theAdmiral Gorshkov heavy aircraft guided missile launchers, a heavy carrying cruiser for India. The conmachine gun and two automatic tract needs alittle more time tobe grenade launchers. The BMPT is ca- finalized and stipulates theamount pable of engaging targets at a dis- of work and the price. Anatoly tance ofup to5km as well as wiping Isaikin said the deal is a complex theenemy off thesurrounding area task for the Russian shipbuilding with aradius ofup to3km by firing industry which is new to producing air carrying ships. In the past, its guns and grenade launchers. The vehicle can simultaneously all vessels of this class were built track and engage 5 ground targets, in Nikolayev, Ukraine. We are abwhile featuring an improved armor solutely new to such work. Only the hull will remain the same. We compared toatank. are going to make a totally new air carrier out of it following the cusINDIA: AMAJOR PARTNER The main buyers of Russian arms tomers preferences, he concluded. The over $1.5 billion contract and equipment are India. Algeria, China, Venezuela, Malaysia and Syria. to modernize the cruiser which had In the near future, India is going been sold toIndia, was signed back to remain Russias top military-tech- in 2004. Initially, the Indian Navy exnical partner thanks toboth thecur- pected to receive the ship in 2008, rently effective and future deals in- but delivery was later shifted to2010 cluding a tender for 126 fighter air- after the required amount of work had grown. craft for theIndian Air Force. As for China, Rosoboronexport Rosoboronexport CEO is sure that theRussian-offered Mikoyan MiG-35 expects lower sales to this country is destined towin theIndian tender. in the future. That is quite natural. By now, thecompetition is inits mid- Chinas defense industry is developterm, but no contender has quit so ing rapidly, Anatoly Isaikin noticed, far. Let thebest aircraft win therace. adding that Chinas share inRussian We are sure our MiG will make it, as defense exports had gone down it meets all the requirements set to 18% in 2009 and could drop furforward by the Indian Air Force, ther toas low as 15%. Anatoly Isaikin said. ARMS FOR NATO AND ARAB The MiG-35 belongs toanew uniNATIONS fied combat aircraft family alongside with the MiG-29K/MiG-29KUB Russia is negotiating possible sea-borne fighters and MiG-29M/ supplies of a variety of wepons M2 multirole tactical fighters. to NATO countries, Anatoly Isaikin The Medium Multi-Role Combat said, omitting thecountries names Aircraft (MMRCA) tender for 126 and delivery terms, though. He fighters was announced in August mentioned, however, that Russian2007 and obliges the winner com- made arms are still sold to Greece, pany tosupply theIndian Air Force Turkey and East European counwith 18 ready-built aircraft, with tries. The latter, however, account for upgrade and repair deals for USSR-supplied equipment rather than sales. According to Mr Isaikin, Rosoboronexport is prepared to supply weaponry to Iraq and Afghanistan provided that the U.S. gives its consent. Military-technical cooperation with Arab nations, including Lybia and Bahrain, also offers Russia favorable prospects. WAY IS FREE FOR PARTNERSHIP WITH IRAN Iran-related issues, which keep topping the global political news, werent left out by Anatoly Isaikin during his news conference, as the Middle Eastern country is known to be willing to buy S-300 air defense systems from Russia. Although the deal to supply Iran with S-300s was signed in December 2005, no formal announcements have yet been made onthe execution ofthe contract. The Rosoboronexport CEO pointed out that Iran is not subject to the UN arms embargo. Nothing is standing intheway offurther military-technical cooperation between Russia and Iran, Mr Isaikin said, adding that Iran had never violated its commitments. Anatoly Isaikin also gave a separate comment on the incident involving the Russian Sukhoi Su-27 fighter which failed toarrive intime atanair show inBahrain last January, as it hadnt been permitted to fly over Iran. There was a bureaucratic glitch. TheIranian ground control didnt receive a timely permit from the authorities to allow the flight, Mr Isaikin explained. The Russian Su-27 was due to arrive in Bahrain for an international airshow scheduled for January 19. The fighter was initially supposed to fly through the Iranian airspace, but the countrys authorities refused togrant apass. Intermediation of the two countries foreign ministries, however, had helped resolve the situation, allowing the aircraft to finally make its way to Bahrain onJanuary20. According toAnatoly Isaikin, theIranian government apologized for theincident after thecontroversy had been settled. 1(51).2010
MILITARY AVIATION
SUKHOI PAK FA: FIRST FLIGHT

n 29 January Sukhoi PAK FA (Advanced Aviation System of Tactical Avaition), also know as the T-50, performed its maiden flight from the airfield of Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Plant (KnAAPO) in the Russian Far East. Sukhoi director general Mikhail Pogosyan commented: "Today we have started the flight test programme of the 5th generation [fighter] aircraft. This is a big success of Russia's science and designer's thought. This achievement was made possible by industrial co-operation of more than a hundred enterprises. The PAK FA programme
Photo by "Sukhoi"
Photo by NTV channel
advances Russia's aircraft and cooperating industries to the new level of technological quality. These aircraft, alongside with modernised aviation systems of the forth generation will determine the capabilities of the Russian Air Force in the coming decades. Sukhoi company plans further development of the PAK FA programme together with Indian partners. I am confident that our joint project will outperform western competitors by efficiency-tocost criteria, and not only will allow to strengthen the defence might of Russia and India, but will take adecent place on the world market". The first flight of the new fighter lasted for 47 minutes with Sukhoi
test pilot Sergey Bogdan at the controls and was declared a complete success. Bogdan shared his impressions of the first flight: "We have made initial evaluation of the aircraft's controllability, engine operations and functioning of the main systems. The standard procedure of landing gear retraction/extension was performed. The aircraft showed itself favourably at all phases of the planned flight programme. It is easy and comfortable to control". Theflight test are anticipated to take about five-six years.
NAVY
Andrey Fomichev
Corvette p-1234 before repairing
OPK AND NEW DIRECTIONS IN MTC

nited Industrial Corporation (PK) comprises JSC Ship-building Yard Severnaya Verf, the largest Russian enterprise on the construction of surface ships. For the period of almost 100-year service in the RF Navy, Severnaya Verf has constructed more than 200 combat ships, with total draught exceeding 500000 tons. In the present day the yard performs the major delivery scope of surface ships (corvette and frigate class) upon the State Defence Order for the RF Navy, it is a usual participant of Military-Technical Cooperation (MTC). For the last years, OPK yards have exported ships in China (pr.956E, 956EM) and India (pr.1135.6).
Generally, the yard performs the repair operations of ships being previously constructed at it. Among them the special place is taken by yacht Rossia of Administrative Department of the President of the Russian Federation (2002). At the present moment, the yard is completing the repair operations offrigate Vice Admiral Kulakov being a part of the Northern Fleet. The yard has experienced in repair of ships being constructed at the other yards, among which is a famous cruiser Avrora (1984-87). It allows the yard to take a new MTC production sphere in naval engineering repair and modernization. For many years patrol ships of pr. 1159 (frigate Koni 2 as per NATO classification) are flagman
ships and small-size missile boats pr.1234Ye (corvette Nanucka 2 per NATO classification) are major impact of three groups (Fleets) of Democratic People's Republic ofAlgeria (DPRA), located along the coast of theMediterranean Sea. With its draught, ships are provided with high levels of propulsion and seakeeping characteristics, balanced systems of multipurpose weapon. Taking into account high military characteristics and modernization capabilities of ships, DPRA Naval Command favours to perform expensive repair and modernization instead of purchasing of new ships. To implement the Contract with DPRA, JSC SBY Severnaya Verf was the first yard in ship-building industry, that has performed a complex of
NAVY
operations upon the creation of system of organization and design-engineering support based on CALStechnology (Continuous Acquisition and Life cycle Support). Electronic models of ships, being constructed almost thirty years ago, and subjected to repair, allow to perform the following: perform fair Damage Survey and describe the ship state per compartments; enter the repair process in Common Electronic Informational Space of Yard; create 3D-model of hull, which provides possibility to develop separate hull sections, subjected to replacement assembled; optimize processes of costs and components purchase management; organize the integrations of all participants (Client Designer Yard Components Suppliers Operation and Disposition) of Life Cycle of Article having passed modernization-recovery repair, and having been not accompanied with electronic documentation yet, in Information Space ONline. This let shift the ships operation to the state-of art and satisfy Clients perspective requirements. For the first time in the shipinspect the thickness ofhull metal 1234Ye are on sea trials, repair building industry, at the absence without painting removing that al- of another two ships is proceedof mould loft data (in particular per lows to increase the damage survey ed. Together with FSI Ros obostabilizers bays and propeller shaft quality and respectively, the repair ronexport the yard is now reviewboss), re-engineering operations process itself due to the increasing ing the possibility to negotiate have been performed with appliof measuring points number with- new contracts. cation of laser scanners and followout mechanical grinding; ing 3D-modelling. Basing on the re- pipes cleaning process has been ceived data, tasks of cutting of plates greatly changed; to be replaced have been integrated decision has been taken upin the Yard Management Common on the repair of coupling points System as well as plates bending of steel hull and light-alloy sumeans have been developed. perstructure under the conditions The above mentioned became of significant corrosion and wearpossible due to the long-term scheding ofmetal. uled integration of digital intellectuProviding the repair quality level, al technologies into the production which corresponds to the world one, process. increasing of labour efficiency and Formation of the modern repair correspondingly, competitive price, system has required taking the de- JSC SBY Severnaya Verf for sure cisions upon the complex of process takes a new sphere in surface shipand metallurgical tasks: building: repair and modernization for the first time in native ship-build- of previously exported naval engiing industry, progressive gauges neering of any production. have been purchased, implementAt the present moment, first ed and utilized. They are used to two ships of projects 1159 and
P-901 before repairing
P-901 after repairing
Cruiser Aurora
1(51).2010
AIR DEFENCE
OVER HINDUSTAN
The international community has always marvelled at the energy with which Indian scientists, software and hardware experts in weapons systems have been moving on, overtaking and sometimes even surpassing achievements of the leading world powers. This is well illustrated by the indigenously developed nuclear weapons and rather modern rocket industry. The majority of missilerelated projects for the Ministry of Defence ofIndia are run under the so called Integrated Guided Missile Development Program focused on the development and series production ofseveral missile weapon types including various-range ballistic missiles.
MISSILES
AIR DEFENCE
Vladimir Sherbakov
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AIR DEFENCE
INTEGRATED GUIDED MISSILE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM The Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) is believed to have commenced officially in 1983. The then military and political leadership of India set as its main objective the development of the national rocket industry to a level where the principle of self-reliance would be realisable. Moreover, experience to be gained during implementation of that programme could be utilised when developing other types of missile weapon systems. At thepresent time theIntegrated Guided Missile Development Program encompasses five proj- sile system is also included into this been lately complemented with ects: strategic missile systems Program, which is incorrect since theAstra air-to-air guided missile dearmed with the Agni-family inter- its development has been started velopment project as well. It should be noted here that mediate-range ballistic missiles and much later within theframework ofa their modifications; tactical/the- joint Indo-Russian programme ex- Delhi was virtually forced into thereatre missile systems armed with ecuted by the BrahMos Aerospace alisation of the above Program the Prithvi-family short-range bal- Limited co-founded by the Russian by the then policy of a number listic missiles and their modifica- Military Industrial Corporation of Western countries attempting tions; air defence missile systems NPO Mashinostroyenia based to restrict weapons upgrading by armed with the Akash and Trishul near Moscow and Indian Ministry armies in most advanced so-called surface-to-air guided missiles; of Defences DRDO (Defence third-world countries by introducand Development ing the Missile Technology Control antitank guided weapon system Re search armed with the Nag guided mis- Organisation). TheIntegrated Guided Regime (MTCR). In addition, after sile. Sometimes the BrahMos mis- Missile Development Program has testing its nuclear charge on18 May 1974 India was submitted to a number of sanctions which further hampered the development of combat missile systems. The IGMDP main provisions were prepared by Dr. Abdul Kalam, the then head of the Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL) inHyderabad, later elected President of India, commonly named ever since the father ofIndias missile programme. It took six months forDr. Abdul Kalam and his DRDL colleagues to sort out all those issues with the assistance of the scientific advisor totheMinister ofDefence and DRDO head Dr. V.S. Arunchalam. On completing their work they reported its results to the Minister of Defence and Prime Minister ofIndia. It is interesting enough that inthe beginning there was no mentioning of a single programme: development of missile systems armed with the Nag antitank guided missile, Akash and Trishul surface-toair missiles as well as Prithvi and
Indian carrier rockets
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AIR DEFENCE
Agni ballistic missiles was planned as a row of unrelated projects implemented consecutively one after another. However, Minister ofDefence R.Venkataraman insisted that Dr. Kalam and Dr. Arunchalam combined all those projects into the unique Integrated Program. The Program officially started on27July 1983. A special board headed by Dr. Abdul Kalam was set up to manage practical implementation ofthe Integrated Program. Dr. Kalam also delegated sufficient authority tofive project directors for executive and financial activities, leaving tohimself only themost important issues such as contacts with more than two dozens of subcontractors. Dr. Kalams popularity grew with theemergence of new missiles, which finally culminated in his victory at the elections ofthe President ofIndia. This article treats only those missile systems that are based on the various-purpose Agni/Prithvifamily ballistic missiles. PRITHVI MISSILE SYSTEM The Prithvi (Sanskrit for Earth) missile is a single-stage short-range ground-to-ground ballistic missile. Indian missile experts derived their designs from thesecond-stage engine of the surface-to-air missile for the Soviet S-75 Dvina air defence missile system, as well as rocket engines designed earlier by India under the Devil and Valiant projects (the Devil project was intended to develop an indigenous liquidpropellant rocket engine drawing ontheanalysis ofsimilar Soviet guided missiles, whereas theValiant project was dedicated to the development ofamulti-stage strategic ballistic missile). Atthepresent time there are two variants ofthe Prithvi missile: one with ashorter-range but heavier payload, and the other with a greater-range but lower-weight warhead. In all other respects thetwo variants are virtually identical. The modifications are designated Prithvi I and PrithviII correspondingly. The Prithvi ballistic missile is asingle-stage liquid-propellant monoblock with asingle warhead and an inertial navigation and terminal guid-
Prithvi II ballistic missile mobile launcher
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sile body surface (the missiles capability for en route manoeuvring is equally dubious). It is further affirmed that the onboard guidance system can correct themissile flight trajectory within 15 degrees. Thelatest missile modifications are also equipped with satellite navigation system receivers: some experts believe this tobe thereason why India has agreed on a broader cooperation with Russia within theGLONASS programme. The missile onboard computer is based onadual-processor principle. The missile warhead weighs 1,000kg (PrithviI) or 500kg (PrithviII). It can be either conventional explosive or tactical nuclear Plutoniumbased charge with a1215-kilotonne equivalent. The Prithvi ballistic missile can be armed with different types of conventional warheads including a high explosive fragmentation warhead with preformed striking elements (it provides kill radius of250m against soft-skinned targets, such as positions of missile launchers and radars, as well as concentrations of manpower or war materiel), an incendiary warhead (with kill radius of up to 500 m), a cluster warhead loaded with bomblets or mines, a fuel-air explosive (volumetric) warhead, and a runway/airfield facilities buster warhead (this warhead can damage a runway made of the LNC60 grade concrete on an area of up to 4060-sq.m.). After completion of the nuclear tests in May 1998 Dr. Kalam, then DRDO head and scientific advisor totheMinister of Defence, made public the fea-
Dhanush sealaunched ballistic missile
ance system. Structurally themissile has a cylindrical body with a coneshaped head, acruciform wing inthe middle part and four smaller control/correction surfaces in the tail end of the missile. The missile body is made of aluminium alloys, and is covered with radio-absorbing materials. The missile propulsion unit is composed of two liquid-propellant engines, and its fuel tank is made of aluminium alloys as well. The engine uses amixture ofthe inhibited red fuming nitric acid as an oxidiser, and a compound fuel made of xylidene (50%) and triethylamine (50%). Nnormally Tthe missile is fuelled immediately before the launch, since fuelled missile can be stored fora few months only. Thanks to the large-area wing, the Prithvi missile is capable ofperforming manoeuvres atthe terminal flight leg to correct its trajectory and penetrate enemy antiballistic missile defence. Basic specifications of the Prithvifamily missiles are as follows: missile length 8.55m (PrithviI) or 9.0 (PrithviII), wing span 2.6m, launch weight about 4,000kg, minimum launch range 40 km, maximum launch range 150km (PrithviI with a 1,000-kg warhead) and 250 km (Prithvi II). Some Indian media have reported that thePrithviI missile carrying a 250-kg warhead might be launched ata range as great as 500 km yet it seems hardly probable.
The missiles circular error probability (CEP) does not exceed 0.1% of the launch range, that is the CEP atthe maximum range would make 250 m (even though some Indian sources suggest that the CEP could be as little as 0.01% of the launch range, in our opinion it does not seem realistic). The missile is equipped with an inertial guidance system. The Prithvi developers declare that during thepre-flight preparation up tosix waypoints atthe terminal trajectory leg can be uploaded into the onboard mission computer. It is believed that this procedure must increase probability of penetration by the missile of enemy antiballistic missile defence, which is further improved by applying aspecial radio-absorbing coating on the mis-
Dhanush ballistic missile in the assembly shop
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sibility of arming the missile with a nuclear charge. It is thought that since 1997 up to 20 nuclear charges for the Prithvi I ballistic missile have been produced, and starting from 1999 up to 10 nuclear charges forthePrithviII ballistic missile. The missile launcher is mounted on the Tatra Kolos 4x4 all-terrain truck. Immediately prior to launch the launcher with the loaded missile is separated from the truck and is stabilised onthelaunch pad. The Kolos transporter-launcher vehicle has the following specifications: empty weight 13,800 kg, length 8.8 m, width 2.5 m, height (at cabin) 2.69 m, road clearance 425 mm, engine 250-hp 12-cylinder Tatra T-930-3 diesel, maximum speed 80 km/h, fuel tank capacity 520 l, negotiated obstacles vertical wall up to 0.6 m high, water crossing up to 1.4 m deep, slope up to 30, cabin equipped with the NBC protection system. The Prithvi ballistic missile development project was the first one tostart in1983 under theIntegrated Program umbrella. The Prithvi I ground trials began in 1987 and the first test flight took place at Sriharikota on 25 February 1988. ThePrithviII missile was first launched atthe Interim Test Range inBalasore on 27 January 1996. The Prithvi ballistic missile was thefirst guided missile successfully developed and produced inseries by Indias own effort. As a matter of fact, liquid-fuel modifications ofthe missile have atypical drawback: they must be loaded with fuel immediately prior tolaunch. This routine can pose certain problems in field conditions, and seriously degrades thesystems combat potential. The Prithvi ballistic missile system was demonstrated for the first time at the military parade in commemoration of the Republic Day of India on26 January 1994 It was initially planned that the Prithvi I ballistic missile system Bhabha Atomic Research Centre In April 1948 Atomic Energy Bhabha Atomic Research Center is situated in the city of Trombay, Act was adopted, and in August major center of atomic, oil-refining, 1948 Atomic Energy Commission petrochemical and chemical indus- was set up. On 3 January 1954 tries, 50 km to the south-east from the Commission endorsed setMumbai (former Bombay). It is ting up of the Atomic Energy Indias principal research centre in Establishment in Trombay under the nuclear power engineering field, its supervision. Since that time all engaged both in fundamental and projects related to nuclear energy (construction of nuclear reactors, applied studies. Indian atomic industrys his- design and development of nuclear tory dates back to 1945 when weapons, processing of radioacthe Institute of Fundamental tive materials, development of relResearch was established. Dr. Homi evant electronic, machine-building Jehangir Bhabha, first director of and other technologies and equipthe Institute, was the initiator and ment) were transferred from the developer of the Indian Nuclear Institute of Fundamental Research Programme officially announced in to the Atomic Energy Establishment March 1944. He considered forma- inTrombay (even though it was offition of national specialists in the cially opened by Jawaharlal Nehru field of nuclear power generation only on 20January 1957). as one of the major goals of the Another important milestone Institute. When nuclear energy in the history of the Indian atomic is successfully applied to human industry was laid on 3 April 1954 activities, and this may happen in a when the Department of Atomic couple of decades from now, India Energy was created within the Indian will not have to look abroad for Government, and Dr.H.Bhabha was nuclear experts for they will be appointed its Secretary. The Atomic formed in this country. Energy Establishment was brought under the control of the new Department. Organisationally, theAtomic Energy Commission used tobe a part oftheMinistry of Natural Resources and Scientific Research. Since then, however, the new Department came under direct control of Indias Prime Minister (atthat time Jawaharlal Nehru). On 22 January 1967 Prime Minister Indira Gandhi renamed the Atomic Energy Establishment as Bhabha Atomic Research Center to commemorate its founder Dr.Homi Bhabha who died in an air crash on24 January 1966. At present BARC researchers conduct works in the following directions: elementary particles physics; atomic energy engineering support; isotopes analyses; radiation medicine; nuclear energy applications toagriculture, computers; robotics; information technologies. would enter service with theIndian Army by 1990. However, owing todelays inthe missile development and anumber oftest launch failures it was only in the middle of 1994 that the series production started, and the missile system was then inducted fortrial operation. Seven test launches had been made by that time, and in 1994 a few more missiles were test fired by Indian Army combat crews (that June thePrithvi ballistic missile was launched from Chandipur missile range against thefiring ground onWheeler Island at a range of some 80 km). After a number of successful test launches thedeveloper/manufacturer was awarded the Indian Armys contract for the delivery of six missile systems with the follow-up for 75 more missiles. The first-batch 20 missiles were delivered to the customer by October 1995 and were used toarm the333rd Missile Group permanently established inthe city ofSecunderabad.
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ule armed with arow ofvarious-type warheads: incendiary, cluster with bomblets, and runway buster warhead. In the early 2001 the Prithvi ballistic missile systems were incepted into active service and put oncombat duty. Thedecision about it was based on the analysis of the Indian armed forces potential during the confrontation with Pakistan in2001. According to unclassified publications theIndian Army has by now formed as a minimum three missile groups numbered 333, 444, and 555. Terminology-wise, an Indian Armys missile group corresponds to a Russian missile brigade: that is, one Prithvi missile group includes three missile battalions with 12 missile launchers ineach, and three supplementary transporter-launcher units in the reserve of the missile group commander. Thus it turns out that the total number of the Prithvi missile system transporter-launcher vehicles of various modifications inthe Indian Army can amount to45 units. Analysts assume though that their quantity is much less in reality. Thethird missile group tobe formed in 2003, as was then announced, actually existed only onpaper forsome years. Indian sources still insist that the national defence industry is capable, in case of necessity, of producing three to four such missiles per month. It is worth mentioning that after successful completion of the Agni
A mockup of the Sukanya class patrol ship with the Dhanush ballistic missile
The Indian Armed Forces commissioned in due time two modifications ofthe Prithvi missile: PrithviI (SS-150) for the Indian Army, and Prithvi II (SS-250) for the Indian Air Force (25 missiles) and later for the Indian Army. It is most probable that theairborne modification ofthe Prithvi missile was first publicly demonstrated atthe military parade on the occasion of Indias Republic Day on 26 January 1995, but its inception into service by theIndian Air Force was officially announced only on18 April 2001 by thethen Minister of Defence Jaswant Singh in his speech to the Parliament. He stated then that it was only a trial operation and further acquisition of this ballistic missile fortheAir Force was not planned. At present asubsidiary enterprise of the Bharat Dynamics Limited company in Hyderabad is producing only thePrithviII missiles. There were also reports that the Prithvi II ballistic missile underwent upgrading in the second half of the 1990s. As a result, new highenergy fuel for the missile allowed its developers to increase the warhead weight from 500kg to1,000kg while retaining the given flight range. Some Indian media report that theupgraded version ofthe missile is powered by asolid-propellant engine. The first test launch of this modification took place on31 March 2001, and the missile flight range then was 250 km. However, there is every likelihood that it concerns an entirely new ballistic missile, designated as PrithviIII (see below), rather than thePrithviII modification. In 2001 aseries oftests were conducted toevaluate combat effectiveness ofa multipurpose combat mod-
Dhanush ballistic missile
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intermediate-range ballistic missile test Mr K. Shantanam, the DRDO technical and scientific advisor, made a statement that the Prithvi ballistic missile had never been planned tobe theprincipal nuclear capable delivery vehicle: such role was considered for it only in contingency cases. The Indian nuclear scientist said in particular: Now we can state that the Agni solid-fuel missile has completely assumed the role of delivering the nuclear charge, taking it off from thePrithvi liquid-fuel missile. Developer of the Prithvi missile system Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) ofIndia. Prime contractor Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL) company, Hyderabad. Subcontractors fortheProgram: Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd (HAL) company, Bangalore liquid-fuel engine and missile body components; Bharat Aluminum (Balco) company components made of aluminium alloys, and missile body components; Bharat Earth Movers Ltd (BEML) company transporter-launchers and other vehicles based ontheKolos truck; Khirkee Explosives and Combustibles Plant, Pune liquid fuel components. An estimated cost of one serially-produced missile is about 0.74 1.4mln USD. DHANUSH SEA-LAUNCHED BALLISTIC MISSILE SYSTEM The Dhanush (Sanskrit forBow) sea-launched ballistic missile has been designed within theframework ofthe Prithvi ballistic missile development programme. Indian specialists describe colourfully thesystem composition: Dhanush is the launching unit equipped with thehydraulic stabilisation system, which is a bow, whereas themissile is an arrow shot by means of the above mentioned bow. Indian sources sometimes designate the Dhanush otherwise, asPrithviIII (SS-350). The Dhanush missile is structurally similar to its prototype, 1(51).2010
the Prithvi II single-stage ballistic missile. Two variants of the missile are said to have been developed: an anti-ship missile with the launch range ofaround 250km, and ashipto-surface missile with the launch range ofaround 500km. Indian missile experts are also said tobe developing asubmarine-launched version ofthe Dhanush ballistic missile if so, this one should be powered by asolid-propellant engine. The Dhanush ballistic missile specifications are as follows: missle launch weight 4,400kg, warhead type and weight conventional high explosive, 500 kg (there are reports that the warhead weight can be increased up to 1,000 kg), missile length 8.56m. misile body diameter 1.1m, number ofstages
one, flight range 250350 km, CEP about 250 m, guidance system type inertial. The shipbased management system allows launching the missile at a pitch angle of up to 5 degrees and roll angle of up to 10 degrees. The missile pointing accuracy is within one degree. The maximum range flight duration is 300 seconds. The missile launch system is said tobe able toalso manage theSagarika tactical missile. This eventuality makes some experts speculate that the Sagarika and Dhanush missiles are nothing other than different modifications ofthe same prototype derived from thePrithvi ballistic missile. The Sukanya class Subhadra patrol ship (INS Subhadra, P51) was employed as a carrier ship for the mis-
Sagarika sealaunched missile test
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sile tests and trial operation. Thefirst missile flight test was conducted onboard this ship, and ended up as afailure when the ballistic missile prototype broke intwo inthe air, fell down and sank at the 4th second of the flight. The second test launch was performed in December 2000 and the third one on 21 September 2001. The latter one was considered a complete success as the missile carrying a 500-kg payload was launched from theship off thecoast of Orissa state, covered the preplanned distance (150 km), and splashed down in the defined water area of the Bay of Bengal. A representative of the Indian Ministry of Defence even declared in the interview for The Hindustan Times newspaper that Indias military and political leaders would soon begin to practically employ the system. But in the same year an official representative of the Indian Navy who preferred to remain unnamed pointed out that Indian Navy no longer considers the Dhanush ballistic missile as aplatform fornuclear charge delivery. Finally, inSeptember 2002 Dr. Abdul Kalam, the then scientific advisor totheMinister ofDefence, announced that the Dhanush ballistic missile was prepared toenter service with theIndian Navy. The missile was planned tobe inducted by the Indian Navy for tri-
Shaurya tactical/theatre ballsistic missile
A hypothetical view of the Sagirika missile outside its transportlaunch canister
al operation not later that 2003, yet no credible information about this issue has been released so far. Even though after the fourth successful test onboard the Subdhara patrol ship some Indian media reported that theMinistry ofDefence had allegedly placed an order for30 missiles atthe manufacturing plant. The serial production missile was tested during the fifth trial launch conducted in the Bay of Bengal on28December 2005.
The sea-launched ballistic missile development is apparently going to be stay on hold, at least for some time in the near future, since the tension in relations between India and Pakistan has somewhat eased down, whereas this shipborne missile system had been made as a deterrent for Pakistan: it was planned that Indian surface ships armed with such systems would sail tosafe positions off main ports and naval stations of Pakistan and deliver massive missile strikes against them (some experts even consider the Dhanush missile to be nothing else than technology demonstrator). A model ofsuch carrier ship with the Dhanush ballistic missile launcher onboard was shown atthe Defexpo 2002 International defence exhibition (it is now showcased at the Indian Minister of Defence representation area on the territory ofthe Pragati Maidan exhibition centre inDelhi). Developer Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) ofIndia Prime contractor Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL) company, Hyderabad. Subcontractor for the programme Hindustan Aeronautics LTD (HAL) company, Bangalore engine and missile body components;
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marine-launched version (designat- AGNI FAMILY STRATEGIC BALLISTIC SAGARIKA (SHAURYA) TACTICAL/ MISSILE SYSTEM ed in some Indian media as Project THEATRE MISSILE SYSTEM First attempts to develop an inThe Sagarika (Sanskrit K-15) forarming an indigenously defor Oceanic) sea-launched missile veloped advanced nuclear-powered digenous long-range strategic missystem and its land-based version submarine. The missile is planned sile were undertaken in the early Shaurya (Sanskrit for Valour) are to carry a warhead weighing from 1970s. Thus, Project Valiant was starta follow-on development of the 180kg to550kg with either conven- ed in 1972 with the purpose to dePrithvi ballistic missile incorpo- tional or nuclear (17150 kT yield) sign and manufacture a three-stage liquid-propellant intercontinenrating new technologies drawn charge. Information about the Sagarika tal ballistic missile. The first boostby Indian experts from the joint Russian-Indian BrahMos project. missile system programme is rather er stage was supposed toaccommoThe new missile has been devel- contradictory, but some media had date three liquid-propellant rocket oped since 1991. It is a two-stage reports that the Sagarika ballistic engines with a30-tonne thrust each, missile in which both stages are missile was launched from a special and the second stage should have powered by solid-propellant mo- underwater test facility atChandipur had one such engine. At the same tors. In contrast to the preceding test range on27 October 2004, and time civil-purpose rocket specialmodels ofthe Prithvi family ballistic on 12 November 2008 sixth test ists from the Indian Space Research missiles, the Sagarika and Shaurya launch of this kind was made, but Organisation (ISRO) were developtactical/theatre missiles do not there are no more data about further ing afamily ofspace launch vehicles: have an X-form wing in the mid- testing since then. The missile silos in 1980 they made first successful portion of the missile body, and onboard the advanced submarine launch of a four-stage space launch their specifications are much clos- are supposed toaccommodate both vehicle SLV-3. er to those of the BrahMos mis- one Agni III ballistic missile special The technical heritage accumusile than the Prithvi ballistic mis- modification (one AgniIIISL per silo) lated in Project Valiant (cancelled sile. The missile flight tests start- and Sagarika missiles (three missiles for some reason in 1974) as well as ed in2004: two successful launches per silo). TheSagarika missiles can be in the Space Launch Vehicle projwere performed on23 January and launched from submerged position ect laid perfect ground for deatthe depth of50m (precise launch sign works over the Agni (Sanskrit 19 March 2004. The missile bode is made ofa steel depth range is unknown). forFire) family ballistic missiles, ofalloy. The Sagarika missile specifications are as follows: length 10.0m, Launch of the maximum body diameter 0.74 m, Agni I mediumlaunch weight about 6,200 kg, range ballistic maximum CEP not more than missile. 25m. With thenew engine and highBy expert estienergy fuel theSagarika missile can mates at least be fired ata range of350 to600km, 10 nuclear and deliver a payload weighing charges from 500 kg to 1,000 kg. A number for these misofIndian sources have intimated that siles have been the missile developer is taking meaproduced until sures to increase the missile launch now. range up to 1,300 to 2,500 km and has requested technical assistance of Russia and Israel. The Sagarika/ Shaurya missile system powered by solid-propellant engines has a substantially greater combat potential since there is no need any more tokeep acrowd oftechnical support vehicles within themissile battalions as was thecase with thePrithviI and Prithvi II liquid-propellant missiles. The missile is stored in a 2.4-m diameter composite transport-launch canister. It is also most interesting that besides ground-to-ground modification ofthe Sagarika missile, Indian specialists are developing its sub1(51).2010
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ficially started in1983, although individual case studies had been going onsince 1979. The first member in this ballistic missile family was the AgniTD/TTB missile (where TD means Technology Demonstrator, and TTB Technology Test Bed). Generally speaking, the missile was used as a technology demonstrator and test prototype helping to elaborate anumber oftasks and components, including, first of all, the following ones: missile design optimisation, determination of stages number and composition; study of missile control methods in various flight trajectory phases, especially during reentry of its warhead (reentry vehicle) into dense layers of the Earths atmosphere at hypersonic speeds; possibility to introduce into the reentry vehicle structure a multi-directionally reinforced carbon-fiber preform technology (MRCP) material, as well as: testing of a new inertial navigation system. Indian developers ofthe new missile confessed that thefirst Agni family offspring was kind of a hybrid of the Prithvi ballistic missile with the S-1 booster stage of the SLV-3 launch vehicle. Thebooster was alittle modified and employed solid propellant. To reduce design time,
A mockup of the Agni ballistic missile railway-based launcher

a shortened version of the Prithvi possible range was announced tobe missiles liquid-propellant engine 1,500 km). The Agni-TD/TTB missile nevwas used inthe second stage ofthe new missile instead ofa solid-propel- er entered service with the Indian armed forces, although in 1999 durlant engine (yet tobe designed). The first successful test ofthe new ing Kargil armed conflict at least missile took place on 22 May 1989 one such missile was prepared toatChandipur test range. For thesec- gether with four Prithvi missiles ond test the missiles second stage for combat employment in the nuwas slightly modified to take great- clear capable configuration in case er fuel load. The last Agni-TD/TTB if Pakistan had begun a large-scale ballistic missile was test launched aggression against India or had first on 19 February 1994. According employed nuclear weapons. In his to Indian sources, during that flight book Weapons ofPeace: TheSecret an upgraded reentry vehicle ca- Story ofIndias Quest To Be aNuclear pable of performing self-correc- Power published in India in 2000 tion and terminal evasive manoeu- Raj Chengappa writes that theabove vres (after entering into dense layers mentioned five missiles were of the Earths atmosphere) was test- brought into Combat Readiness No. ed for the first time. The maximum 3 status which stipulates that nuclemissile flight range registered dur- ar warheads should be completely ing tests was 1,450 km (maximum prepared foremployment and ready for installation on the carrier missiles. All the missiles were moved and deployed near Indias western regions in close vicinity to the IndoPakistan border. Some Indian highranking officials and retired generals have even avowed that the nuclear charge was indeed mounted on the Agni missile, and the missile itself was brought tothelaunch position, fully loaded with fuel, and ready forimmediate launch. As oftoday, theAgni ballistic missile family has four fully completed missile modifications with two more under development: Agni-TD/TTB a medium-range two-stage technology demonstrator missile (its first stage is a solid propellant booster, and the second stage a liquid-pro-
Agni II ballistic missile mobile launcher at the military parade in Delhi
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sumed after successfully tests ofthe AgniII ballistic missile. It was revived ontheinitiative ofthe Indian Armed Forces who demanded urgent induction into service ofa ballistic missile with greater flight range than that of the Prithvi missile but less than the Agni IIs. The range should be within 3002,000 km. As a result ofthe design studies it was decided to re-engineer the Agni II mediumrange ballistic missile instead of developing a new one. Actually one stage was cut off from the missile, and thenew missile became thus single-stage. The Agni I missile specifications are as follows: length about 15m, maximum missile body diametre 1.0 m, launching weight about 12tonnes, reentry vehicle weight with thenuclear charge up to1,000kg. Its reentry vehicle is identical tothat mounted on the Agni II mediumrange ballistic missile. TheAgniI missile with thestandard-weight reentry vehicle (1,000 kg) has launch range of about 850 km. According to its developers, if fitted with a lowerweight reentry vehicle (e.g. 500 kg) the missile can have its flight range increased up to1,200km. Themissile has the same booster and electronics as those installed in the Agni II ICBM. The first test flight ofthe ballistic missile topped with a1,000-kg reentry vehicle took place on25 January 2002. The missile was launched from amobile wheeled launcher (so
Agni IIITD intercontinental ballistic missile prototype

pellant motor). The missile has successfully passed tests, and its production is terminated; Agni I (or A-1) a single-stage solid-propellant medium-range ballistic missile having thelaunch range of 850 km with a 1,000-kg warhead. Themissile is inservice with the Indian Army, its production is continued; AgniII (or A-2) atwo-stage solid-propellant medium/intermediate-range ballistic missile having the launch range of 2,800 3,000 km with a 1,000-kg warhead. Themissile is inservice with theIndian Army, its production is continued; AgniIIAT (or A-2AT) an upgraded version of the Agni II ballistic missile having the launch range increased up to 4,000 km with a 1,500-kg warhead. The missile is made of the state-of-the-art more durable and light materials. Themissile is under development; AgniIII athree-stage solid-propellant intercontinental ballistic missile having the launch range of not less than 5,500 km with a1,500-kg warhead, or 12,000km fora 500-kg warhead; Agni IV (or Agni III++) a threestage solid-propellant intercontinental ballistic missile having the launch range of more than 10,000 km with a 1,000-kg warhead. The missile is under development. Indian media sources report that the Agni family missiles will be further upgraded by equipping them with satellite navigation system receivers of either Russianmade GLONASS (GLObal NAvigation Satellite System), for which Russia and India have reached afundamental agreement tooperate it jointly, or Indian-made IRNSS (Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System) which should cover up to35% ofthe Globe according toits Indian developers. AGNII MEDIUM-RANGE BALLISTIC MISSILE The Agni I is a single-stage solid-propellant medium-range ballistic missile fitted with a separable warhead and an inertial navigation system. The development works over the Agni I missile project were started in 1994 immediately after successful tests of the Agni-TD/TTB ballistic missiles. However, after some time they were suspended and re-
Developers of the Agni III ICBM at their product
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Agni IIITD intercontinental ballistic missile
maximum body diameter 1.0 m, missile launch weight about 16 tonnes, reentry vehicle weight with the nuclear charge up to 1,000 kg, launch range not less than 2,000 km. The onboard missile equipment is integrated via MIL-STD-1553B standard data bus. Thedevelopers succeeded inreducing length ofcables and wires by 8 times compared with a24-km long wiring on the Agni-TD/TTB ballistic missile. The Mk.2 reentry vehicle houses one 200300kT warhead (from the total weight of 1,000 kg, the warhead and antiballistic missile defence penetration means account for 750 kg, and the rest goes to the reentry vehicle structure). Themissile CEP is 100200m, but as some media have reported, the developers have been able toreduce it to 40 m by introducing new equipment (e.g. satellite navigation system receivers). Besides, the reentry vehicle of the missile can be powered by a high altitude-correction liquid-propellant motor. To avoid overheating, thereentry vehicle enters the atmosphere at a high incidence angle. The A210 type powerplant makes use ofsolid-propellant engines inthe first and second stages. The first stage booster engine is practically identical to that used in the AgniTD/TTB missile which, inits turn, was derived from the SLV-3 launch vehicle engine. The booster uses more advanced fuel with improved characteristics. Both stages are made of the 15CDV6 grade high-strength steel. Themissile launch preparation now takes only 15 minutes thanks to the employment of the solid-propellant engines which allow fordrastic reduction of the pre-flight procedures. The new missile was first test launched on 11 April 1999 at 09:47 Indian Standard Time from the IC-4 launch pad of then new test range situated inthe inner part ofWheeler Island off the coast of Orissa State at the range of 150 km from its capital, the city of Bhubaneshwar. The ballistic missile was launched from a mobile launching unit made from a modified railway carriage resembling structurally a railway car-
Agni IIITD intercontinental ballistic missile
called road-mobile launch). The missile flew ata range ofabout 700km. On 9 January 2003 the second missile was test launched at a range of700km. TheAgniI missile launcher can be mounted on a railway carriage base. The AgniI medium-range ballistic missile has sufficient flight range and combat power. Therefore the missile can engage any vital installations on the territory of Pakistan without having todeploy its launchers in close vicinity to the border. Besides, the missile can engage targets on the territory of Afghanistan, Iran, and China as well. By expert estimates, up toten 200kT nuclear warheads for the Agni I medium-range ballistic missile have been produced and delivered to the Indian armed forces in the period since 1998 until now. Indian
sources report that theAgniI ballistic missiles are inservice with 334th and 444th Missile Groups of the Indian Army. The missile cost amounts to3.5mln USD. AGNIII MEDIUM-RANGE BALLISTIC MISSILE The Agni II is a two-stage solid-propellant medium-range (in Western terminology -intermediate-range) ballistic missile fitted with one separable warhead of about 200-kilotonne yield and an inertial navigation system based on Indiandesigned/Indian-produced laser gyroscopes. The missile development started in 1979 and was included into the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program in1983. The Agni II specifications are as follows: missile length 19.6 m,
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riage/launcher in the Russian railway-mobile Molodets ICBM system. The combat crew was accommodated in the adjacent re-equipped railway carriage. The missile was reported to be equipped with a GPS receiver. The missile with a 700-kg warhead flew at a range of 2,100 km for 11 minutes and splashed down in a given water area of the Bay of Bengal. The missile development team confirmed that test characteristics and CEP attained were close to design estimates. They also validated estimated maximum flight range of up to 2,800 3,000 km fora special configuration. It must be noted that on14 April Pakistan responded with another testing ofits Ghauri-2 medium-range ballistic missile. It was launched from Tilla-Jogian test range, 40 km from Jhelum city, Punjab, to SouthEast ofIslamabad, almost atthe very border with India. The missile flew for11minutes ata range of1,400km and fell down in a defined area of the test range near Jiwani city on the coast of Beluchistan state. Pakistani specialists affirm that this nuclear-capable missile has maximum launch range of not less than 2,300km.
Agni IIITD ICBM test launch
The Agni II missile production started in small batches after its second test had been successfully completed on 17 January 2001 at Chandipur test range, Orissa (liftoff at 10:01 Indian Standard Time) The launch was performed from a mobile launching unit mounted on the wheeled chassis (tractortrailer). Therange was always about 2,100 km. The main test task was to verify the ballistic missile accuracy at long range. Upon completion of the test Professor P. N. Aggarwal, head of the Agni programme, said that the results of the flight tests
confirmed that theobjectives set before his team were fully achieved. Indias Minister ofDefence George Fernandes in his letter of 7 March 2001 to Members of Parliament announced that theIndian Government took decision to start series production of the Agni II ballistic missile. According to Indian sources, Bharat Dynamics Limited can produce up to12-18 missiles per month. Speaking to the Parliament on 15 May 2002 George Fernandes intimated that theGovernment took thefundamental decision to form the second Agni ballistic missile group.
BASIC SPECIFICATIONS OF THE AGNI FAMILY BALLISTIC MISSILES Characteristics First stage mass Second stage mass Agni-TD/TTB 10,800 7,000 Agni I 10,800 up to 1,000 around 12,000 10.3 4.5 14.8 1.0 0.81 850 1x200 Agni II 10,800 4,200 up to 1,000 Agni IIAT 20,000 6,000 up to 1,500 Agni III 30,500 12,000 1,500 or 500 Agni IV more than30,000 more than12,000 2,300 up to 1,000 up to 50,000 6.8 4.2 1,0 2.0 14.0 2.0 1.8 n/a 1.8
Third stage mass Reentry vehicle mass with up to 1,000 combat payload Missile launch mass, kg: around 19,000 First stage length, m Second stage length, m Third stage length Reentry vehicle length, m Missile length, m First stage diameter, m Second stage diameter, m Third stage diameter, m Maximum reentry vehicle diameter, m Launch range, km Nuclear warhead yield, kT 10.3 6.0 4.0 20.3 1.3 0.8 0.8 1,500 n/a
around 16,000 more than 27,000 more than 43,000 10.3 4.8 4.5 19.6 1.0 1.0 0.8 2,8003,000 1x200 12.0 4.8 2.6 19.4 1.2 1.2 1.0 4,000 1x200 or 1x300 6.6 4.2 3.3 14.1 2.0 1.8 1.8
5,500 (1,500 kg) 10,000 or12,000 (500 kg) 1x200 or 1x300 3x200 or 3x300
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In 2003 Indias National Security Committee endorsed the request of the Indian Armed Forces to form two additional missile groups: 334th AgniI Missile Group and 335th AgniII Missile Group. On 29 August 2004 the Agni II medium-range ballistic missile was again successfully test launched (third time in succession) from the test range on Wheeler Island. The launch was attended by the Indian Minister of Defence Pranab Mukherjee. Experts estimate that in the period since 2000 until now up to ten 200-kT nuclear charges for the Agni II medium-range ballistic missile have been produced and delivered totheIndian armed forces. The missile cost amounts to4.7mln USD. AGNIIII INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILE The Agni III is the first intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) developed and produced by theIndian defence industrial complex. It is atwostage missile powered by solid-propellant engines. The Agni III ICBM specifications are as follows: missile length 14.1m, maximum diameter 2.0m, missile launch weight more than 43 tonnes, reentry vehicle weight with the warhead and antiballistic missile defence penetration means from 500 to1,500kg, reentry vehicle type monoblock Mk3 of200 to300 kT yield, maximum missile launch range 5,500 km (with the 1,500-kg reentry vehicle mass) or 12,000 km (with the 500-kg reentry vehicle mass). Some media have published reports that the Agni III ICBM can be employed in the conventional, non-nuclear configuration with a 2,4903,490-kg high explosive warhead. In this case themissile launch weight can be increased up to48 tonnes. Themissile reentry vehicle is provided with afairing toprotect the warhead from overheating when it passes through dense layers ofthe atmosphere. Thefairing is entirely made of composites capable of withstanding high temperatures ofup to5,000 degrees Centigrade. On 7 February 2001, when visiting theAeroIndia 2001 International Air Show, Dr. B. K. Athre, chief of the DRDO and scientific advisor to the Minister of Defence, said that theAgniIII missile was planned for induction into operational service, and it would have greater flight range and improved combat effectiveness. However, it was only on17May 2006 that theDRDO leaders officially acknowledged thevery fact of the existence of the intercontinental ballistic missile development programme: on that day the existence of the missile was revealed, and a short video footage about one of its tests was released forpublic. The announcement of the new missile flight tests starting date was postponed at least three times on both political and technical reasons. Finally, on9 July 2006 thefirst test launch of the Agni ICBM was made at the test range on Wheeler Island which turned out to be a failure. Since thefirst stage did not separate from thesecond one (there were also reports that the second stage separation had failed), the Agni III missile fell down on the ground short ofthe target area. It is noteworthy that initially the developers planned to conduct only three flight tests of the new missile, considering the majority of its components already certified on other Agni family missiles and having no need for re-certification. It could have allowed induction of this strategic missile system into operational service even in 2008. Since the abortive flight test has compromised prospects for successful implementation of the charted plans, neither military-political leaders nor the developing company hasten to fix thedate ofthe missile induction into service. At the same time Indian experts have already expressed their opinions about the possibility to derive several new modifications from theAgniIII ICBM, including: Agni IIISL shortened submarine-launched version (approximately 12 m long, equipped with three independently targeted reentry vehicles); a missile equipped with multiple independently targeted reentry vehicles (MIRV); as well as a three-stage version with substantially longer flight range. The Agni III missile has sufficient power capacity toreach and engage any vital installations ontheterritory of Pakistan as well as important targets ontheterritory ofChina, including Shanghai and Beijing. AGNIIIAT MEDIUM-RANGE BALLISTIC MISSILE The Agni IIAT medium-range ballistic missile is a further development ofthe AgniII missile conducted under theContinuous Improvement Program for this missile family (AT stands forAdvanced Technology). The new medium-range ballistic missile modification features: warhead with lower-weight nuclear charge (but with greater yield); upgraded engine promising to provide increased launch range ofup to4,000 km; first stage greater diameter booster made of higher-strength steel (250-M) enabling the fuelto-booster mass ratio tobe raised to0.88; substitution ofsteel inthe second stage body structure with new composite materials enabling thefuel-to-second-stage mass ratio tobe raised to0.92;
GSLV Mk III launch vehicle
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lower-mass reentry vehicle body fully made of composite materials (an option to mount the Mk4 type reentry vehicle, developed for the Agni III ICBM, is also considered). AGNIIV INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILE The Agni IV intercontinental ballistic missile is a follow-on development of the Agni III ICBM, featuring an additional third stage powered by a solid-propellant engine weighing about 2.3 tonnes. Its estimated launch range is supposed toextend to 10,000 km. The missile will also be fitted with a new independently targeted reentry vehicle 2.0 m long (instead of 3.3 m) comprising three independently targeted warheads and a set of antiballistic missile defence penetration means. There are plans toload thereentry vehicle with a lower-mass nuclear charge (retaining the same yield) developed during nuclear tests conducted by India in 1998 (under Projects Shakti-I and Pokhyran-II) The AgniIV ICBM specifications are as follows: missile length 14.0 m, launch weight up to50tonnes, reentry vehicle weight with thecharge and antiballistic missile defence penetration means up to1,000kg, reentry vehicle type multiple independently targeted reentry vehicles; maximum flight range with full (1000 kg) combat payload about 10,000km. SURYA-I/SURYA-II INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILES The Surya (Sanskrit forSun) family intercontinental missiles are seen as advanced ballistic missile technology items. Data onthese missiles are rather contradictory. Some sources intimate that the Surya II is another designation for the Agni IV ICBM. Other sources publish data according towhich thenew ICBM is derived from the Indian Polar Space Launch Vehicle (PSLV). The Surya missile is supposed to comprise three stages: first and second stages powered by solid-propellant engines (modified versions of the corresponding PSLV engines), third stage with a liquid-propellant engine derived from thecorresponding Vikas engine ofthe PSLV launch vehicle (French design) or acryogenic engine ofthe GSLV launch vehicle (Russian design). The missile will be deployed atfixed launch positions. Flight tests were planned tostart in 2009, induction in service is expected in 2015. No reports have been published so far about thebeginning ofthis missile flight tests. The Surya I/II ICBM specifications are as follows: missile length 40.0 m, missile diameter 2.8 m, launch weight about 80 tonnes, multiple independently targeted reentry vehicles two or three warheads of15-20 kT yield each (or 200300 kT each, according to other data sources). The Surya I missile has maximum launch range of 5,000 8,000km, whereas theSurya II ICBM from 12,000km to20,000km. A special emphasis should be made onthefact that Indian military and political leaders always officially denied that the country conducted works on the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles. For example, Indias Minister of Foreign Affairs Jaswant Singh said at the press-conference in January 2002: ICBM is not our priority, nor our goal. Development ac tivities for the Agni and Surya ICBM families are implemented by the following parties: 1. Developer Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) ofIndia; 2. Ballistic missile manufacturer Bharat Dynamics Limited, Hyderabad; 3. Developer of mobile launcher and transport-loader vehicle (excepting the Agni IV and Surya family missiles) Research & Development Engineers (R&DE), Pune. 4. Manufacturer of mobile launcher and transport-loader vehicle (excepting the Agni IV and Surya family missiles) Vehicle Research & Development Establishment (VRDE), DRDO division, Ahmednagar. 5. Manufacturer of the nuclear charge Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC).
PSLV C3 launch vehicle
GSLV Mk I launch vehicle
PSLV C3-1 launch vehicle
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Igor Stepanichev Lev Shvec
Weapon system for armoured vehicles (with kornet-e atgm)
KBP-DESIGNED MODERNIZED FIGHTING COMPARTMENT OF THE BMP-2 AN EFFICIENT WAY OF UPGRADING ARMOURED VEHICLES
t present, the development level of armoured vehicles signifies to a large extent the military potential of the countrys land forces. Infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs) are the most widely-used type of the land forces hardware. Constant upgrade of the combat vehicles fleet is performed by means of developing novel combat assets and modernization of existing armoured vehicles. The service life of the armoured vehicles is rather lengthy, amounting to 3040 years. Many countries of the world are retrofitting the majority of their combat vehicles. The US is currently refurbishing its Bradley M2A2 IFV up to the M2A3 configuration. The Russian-made BMP-2 IFV being the main CV of the land forces in many countries was put into service in 1980 and appeared to be superior to the majority of its foreign counterparts in terms of combat characteristics. Currently, the BMP-2 still complies with the modern requirements as regards its armour protection and riding performance.
Analysis of current status and developmental tendencies of armament and fire control systems suggests BMP-2s weapon system lagging behind the modern state of the art as regards several combat characteristics: Guided weapon firing on the move and when afloat is not possible because of the wire guidance of the Konkurs missile. The Konkurs weapon system features low rate of fire due to launcher reloading. There is considerable loss of time during the reloading procedure, and the operator can get injured by fragments and small arms fire. Night firing can be conducted only by means of the automatic gun and the PKT machine-gun to the range of not more than 800 m. Non-automated FCS of the BMP-2 (the absence of the on-board computer, modern sights and target autotracker) makes it impossible to perform accurate firing and constrains the effective range of fire by the 30mm gun to 1100
1400 meters. Considerable errors while firing on the move are caused by insufficient stabilization accuracy of the line of sight implemented by the BPK-2-42 sight rigidly connected with the weapon. Firing from the automated gun with 30mm rounds with flat trajectory does not allow engagement of hidden and entrenched manpower. Firing at air threats conducted by means of the 1PZ-3 target aspect sight basically has only psychological effect because the kill probability against a typical aerial target does not exceed several hundredths. The lethality of the combat vehicle is determined by the weapon system, and it is improvement of the weapon system that enables to achieve the highest enhancement of combat effectiveness. The BMP-2 has large potential of evolution of the weapon system. KBP Instrument Design Bureau has solved the problem of enhancing the fire power of
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current BMPs that ensures their superiority over all existing IFVs. The retrofitting is performed on the basis of the standard BMP-2 turret with the 2A42 automatic gun (while retaining the hull and internal layout of the turret) within a short period of time. In terms of design it includes the following: installation of two armoured launchers of the Kornet-E antitank guided missiles on the sides of the turret. Each launcher is for two ready-to-fire missiles and is fitted with stand-alone electromechanical elevation laying drives; installation of the gunners combined sight (instead of the BPK-2-42 sight) with an independent LOS stabilization system. The sight includes optical, thermal imaging and laser range finding channels, as well as the missile guidance channel; installation of the digital onboard computer with a system of sensors; installation of the TV/thermal automatic target tracker; installation of the 30mm grenade-launcher with an autonomous drive from the gun and a magazine of up to 300 grenades; installation of the commanders panoramic sight with an independent LOS stabilization system, which includes TV and laser range finding channels. The weight of additionally mounted weapons and hardware does not exseed 500 kg, 260 kg out of these being the weight of additional ammunition: ATGM and 30mm grenades. Its worth to mention the realized principle of modular arrangement of the proposed fighting compartment. The customer according to his own requirements under the limited financing can select the upgrade package variant: full or partial package. The sighting equipment and armament (panoramic commanders sight, second ATGW launcher, grenade launcher) are installed additionally in the relevant locations of the armoured cupola and are connected with FCS by the cable joint to the connectors in the armour of the armoured cupola. The upgraded BMP-2 with the advanced 0501 (B05Ya01) fighting compartment has the following advantages as compared to the standard BMP-2: Thanks to the day-and-night FCS it provides the precise firing by all types of ammunition including newly developed, guided and unguided rounds against moving and stationary targets, engagement of all targets nomenclature in stationary position, on the move and afloat by day/at night including automatic gun firing at ranges up to 4000m, Kornet-E ATGW up to 5500 m and automatic grenade launcher up to 2100m. Kornet-E ATGW armour penetration increase up to 1000-1200mm provides the reliable engagement of advanced ERA-protected tanks (Leclerc, Abrams, Leopard). Besides the HEF warhead of the missile destroys concrete fortifications and pillboxes. Targets engagement beyond the enemys effective response fire guarantees the upgraded BMP-2 victory in the fighting with tanks and IFVs. Four (4) ready-to-fire guided missiles positioned in two (2) stabilized launchers of the upgraded BMP-2 significantly increase the ATGM fire rate. Here it is not necessary to reload the ATGM launcher during the battle that increases the survivability of the loading soldier and CV in whole because it doesnt stop for ATGM reloading becoming the easy target on the battlefield. The use of TV/TI target autotracker makes it possible to increase by 36 times the tracking accuracy as compared to the manual mode. The man is excluded from the aiming contour, the firing results do not depend upon the gunners psychophysical condition that is especially important under the stress conditions of the battle. The precise target tracking becomes the guaranteed performance which reduces the gunners training requirements and training period itself. The target autotracker gives the totally new quality to the FCS realizing the fire-and-forget principle when guided missile firing. In this case the missile cost is greatly reduced as compared to the missile with the homing head acting as target autotracker. Kornet ATGW firing with elevation above LOS practically excludes the missile detection by the enemy. ATGM laser guidance system with missile TV-lining in the beam guarantees high immunity to all types of jamming because the jam source cannot be in the IFV rear and can not have the same codes. Salvo firing by two Kornet-E ATGMs in one beam is provided to penetrate the targets active protection and to have gurantee engagement of some highly important targets. The automatic gun and grenade launcher fire accuracy (by all types of ammunition) is highly increased thanks to consideration of the most important firing factors: range to the target (to be measured by the laser rangefinder or introduced manually), CV and the target velocity and direction, wind speed, temperature and air pressure, charge temperature, round muzzle velocity deviation from nominal value, target elevation angle, roll and pitch angle, round ejection angle. Thanks to the digital onboard computer the fire set-
Weapon system for armoured vehicles (with kornet-e atgm). Side view.
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tings are produced automatically. The effective firing range of 30mm rounds of the automatic gun is increased from 1100 1400m to 18002000m. The BMP-2 AD fire effectiveness is also greatly increased: the kill probability when firing from automatic gun against usual air targets like helicopter, assault aircraft is increased by several times and is close to kill probability of specialized AD missile-gun closein systems, with less ammunition expenditure. Therefore the BMP universalization principle is successfully realized by giving the AD capabilities without additional costs. The manpower is effectively engaged at ranges up to 2100m including behind terrain slopes and in trenches thanks to low ballistic weapons (AG-30M automatic grenade launcher with new GPD-30 grenades). Potential of combat operation of the IFVs commander extends owing to installation of the panoramic TV sight with technical vision. Such a sight is installed in the BMP for the first time. The commander has panoramic fieldof-view in azimuth. The field-ofview in elevation is extended to 60. The LOS maximal angular velocity increases from 56 to 20 degrees per second. This allows to increase the number of targets detected by CV in 2.5 times and also to raise the accuracy of target designation for the gunner in 10 times and completely duplicate the commanders operation as well as to fire against aerial targets in the automatic mode. Modernization of the BMP-2 answers the purposes of advanced IFVs in the next 2030 years, and the modernized BMP-2 can be successfully used till 3040-ties of the 21st century. Modernization of the BMP-2 is comprehensive and results not only in ordinary improvement of some characteristics of the weapon system but makes it possible to create a CV with fundamentally new performance, which successfully competes with other CVs in the military market. Calculations of the effectiveness of the improved and organic BMP-2 in combat conditions both as independent unit and while supported by tanks showed that the required number of vehicles can be reduced by a factor of 3.8 while keeping the same level of probability of successful mission fulfilment. In terms of lethality the upgraded BMP-2 reaches the level superior to the possibly best IFVs like Bradley (USA) and Marder (Germany). The technical solutions used in the design of the 0501 (B05Ya01) fighting compartment allow the BMP2 to outperform in terms of combat potential the American M2A2 Bradley IFV by a factor of 2.4 and its latest upgraded version M2A3 by a factor of 1.87, and the cost of the BMP-2 retrofitting is much less. The new weapon system is a part of the 0501 fighting compartment, which, being a part of the BMP-2, passed all kids of trials with positive results according to programs coordinated by the Russian MoD. At present KBP performs serial production of the BMP-2 modernized fighting compartment. The main part of the light weight CVs park of the land forces in some foreign countries is constituted by BMP-2 IFVs which are manufactured at local plants. The proposed version of BMP-2 modernization was successfully demonstrated outside Russia. In 2004 a foreign crew trained within a day and a half conducted firing trials and showed the results comparable to those of the Russian crew. The trials were held with the BMP-2K commanders vehicle, which was reequipped by joint efforts of Russian and foreign specialists within 15 days at a local plant without preliminary production preparation. The Russian party delivered the FCS, Kornet-E anti-tank guided missile launchers, grenade launcher unit and cable set. Foreign specialists together with the Russian specialists dismounted the standard fighting compartment, upgraded the armoured cupola, and prepared mounting seats for installation of the weapons, FCS units including sights. The fighting compartment was assembled, adjusted, the acceptance trials were held and the fighting compartment was mounted on the standard chassis of the local-made BMP-2. After firing at a shootingrange the upgraded BMP-2 was accepted. In 2003, 2004 and 2005 the upgraded BMP-2 successfully passed demonstration trials in various countries of the world. Thus the advantage of the BMP-2 IFVs equipped with the 0501 (B05Ya01) fighting compartment is high fire power and proven technology of the BMP-2 modernization. Moreover, retrofitting of combat vehicles can be performed not only at serial-production plants, but also at plants, which repair armoured vehicles.
Weapon system for armoured vehicles (with kornet-e atgm). Front view.
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Igor Ilyin
INDIAS ARMED FORCES WEAPONS MODERNISATION PROGRAMMES IN 2009

In early 2009 India was estimated to be worlds major arms importer if judged by the confirmed orders logbook. The terrorist attack occurred in Mumbai on 26 November 2008 provoked even greater surge in Indias spending on purchases of both indigenous and foreign-origin weapons.
INDIAS ARMS PROCUREMENT POLICY IN2009 The terrorist attack in Mumbai made Indian Government reemphasize vital significance of the state security, enhance proficiency and equipment level oflaw enforcement agencies. Analysis of the terrorist act roots helped to expose loopholes in state security structure and propose a set of organisational and practical measures toplug them. TheIndian Government approved overall allocation of60 billion Indian rupees INR (1.25 bn USD) for urgent procurement ofarms, military and auxiliary equipment. 28
In December 2008 the Indian Ministry of Defence proposed the Indian Navy, Coast Guard and Army to submit their requests for urgent equipment acquisitions under thedefence capabilities improvement programme. TheIndian Interior Ministry sent similar request to subordinate paramilitary and police units. At the initial phase a high priority is attributed to the procurement ofintelligence, surveillance and data collection systems, special anti-terrorist equipment designed for special-purpose forces, as well as high precision weapons. High cost systems are procured by Indian Coast Guard and Navy (both
agencies were sharply criticised after theterrorist attack inMumbai). In late December 2008 Indias Minister of Defence A. K. Antony endorsed the Indian Coast Guard (ICG) programme for urgent procurement/lease of 80 high-speed interception boats available then in the market to carry out efficient patrolling ofthenational territorial waters, as well as establishment of six additional ICG coastal stations. In January 2009 the Indian Ministry of Defence issued a request for proposals on delivering to the Indian Navy six new medium-range maritime reconnaissance aircraft to replace 10 obsolete BN-
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2 Islander maritime patrol aircraft, and another one onsetting up anefficient three-tier surveillance network in the Indian Ocean Region. The Indian Coast Guard also plans to procure six additional maritime patrol aircraft. The Indian Navy urgently procure the first batch of two Israeli-origin aerostat-based radar systems to improve theIndian Coast Guards capability for low-altitude aircraft detection/tracking within therange ofup to500 km. One such system costs approximately 2030 million USD. This is the first contract for the procurement ofsuch systems for Navy's purposes. The Navy has been applying for the procurement of these radar systems for a long time, but the approval is granted just now. The Indian Air Force also intends to deploy similar aerostat-based radar surveillance system to protect the capital against low-altitude aircraft intrusion threat. Theradars will transfer the acquired data to air defence missile systems positioned near New Delhi. In 20042005 India purchased two aerostat-based radar reconnaissance systems made by Israeli IAI company, equipped with the EL/M-2083 phased array radar providing up to500-km target detection range. In the nearest future India intends tosign acontract for procurement offour additional Israeli-made aerostat-based reconnaissance systems capable of detecting enemy low-flying aircraft, helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles, and missiles. TheIndian Air Force plans toprocure up to13 such systems altogether. On 17 March 2009 the Indian Ministry of Defence approved the programme for urgent procurement ofArmy weapons and military equipment, greater part of which was intended for the Ghatak commando units. Considering urgency of the supply order, the Ministry intends to purchase the required weapons and military equipment through the mechanism of the US Foreign Military Sales programme. At thetop ofahigh-priority items list one can find general-purpose machine guns (fitted with night vision sights), underbarrel grenade launchers, 2,724 night vision sights, 6,908 mirror sights, 612 radio-controlled detonators, 372 remotely-controlled fuses (including receivers and transmitters), and 93 special-purpose parachutes. Additional acquisition oftheHeckler und Koch MP5 submachine guns is planned for commando units. Besides, the Indian Ministry of Defence plans to procure new reconnaissance systems at the cost ofabout 3.1 billion USD. Worsening of relations between New Delhi and Islamabad frequently provoked Indias new rearmament planning. In the decade after theIndo-Pakistani armed conflict in 1999 in Kargil area, Jammu and Kashmir, for instance, India procured abroad an arsenal of weapons and military equipment worth 25 billion USD. Besides urgent arms procurements, thenear-term purchases also will be substantially increased compared with previously approved figures. As amatter offact, inthe coming 23 years India is going to procure weapons and military equipment worth 10 billion USD. Indias total expenditures in the coming 5years for purchasing weapons and military equipment abroad are estimated at 30 billion USD (excepting urgent procurements). INDIAS MILITARY EXPENDITURES India earmarked defence expenditures for the20092010 fiscal year (FY) that started on 1 April 2009, atthe amount of1,417.03 INR (about 28 billion USD). This figure is 34% greater than appropriations for military needs inFY 20082009. Thedefence budget growth is directly coordinated both with theIndian armed forces long-term modernisation programme and anumber ofurgent measures deemed necessary for implementation after the Mumbai terrorist attack.
Indian Minister of Defence A. K. Antoni and the US Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates, February 2008
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zers with the 52-calibre barrel, unmanned aerial vehicles through mechanisms of already opened tenders, mobile artillery regiment command and control posts, additional quantities of the T-90S main battle tanks, equipment for special-operations forces, antitank guided missile systems, helicopters, cruise missiles, and combat management systems, as well as toupgrade theT-72 tanks. The Indian Air Force receives 4.16 billion USD for arms procurement which represents a 4.3% increase compared with 3.98 billion USD inFY 20082009. TheAir Force plans to start initial financing of the 126 medium multi-role fighter procurement programme (the tender for their delivery is still going on), topurchase unmanned aerial vehicles, tanker aircraft, helicopters, standoff missiles, and upgrade theMiG-29 and Mirage 2000 fighters as well as air defence missile systems. The Indian Navy has received 832 billion USD for naval systems procurement, which is a4.5% increment compared with 796 billion USD inFY 20082009. TheNavys procurement plan includes purchases of nuclearpowered and conventional submarines, surface ships, unmanned aerial vehicles, air defence missile systems, heavy torpedoes for diesel-electric submarines, maritime reconnaissance aircraft, and theP-8I Poseidon maritime patrol aircraft. Research, development, test and evaluation activities have been funded with 776.6 million USD whereas inFY 20082009 it amounted to644 million USD. The Defence Research
9mm MP5-A4 submachine gun

The augmentation makes up 361.03 billion INR relative to FY 20082009 defence budget figure of 1056 billion INR approved by the Parliament. However, in real terms thebudget growth is 23.6% compared with FY 20082009, since during that period additional sums were allocated for defence purposes, and the defence expenditures went up to1,146 billion INR. Such asignificant budget increase is explained by the requirement for strengthening the national defence in connection with growing terrorist threats and tensions inthe region. As in previous years it was the Indian Army that received the main part of fund allocations (41% or 586.48 billion INR). TheIndian Navy received 83.22 billion INR, and theAir Force 143.18 billion INR. The capital expenditures amount to 548.24 billion INR (one can compare it with 410.07 billion INR inthe revised budget for FY 20082009). The Indian Air Force has received themaximum amount of200 billion INR, while Army and Navy have their share of 177.6795 and 118.7373 billion INR respectively. 30
The Indias arms procurement funds for FY 20092010 have amounted to11.42 billion USD showing a 14.2% increment from similar figures in FY 20082009 (10 billion USD). The Army has received the greatest part of supplementary arms procurement funding among other military services. Funds allocated for this purpose have been increased by 32.5% from 2.73 to3.7 billion USD. The Indian Army particularly intends to procure 155-mm howit-
T-90S Bhishma Main Battle Tank
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Boeing F/A18E/F Super Hornet carrier-based multirole fighter

and Development Organisation (DRDO) of the Indian Ministry of Defence is now conducting development works over abroad spectrum of defence systems and technologies, including a ballistic missile capable of delivering a nuclear charge over the range of 5,000 km, cruise missiles, air defence missile systems, aircraft, helicopters, and unmanned aerial vehicles. OVERVIEW OFMAJOR EVENTS ININDIAS MILITARY COOPERATION WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES IN2009 In 2009 India signed conceptual agreements of great importance with Russia and the United States ofAmerica that will define her longterm mutual relations in the field of foreign military-technical cooperation with both countries. Russia. On 7 December 2009 Russian President Dmitry Medvedev and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh signed joint declaration following the official visit of the Indian Governments head. They also attended signing of intergovernmental agreements on the military-technical cooperation programme for the period of 20112020 and on post-sale servicing of Russian weapons and military equipment supplied to India, as well as the protocol to the two-state inter-governmental Agreement on cooperation indevelopment and production ofmulti-purpose transport aircraft (dated 12 November 2007). Moreover, during theManmohan Singhs visit the two Parties came toafinal agreement onthe deadlines and cost oftheAdmiral Gorshkov aircraft carrier upgrading, which became the main result of the negotiations. According to the reached agreement, thetotal cost ofthework is set at2.3 billion USD. USA. India and theUSA saw radical changes in their military-technical cooperation in2009. On 20 July 2009, as aresult ofnegotiations held by US State Secretary Hillary Clinton during her official visit, India and the USA signed in New Delhi the End-user verification agreement (EUVA) and Communication interoperability and security memorandum of agreement (CISMOA) as prerequisites for protection and control of sensitive technology transfers in accordance with the US legislation. It lifted last restrictions that until then hindered relations ofthetwo countries inthe military-technical cooperation area. India consented to substantially relax restrictions practiced by her on acquisitions from foreign suppliers inorder tospeed up implementation ofthemajor arms sales contract with the Unites States. The Boeing Company which in early January 2009 signed an agreement on supply to the Indian Navy of eight P-8I maritime patrol aircraft, was freed from the offset requirement to invest 30% of the contract price into deals on buying goods and services in that country. It is a seem1(51).2010
Admiral Gorshkov (Vikramaditya) aircraft carrier
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tor pod, Javelin antitank guided missile systems, and Longbow system. In the improved ambience ofIndian-US relationship thecompany has also made offers for thedelivery toIndia ofthemost updated version of its Partiot PAC-3 anti-air/antiballistic missile system, Aegis combat management system, and Mk.41 vertical launchers for Navy. NAVAL ARMS NAVAL ARMS TENDERS FORINDIAS NAVY Tender for 6 Non-Nuclear Submarines The Indian Defense Ministry has launched the procedure of buying the next batch of submarines by issuing the request for six new diesel-electric submarines under an international tender. At present, the Navy and Defense Ministry are studying preliminary responses from Rosoboronexport, French company Armaris, German HDW and Spanish Navantia. The new batch of dieselelectric submarines is estimated at300 billion rupees. The Indian Navy wants the next batch of Project-75A diesel-electric submarines to have air-independent powerplants. The new submarines will feature thestealth technology and other promising developments as well as land-based targets engagement capability. The submarine should also have vertical missile launchers. All six submarines will be built inIndia inline with thetechnology transfer agreement tobe signed with thewinning bidder. According to Project-75, Indias Navy plans tofurther acquire 30 new diesel-electric submarines.
LockheedMartin C-130J Super Hercules military transport

ingly weighty concession, considering thetotal amount ofthecontract worth 98 billion INR (2.1 billion USD). In the long run Boeing wants to augment substantially its share inthe Indian arms market. At this moment the company is promoting its F/A-18E/F aircraft, acontender inthe Indian Air Forces tender for a medium multi-role fighter. Boeing has also received arequest for information on strategic transport aircraft to be supplied totheIndian Air Force, and has sent its proposal for the delivery of the C-17A Globemaster-3 military transport aircraft totheMinistry ofDefence. After winning the tender for the delivery of the P-8I Poseidon maritime patrol aircraft, Boeing plans to propose the P-8 aircraft as a contender inanother contest for thedelivery of a medium-range maritime reconnaissance aircraft (MRMRA). Boeing has offered the CH-47 Chinook helicopter as a contender in the Indian Ministry of Defences heavy-lift helicopter acquisition programme, as well as the AH-64H attack helicopter. In turn, Lockheed Martin plans in the near 5 years to conclude defence-related contracts with India costing more than 15 billion USD. In 2008 the company signed with the Indian Ministry of Defence a contract for delivery of six C-130J Hercules military transport aircraft at a total cost of about one billion USD. 32
Besides, Lockheed Martin has focused its efforts on winning in the Indian Air Forces tender for delivery of126 medium multi-role fighters In addition, the company will offer to the Indian Ministry of Defence military transport aircraft, helicopters for Navy, and missiles. Lockheed Martin is reportedly planning toconclude anagreement onjoint production and modernisation of the AGM-114 Hellfire-2 missiles intended for employment from land-based and airborne platforms. Feasibility of establishing joint ventures with Indian state-owned enterprises, such as Bharat Electronics Ltd and Bharat Dynamics Ltd, leading missile manufacturers, is also studied by thecompany. Lockheed Martin holds talks with representatives of the Indian Ministry of Defence on potential deliveries oftheSniper target designa-
Boeing C-17A Globe Master III military transport
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Tabar frigate project 1135.6
inFebruary-March 2010. Thesubmarine will be delivered toSeverodvinsk by atransport ship inJune 2010. The Zvyozdochka Ship Repair Centre has already upgraded 4 Project 877EKM diesel-electric submarines of the Indian Navy. It keeps on repairing and upgrading the Sindhukirti submarine in its base, the port of Visakhapatnam at Hindustan Shipyard Ltd. The contract for modernizing theSindhukirti was signed by Rosoboronexport and India in September 2002. Its medium repair and overhaul is tobe complete in2011. In September 2009, the Zvyozdochka Ship Repair Centre was appointed general contractor for the re-equipment of four Indias diesel-electric submarines. Thecontract between Rosoboronexport and Indias Navy provides for equipping four Project 877EKM submarines with Klub-S missile systems designed by the Novator Design Bureau. This system will be installed on the Sindhuratna, Sindhuraj, Sindhushastra and Sindhuvir submarines. The five-year modernization will be implemented at Indian shipyards. Instead of six torpedo launchers, four submarines will receive the Klub-S system with a range of200 km as well as advanced Indian hydroacoustic equipment and radio communications systems. Russia. Project 1135.6 Frigates On November 27, 2009, theYantar Baltic Shipyard floated out the first ofthree Project 1135.6 missile frigates built for the Indian Navy. The frig-
Project 28 Low-Signature Corvettes Programme By the end of December 2009, the Indian Navy planned to issue a tender for constructing four Project 28 (P-28) stealth antisubmarine corvettes. Indias Defense Ministry will let Kockums ofSweden, part of ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems, which has a large experience in building 650-t Visby-class stealth corvettes as well as Greek company Intermarine and Kangnam Corporation take part inthe tender. The first two Project 28 corvettes that will be soon completed were equipped with a usual steel sail, while thefurther ships ofthis batch will possess the sail made of composite materials. The construction of the leading P-28 antisubmarine corvette is 80% complete. Its launching is scheduled for February 2010. Thesail ofthesecond ship is 80% complete. TheGarden Reach shipyard has been building the ships since 2003 after signing theletter ofintent with India. Theinitial project implementation period was violated as the designers were working onthe stealth technology. The cost of construction increased from 28 billion rupees (about $600 million) for four Project 28 ships to70 billion rupees ($1.5 billion). Theleading ship is set for delivering totheIndian Navy in2012. CURRENT PROGRAMMES CARRIED OUT JOINTLY WITH FOREIGN COMPANIES Australia. Licensed Construction ofBoats for theCoast Guard In February 2009, Indian company ABG Shipyard ltd. launched a high-
speed interceptor boat for theIndian Coast Guard. In June 2006, Indias Coast Guard made a contract with ABG Shipyard for building 11 interceptor boats designed by Australian company Thorneycroft Maritime & Associates. One vessel is estimated at 176.3 million rupees (about $3.6 million). The whole contract is worth 1,939.4 million rupees (about $40.4 million). All 11 boats are set for delivery by theend of2010. In2008, thecompany provided the Indian Coast Guard with two boats ofthis project. Russia. Modernization ofProject 877EKM Diesel-Electric Submarine In 2009, Russia continued its long-term programme ofupgrading Indias Project 877EKM diesel-electric submarines. July 2009 saw the signing of the working protocol for the refit and overhaul of the Project 877EKM Sindhurakshak diesel-electric submarine at the Zvyozdochka Ship Repair Centre. The contract worth $80 million is to be signed
Visby class corvette
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billion rubles. Its repeat tests commenced inJuly 2009. Under the schedule, the Nerpa nuclear submarine will be put inservice with Russias Pacific Fleet after the state acceptance. After that, the submarine will be leased by India for 10 years. The contract is worth $650 million. The hand-over of the submarine to Indias Navy is expected to take place no sooner than April 2010. France. Scorpen Non-Nuclear Submarine Construction India will soon have to pay extra 20 billion rupees ($410 million) toFrench defense companies toprevent further delays in building 6 Scorpen non-nuclear submarines. The contracts worth 187.98 billion rupees allowing for building six Scorpen-class non-nuclear submarines were concluded by the Indian government with French and Indian companies in October 2005. It was initially planned that the first ship ofthis series would be built inFrance and the rest ones by Mazagon Dock Ltd. under the technology transfer agreement. Later on, it was decided, however, to manufacture all thesix ships inIndia. Inline with the contract, the first submarine is to be delivered in December 2012. After that, it is planned to commission one submarine a year. Thus, theIndian Navy will receive all these six submarines by December 2017.
K-152 Nerpa nuclear-powered attack submarine of project 971U Shchuka-B

ate was named Teg. Theprogramme stipulates the construction of three ships for Indias Navy. The rest two ones still kept on the slipways were designated Tarkash and Trikand. Thefrigates are designed for searching and destroying enemy submarines as well as for antiaircraft and antisubmarine defense. The first frigate is set for delivery in the middle of 2011, the second one inlate 2011 and thethird one in2012. The $1.6-billion contract for constructing three frigates for Indias Navy was signed on July 14, 2007 inDelhi. In December 2009, the installation of weapons systems, namely two torpedo launchers began onthe Teg frigate. The BrahMos supersonic anti-ship missile system had been mounted before its floating out. Also, thefrigates are equipped with other advanced air defense and missile systems, gun mounts and bomb launchers. Thefirst vessel is 70% complete. Russia. Renting Project 971U Shchuka-B K-152 Nerpa Nuclear Submarine The Project 971U Shchuka-B K-152 Nerpa nuclear submarine was delivered to the Russian Navy onDecember 28, 2009. InSeptember 2009, the third stage of the submarines sea trials finished. In early November 2008, the inadvertent occurrence of the fire extinguishing system happened during Nerpas sea trials and freon filled the compartments killing 20 people. The recovery oftheNerpa submarine cost 1.9
Scorpen-class non-nuclear submarine
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the visit of Indian Prime-Minister Manmohan Singh to Moscow in early December 2009. In case of timely funding, Russia is ready tofulfill thecontract obligations and deliver the carrier no later than 2012. At present, the ship is about 60% complete. Its factory tests will begin in2010. TheVikramaditya will become the largest Indian combat ship and is expected toserve for about 30 years. Italy. In August 2009, Italian company Fincantieri declared that Indias Navy had exercised an option for building the second oceangoing refueling ship under the contract signed in October 2008 after the contest also attended by Russian and South Korean companies. The first tanker is set for delivery by 2010 year-end. The second one is tobe commissioned inthe second half of2011. Fincantieri has already cooperated with Indian customers before. In2004, it made two contracts with shipbuilding company Cochin Shipyard for designing the propulsion and transferring its production technology as well as rendering additional services for the construction of the first Indian air defense carrier. These works are underway now. Inaddition, Fincantieri supplied the Indian National Institute ofOcean Technology with theSagar Nidhi oceanographic ship inlate 2007.
Admiral Gorshkov (Vikramaditya) aircraft carrier

Since December 2006, diesel-electric submarines have been built at Mumbai-based shipbuilding enterprise Mazagon Dock under a French design. The investigations show, however, that thefirst non-nuclear submarine will hardly be ready by theend of2014. The French side has demanded to largely increase the cost of equipment and crucial systems. French manufacturers have almost doubled its cost since signing the agreement in October 2005. The talks on rising expenses and delivery conditions of almost all systems except combat ones have been carried out for over a year. Despite starting the construction of the hulls for diesel-electric submarines, manufacturing their internal equipment had not been agreed as of September 2009. In August, the defense acquisitions council asked thegovernment security commission toapprove thegrowth of expenses on French equipment from 400 to700 million. CONTRACTS AND AGREEMENTS SIGNED IN 2009 Russia. Renegotiation of Contract for Admiral Gorshkov Heavy Aircraft Carrier India will pay $2.3 billion to Russia for upgrading the Admiral Gorshkov heavy aircraft carrier to the Vikramaditya version. The initial contract signed by Rosoboronexport and Indias Defense Ministry inJanuary 2004 provided for allocating $974 million for refitting and re-equipping theship and $530 million for 16 MiG-29K fighters and Ka-31 and Ka-27 shipborne antisubmarine helicopters. It was planned to deliver the carrier to the Indian Navy onAugust 15, 2008. The refit process, however, showed that a much larger scope ofworks had tobe done, which raised the refit cost, too. Thus, the carrier delivery was deferred to 2012. Inaddition, Russia asked toincrease thecontract cost up to$2.9 billion. India has already paid about $724 million for upgrading the carrier inseveral tranches. Talks on raising the cost have been held on different levels since 2007. InFebruary 2008, India agreed to pay additional $600 million, but Russian manufacturers said this sum did not cover all theexpenses. Thefinal cost was agreed upon during
MiG-29K carrier-based fighter
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and improved ALH Dhruv advanced light helicopters. Repairing Viraat Carrier The only carrier remaining inIndia dubbed Viraat that was undergoing the overhaul in the dry dock returned to the Navy in autumn 2009. Theoverhaul will allow it tobe inservice till 2015. The Indian Navy required speeding up returning the carrier to the Navy due to the delayed delivery oftheAdmiral Gorshkov heavy carrier. The ship dubbed in India Vikramaditya was set for delivery in 2008, but its commissioning was deferred till 2012 due to technical and financial reasons. The Indian Navy expects to obtain the first national aircraft carrier being built at the Cochin Shipyard state shipbuilding enterprise inaddition totheRussian ship by 2015. This will allow discarding theViraat. During therefit atCochin Shipyard, the Viraat was equipped with a new fire control system, navigation radars, improved nuclear, biological and chemical protection as well as deck landing facilities. TheRussian Kashtan air defense missile gun system was sent for repair toRussia. Also, thecarrier is equipped with theIsraeli Barak air defense missile system and BraMos anti-ship cruise missiles. In thelong run, India plans tofield up to6 aircraft carriers. DESTROYERS Project-15A Destroyers Programme In September 2009, Mumbaibased Mazagon Dock Limited
LCA Tejas fighter
IMPLEMENTATION OF INDIAN NATIONAL PROGRAMMES IN 2009 Almost all Indian national defense shipbuilding project are being carried out jointly with foreign companies. AIRCRAFT CARRIERS Aircraft Carrier Programme In late February 2009, the first national carrier formerly known as an air defense carrier was keel laid atthe Cochin Shipyard enterprise. Design works on this ship began in20012002. It was initially planned to start its construction in October 2007 and field it with theIndian Navy by 20112012. The implementation of this project was, however, deferred due toinsufficient experience ofIndian designers and delays indeliveries ofvarious parts and materials that could not be made inIndia. Launching the ship was scheduled for October 2010 and its fielding for 2016. Thecarriers effective life will be 50 years. More than 70% of the design was made by Indian companies. Besides, the whole ship will be built by India itself with 70% of its parts manufactured in India, too. According to preliminary estimations, the national carrier will cost 32.61 billion rupees ($640 million), but this amount is expected tolargely increase due todelays indeliveries and various technical problems. The first national carrier will represent a37,500-t vessel with alength
of 252 m, width of 58 m and draft of8.4 m. It will be powered by agas turbine propulsion including 4 General Electric LM 2500 turbines with a total capacity of 108,000 hp propelling the ship up to 28 knots (52 km/h) and able tocover 7,500 nm (13,800 km) at a speed of 18 knots (33.5 km/h). Thecarrier will be armed with two batteries oftheTrishul vertical-launch air defense missile systems and four 76-mm Super Rapid gun mounts. The deck featuring STOBAR (short takeoff but arrested recovery) capability will allow receiving short and vertical take-off aircraft including MiG-29K/KUBs and Harriers. Under the initial plans, the new carrier will be able tocarry up to30 aircraft including MiG-29K fighters and Ka-31 helicopters as well as Indian LCA Tejas light combat aircraft
Kamov Ka-31 AEW helicopter
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launched the second of three Kolkata-class Project-15A stealth destroyers. Theship was named Kochi. This ship is an improved version ofDelhi-class destroyers being inservice now. At present, theIndian Navy has three destroyers of this class dubbed Delhi, Mysore and Mumbai built in India under the Project-15 programme. Mazagon Dock is currently building three Project-15A destroyers. Thetotal cost oftheproject approved by theIndian government in2000 is 84.6 billion rupees. Thedraft design was elaborated by theIndian Navys Design Department. The construction of the first Kolkata-class destroyer under Project-15A began in September 2003. The vessel was launched inMarch 2006 when it was 30% complete. Now, it is being equipped with needed systems. The third ship was keel laid inFebruary 2006. According to initial plans, Project15A ships were toenter service with the Indian Navy in May 2010, 2011 and 2012. Numerous delays, however, made the manufacturer defer the delivery of the first destroyer for 3 years till 2013. The reasons include insufficient funding of propulsion and shafts acquisition and technical problems with weapons systems, sensors and fire control system. Project-15B Destroyers Programme In April 2009, the Indian Defense Acquisition Council approved building four new Project-15B destroyers under theIndian Navy Modernization Programme. This project is the evolution of Project-15A allowing for theconstruction ofKalkota-class destroyers at the Mazagon Dock shipyard. The contract will be signed with Mazagon Dock inthe nearest future, though theship design has not been created yet. Four new stealth ships built under the national project are expected to have land-based target engagement capability. Considering delays in Project15A, Project-15B will be probably deferred till alater term, too if theNavy fails to finish design works in time and place orders for parts and materials with alarge production time. 1(51).2010
Viraat R22 aircraft carrier
INS Kochi Kolkata class (Project 15A) destroyer
One of three Kolkata class (Project 15A) destroyers at Mazagon Dock Ltd slipway in Mumbai, 2008
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launched onJune 4, 2004. Thethird ship dubbed Sahyadri was keel-laid on March 17, 2003 and launched onMay 27, 2005. The long process of equipping the leading ship was explained by the need to develop a number of new technologies and adjust the ship to new configurations ofweapons systems. In particular, the Kashtan shortrange air defense missile gun system was replaced by the combination of the Barak air defense missile system, AK-630M gun mount and missile detection radar, which required not only altering theship design but additional design studies for communications, power supply and distribution systems. The final weapons configuration includes one 76-mm Oto Melara Super Rapid gun mount, two RBU6000 antisubmarine rocket launchers with Purga fire control system, one 3S90 launcher of the Shtil medium-range air defense missile system and 8-container 3S14E vertical launcher for Klub-N missiles with the3R-14N-17 fire control system. In addition, the ship has four vertical launchers for the Barak-1 short-range air defense missile, two AK-630M shipborne artillery systems as well as CSN-56 Kavach trap launchers. Reconnaissance and detection systems include the Fregat M2EM three-dimensional radar with a detection range of 360 km designed for the Shtil air defense missile system, Garpun BAL-E radar for the Klub system, at least
INS Tabar F44 frigate of Talwar class

The key components for Project- ered to the Indian Navy in May or 15B ships including the propulsion June 2010. Thetests, however, began have not been chosen yet. The con- three months later due to the sussiderable part of designers want pension ofinstalling LM2500 gas turto use General Electric LM-2500 gas bines onthe first ofthree Project-17 turbine powerplants and Western multifunctional frigates by General control systems as incase ofShivalik- Electric. The frigate design was creatclass frigates being built under Project 17. Some experts, howev- ed by the Surface Ships Group er, insist that Ukrainian propulsion of the Indian Navys Design Department. The Indian governshould be installed. To take the final decision, ment approved starting design Mazagon Dock has issued a tender works in 1997, but the contract for for detailed research and propos- building three ships was signed onals on adjusting the ship machinery ly inearly 1999. Theconstruction becompartment for LM-2500 turbines gan two years later due tochanging instead of DT-59 gas turbines and specifications and problems with imRG-54 transmission made by Zorya- porting D-40 steel for the ship hull Mashproekt. The bid winner will from Russia. Mazagon Dock startwork out the project and will deliv- ed building the first frigate named er the needed equipment. The bid- Shivalik on the basis of the Talvarders are represented by US Alion class upgraded frigate on July 11, Science and Technology, French 2001. In April 2003, the vessel was DCNS, Italian Fincantieri and German launched. Building the second frigate Satpura began in2002 and it was ThyssenKrupp Marine System. The strong point of US-designed turbines is their assembling at the HAL-owned plant. The Indian Navys authorities expect Mazagon Dock to tell them the cost of Project-15B, after which the sides will hold talks to agree on the final conditions. There were plans tosign theofficial contract by theend of2009. FRIGATES Project-17 Frigates Programme The sea trials of the leading Project-17 frigate dubbed Shivalik were tostart inApril 2009 eight and a half years after starting its construction. The ship is to be deliv38
INS F47 Shivalik, the lead ship of her class, project 17 frigate
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one EL/M-2221 search, tracking and targeting radar, two Rashmi I-band navigation radars by Bharat Electronics and, probably, Scout radar by Thales. Also, four Orekh target designation radars for theShtil system are available. The Project 17 frigate features low radar, infrared and acoustic signature. The Shivalik will become the first Indian ship able to use helicopters ata sea state ofup to6. Mazagon Dock plans to deliver therest two frigates oftheseries, Satpura and Sahyadri, to the Indian Navy by 2010 year-end (the ships will be probably delivered ayear later). Project-17A Frigate Programme In June 2009, Indias Defense Ministry approved the project of building seven stealth frigates by national shipbuilding companies. Its cost is estimated at 450 billion rupees ($9.24 billion). The Defense Acquisition Council of the Indian government also approved this project declaring that the Project-17A programme should be carried out by state shipbuilding companies Mazagon Dock and Garden Reach. The programme of developing and building Project-17A stealth frigates is part oftheNavys plans toreceive next-generation ships and further development of Project-17 Shivalik multifunctional frigates. The Project-17 programme allows for the construction of 12 ships intotal. It is planned that the Indian Navy will get the first stealth frigate ofthenew project 3-4 years after finishing deliveries of Shivalik-class frigates. In December 2007, Indias Navy sent a request for deliveries of new stealth frigates to nine leading shipbuilding companies including Russian, French, Italian, South Korean, Spanish and US companies. It was initially planned that two leading Project-17A ships would be built by aforeign shipbuilding company and the rest five in India under a technology transfer agreement. Official sources, however, say the DAC has not approved these proposals.
Deck of INS F47 Shivalik. S14E eight-container vertical launcher for Club-N missiles is clearly seen.
Nevertheless, experts say a foreign shipbuilding company should take part in the project as the frigates will be built by amodular method with ship sections built separately and then put together. Choosing theforeign subcontractor, which will transfer this modular construction technology to Indian shipbuilders, Indias Defense Ministry is considering sending requests for proposals (specification) to French company DCNS, Italian Fincantieri, South Korean Hyundai, Spanish Navantia, US Northrop Grumman and an unspecified Russian shipyard. The rarely high cost of construction ($1.3 billion) is explained by considerable investments into themodernization ofproduction facilities ofIndian companies needed to manufacture ships by the modular method. TANK LANDING SHIPS Construction of Four Landing Platform Docks The Indian Defense Ministry plans tobuild four landing platform docks (LPD), which should join the Austinclass LPD-14 Trenton helicopter-carrying landing platform dock bought from the US Navy for $48.44 million in 2007 and dubbed Jalashwa. In the nearest 1-2 years the Indian Navy plans to finish designing the LPD with characteristics similar toJalashwa and ask thegovernment toapprove building ahelicopter-carrying landing platform dock. Tank Landing Ships Programme In May 2009, the Indian Navy fielded thefifth tank landing ship the Magar-class large tank landing ship dubbed Airavat. Its construction cost some $100 million.
Helicopter hangars on NS F47 Shivalik frigate
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The vessel was keel laid inKolkata at the Garden Reach enterprise in 2004 and launched on March 27, 2006. The ship is the fifth tank landing ship built in India and the third ship oftheimproved Shardul class. The leading Magar-class tank landing ship was designed and built in India in 1984 and put into service in 1987. It is based on US tank landing ships and the British Sir Lancelot-class vessel. The second ship named Garial entered service in 1991. In December 2001, a contract for building three new tank landing ships was signed. Two ships of this class dubbed Shardul and Kesari were built under an improved project and launched in April 2004 and June 2005, respectively. TheShardul leading ship was put into service with theIndian Navy in January 2007. The second ship dubbed Kesari entered service inJanuary 2009. The third ship, a more advanced version of Magar-class ships, was also designed for amphibious operations. It features modern weapons and radar systems and radically changed design. In addition, in2007, India bought Austin-class LPD-14 Trenton helicopter-carrying landing platform dock dubbed Jalashwa removed from service inthe US. SUBMARINES Nuclear Submarines Programme On July 26, 2009, thefirst national nuclear submarine dubbed Arihant was launched at the naval base of Visakhapatnam. The submarine
INS L16 Shardul amphibious warfare vessel

was designed under the Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) programme. Its development and construction is estimated at 300 billion rupees ($6.24 billion). Indian defense ministry sources say it will enter service intwo years. The Arihant is theleading ofthree nuclear submarines, which construction was approved by Indian authorities. Assembling hulls ofthesecond and third submarines has already been finished and their stuffing with various equipment will soon start inthe dry dock. Thesubmarines will be fielded in 2015-2017. In addition, Indian authorities have approved plans to build another two nuclear submarines ofthis type. The Arihant was jointly developed and manufactured by the Indian Defense Ministrys Defense Research & Development Organization, Navy, Department of Atomic Energy and private defense company Larsen & Toubro. Navy sources say this nuclear submarine will carry 12 vertical-launched missiles (perhaps Sagarika) and torpedo launchers. It will have a maximum submerged speed of 24 knots and acrew ofabout 100 people. The prototype of the Sagarika nuclear submarine-launched ballistic missile was successfully tested in February 2008. As Indias Navy does not have any nuclear submarines so far, themissile was launched from a dedicated underwater platform (the exact copy of the submarine) near Indias south-eastern coast not far from Visakhapatnam. Its operational range is 700 km. Nevertheless, it is still unknown whether Sagarika is a ballistic or acruise missile. The launched nuclear submarine is already equipped with a powerplant, vertical missile launchers and torpedo tubes. The next stage will include checking the 80-MW nuclear reactor created jointly with Russia. Purchase of Home-Made Small DieselElectric Submarines India plans to buy five small home-made submarines that should protect Indian coast from terrorist attacks. Small submarines will enter service with the special operation forces. Their crew will be 4-6 people. The submarines will be able to dive deep into thesea. Besides, they can be remotely controlled and will be capable ofattacking theenemy with torpedoes. Perhaps, India will double the order for such submarines and raise their total amount up to10.
INS Jalashva (L41) amphibious transport dock
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Nicobar (T-69) and Chetlat (T-70) entered service with the Indian Navy inFebruary 2009. The Car Nicobar project is an improved version of Bangaram-class (SDB Mk.5) large patrol ships also built by Garden Reach. Six ships of this class reaching a speed of 30 knots were put into service from August 2001 toSeptember 2006. By October 2010, Garden Reach should deliver 10 Car Nicobar-class ships to the Indian Navy. Three ships are under construction now, of which two were set for delivery to the Indian Navy in December 2009. Each vessel costs about 500 million rupees. Garden Reach is also building eight offshore patrol boats of this class for theIndian Coast Guard and has already delivered 13 5-t and 12t patrol vessels to various law-enforcement bodies. After the terrorist attack onMumbai, Indias Interior Ministry ordered 78 fast interceptor boats totally worth $26.760 million to patrol Indias coastline including 48 12-t and 30 5-t vessels. ADVANCED PROJECTS USA. Lockheed Martin is negotiating with Indias Navy representatives onthe possible installation oftheIjis air/missile defense system onIndian combat ships and its possible integration with home-made weapons systems.
ICGS Sankalp advanced offshore patrol vessel (AOPV) (46)

BOATS AND PATROL SHIPS Saryu-Class NOPV Naval Offshore Patrol Vessels On November 14, 2009, the Goa Shipyard enterprise launched thesecond offour Saryu-class NOPV offshore patrol ships ordered by theIndian Navy. The vessel is the version of the Coast Guards Sankalp-class AOPV advanced offshore patrol vessel adjusted for combat operations on the sea. Its main tasks are patrolling territorial sea, controlling sea routes, reconnaissance operations, protection of offshore oil fields and escort operations. The ship dubbed Sunaina was keel-laid in September 2007. It is expected that installing its equipment will be over by the second quarter of2011. The Indian government approved the construction of three NOPV ships in March 2005 and included an option for building the fourth one, which was realized in2006. Thekeel oftheleading ship was laid inthe end of2006. Cutting steel for the third vessel began in 2008. The Saryu is to enter service with Indias Navy in2010. Construction of AOPV Ships for Coast Guard In January 2009, Indias Coast Guard fielded the sixth AOPV Advanced Offshore Patrol Vessel of Sankalp class designed and built by Goa Shipyard Ltd. The patrol ship dubbed Samrat is the sixth AOPV ship and the second one built under the Sankalp project. It is the largest and most advanced ship in service with the Indian Coast Guard. The lead ship of Sankalp class entered service inMay 2008. AOPV ships are being built for the Coast Guard by Goa Shipyard. The ships are manufactured fully in India employing advanced technologies. Car Nicobar Class Patrol Ships Construction Programme In September 2009, the Indian Navy received two Car Nicobar-class WJFAC (Water Jet Fast Attack Crafts) patrol ships. The Cora Divh (T-71) and Cheriyam (T-72) ships became thethird and fourth ships oftheimproved series built by Garden Reach. The first two vessels named Car
ICGS Samrat advanced offshore patrol vessel (AOPV) (47)
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ARMY EQUIPMENT ARTILLERY SYSTEMS TENDER BY INDIAS DEFENSE MINISTRY Modernization offield cannons Modernization of field cannons is a major program of the Indian Army. According to the field artillery modernization plan, the Indian Army plans toimport ready kits toassemble 3,600 howitzers somewhere between 2020 and 2025. The new equipment will consist primarily of 155 mm\52 cal towed, wheeled and tracked cannons as well as 140 155 mm\39 cal ultralight howitzers. Additionally, the Army plans to keep 400 45-caliber FH-77Bs and 180 Russian-made 130 mm -46 Russian-made field cannons, which have been recently upgraded by Israels Soltam Systems to155 mm/39 cal. Thetotal value ofthedeal tosupply cannons meant tore-equip ofup to220 Indian artillery regiments can reach $7 billion. The Indian Defense Ministry posted atender for superlight, towed and self-propelled howitzers inFebruary 2008 to modernize and standardize its artillery inventory mainly comprised ofSoviet-made pieces. Towed artillery system tender The Indian Defense Ministry posted a tender for 400 155 mm/52 cal towed howitzers in February 2008. Thedeal will include anoption for licensed production of1,800 cannons inIndia. Eight companies were invited totake part inthe tender. InJanuary 2009, foreign companies submitted
FH-2000 155mm towed howitzer

rival bids to supply the Indian Army were initially scheduled for thesumwith 155 mm/52 cal towed howitzers. mer of2009. It was as late as December 2009 A following evaluation showed that only theoffers made by BAE Systems that the Indian government decidand ST Kinetics met the Indian ed toadmit theSingaporean company to tests which now have to take Armys requirements. In June 2009, however, Singa- place before mid-2010. The Indian pores ST Kinetics was blacklist- defense Ministry announced, howed by the Indian Central Bureau ever, that even if ST Kynetics wins, no of Investigation (CBI) besides oth- contract is going to be signed uner six companies for alleged involve- til the CBI finishes its investigation ment in a corruption case featur- and all allegations are cleared. No exing an Indian defense enterprises pected date ofinvestigation completop manager. ST Kinetics was onthe tion have yet been announced. ST Kynetics offered the FH 2000 investigation list along with Israels IMI, Singapores Media Architects, 155mm\52 cal towed howitzer. Polands BVT, Indian TS Kishan, RK Thegun, firing 155mm NATO rounds, International Machine Tools and HYT weighs 13.5 tons and has a maxiEngineering. The Defense Ministry mum towing speed of 80 km\h. announced a temporary halt in the TheFH 2000 can fire M107 shells and negotiations. The towed howitzer ERFB Base Bleed rounds at19 km and tender was therefore suspended for 40 km, respectively, and has a rate around half a year while the tests of fire of 3 three shells per 15 sec-
INS Cankarso fast attack craft of Car Nikobar class (T73)
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onds to 20 seconds, while its practical rate offire is two rounds per minute within half anhour. Ultralight howitzer tender The Indian Defense Ministry posted a tender for 140 155mm/39 cal ultralight howitzers in February of 2008. The contract, which could amount to $740 million, is meant to equip two new alpine divisons with guns capable of supporting Army operations in mountainous areas. The Singapore Technologies Kynetics (ST Kynetics) has been thetop contender until recently. The project, however, showed nearly no progress in 2009 due to the current CBI investigation involving ST Kynetics. The delay in the Indian Defense Ministrys ultralight howitzer acquisition program allowed BAE Systems to compete for the tender, offering the 155mm M 777. Although thecompany had decided earlier not tooffer theM 777 for the155mm ultralight howitzer tender by Indias defense Ministry posted inFebruary 2008 as it supposed to be failing to meet all the requirements, it has resumed negotiations. The current investigation involving ST Kynetics has made the situation rather favorable for BAE Syetems, as no other company in the world now can put forward analternative offer. ST Kynetics offered athe Pegasus 155mm\39cal light towed howitzer largely made oflight alloys. Thegun weighs 5.400 kg and has amaximum towing speed of 50 km\h and requires a crew of 6. The system can be carried by either C-130s or heavylift helicopters. ThePegasus can fire any standard NATO round, including M107s and ERFB Base Bleed rounds delivered atdistances ofup to19 km and 30km, respectively. Thegun has a rate of fire of 3 rounds in 24 seconds, a maximum rate of fire of 4 rounds per minute within aperiod of three minutes and a combat rate of 2 rounds per minute within half anhour. To-date, thePegasus is operated only by theSingaporean Armed Forces. This gun is able to change fire positions ata speed ofup to12 km\h with the help of a 21 kilowatt diesel engine. The investigation was bad news for theSingaporean company which delivered the howitzers and test-relevant equipment by a hired C-130 Hercules in late May of 2009. By the time the negotiations were halted, ST Kynetics had finished deployment ofthesystems. The 155mm M 777 howitzer, developed by BAE Systems to replace theoutdated M 198s, has better performance and has half the weight of the latter. The Ti and Al alloys have helped to reduce the howitzers weight to just 4,218 kg. The M 777 has alength of10.2 m infire position. Less weight means more mobility, allowing the howitzer to be transported not only by C-130s, but by medium-lift helicopters as well, which is important as the latter are onthe list ofIndias planned acquisitions. TheM 777 includes anew digital fire control system (DFCS) but fires the same rounds as its predecessor along with modern satelliteguided projectiles. Self-propelled howitzer tender The Indian Defense Ministry put out a tender for 120 155mm/52 cal towed and self-propelled howitzers. InFebruary 2008. In January 2009, foreign companies submitted their offers. The projects value totals $2 billion. Although prototype tests were scheduled for the summer of 2009, they are most likely to have been postponed. CONTRACTS AND AGREEMENTS SIGNED IN2009 France. InJanuary 2009, theMBDA company confirmed reports that it had signed an agreement with the Indian Defense Ministry in December 2008 to continue li-
M-777 155mm howitzer
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censed production of. The validity period of the new agreement is 4 years. The order was contracted to Bharat Dynamics Ltd. The Indian Army are planning anadditional purchase of 4,100 MILAN 2T anti-tank guided missile systems. Thecontract price is Rs 5.92 billion ($121.3 million). The contract stipulates that most ofthecomponent parts be manufactured by Bharat Dynamics Ltd alongside with other Indian companies. Bharat Dynamics is also responsible for thefinal assembly oftheantitank missiles. MBDA will supply some ofwarhead components. The Indian Army has been operating MILAN AT missile systems since 1981. Thesecond generation AT missile with a range of 2 km is licensemanufactured by Bharat Dynamics Ltd for infantry units and combat vehicles. In late December 2007,
Milan-2 anti-tank missile system
India abandoned the plan to produce the MILAN ER systems with an extended range in cooperation with France after having evaluated
Pegasus 155mm howitzer
thefield test results. It was reported that in 2008, India signed a Rs 13.8 billion (around $300 million) contract for 15,000 Russian-designed Konkurs-M AT missile systems by Bharat Dynamics. Production of Russian-designed Konkurs-M AT missiles was also contracted toBharat Dynamics Ltd. The decision to buy a significant number of MILAN 2Ts was first announced by Deepak Kapoor, Chief ofStaff oftheIndian Army, ata conference of the Indian Army and Defense Ministry leaders in May 2008. The MILAN 2T, developed by MBDA, is fitted with atandem charge warhead allowing it to go through modern reactive armor. The modified MILAN 2T, equipped with animproved solid-propellant engine, tandem charge warhead and anew control system, has a range of 2000 m and a launch weight of 12 kg. Its warhead weighs 3 kg. A MILAN AT missile launcher requires atwo-man crew and can be mounted on a tripod, atank or another kind ofanarmored vehicle. STATUS OFINDIAS NATIONAL PROGRAMS IN2009 Modernization of 155mm FH 77B\39 cal howitzers The protracted modernization of Indian Army-operated 390 155mm\39 cal FH-77B howitzers supplied by Bofors to 45 caliber is facing a failure risk because of the high requirements put for-
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The Nag AT missile was developed by DRDO inHyderabad as part of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) launched in 1983. The program was aimed atdeveloping arange ofnext generation missiles including Akash medium-range and Trishul shortrange surface-to-air missiles. Field tests of the Nag AT missile began inNovember of1990. The missiles will be produced by the state-owned Bharat Dynamics, which is expected to manufacture 200 units over the first production year. The output will be raised twofold over the following period. The Indian Army needs a total of4,000 AT missiles. The Nag AT missile will be fitted on armored combat vehicles and Army helicopters. In addition to the mobile version mounted on the NAMICA Nag missile armored carrier fitted with 12 missiles, out of which 8 fire-ready, the Nag family will include theHelina missile meant to be carried on ALH Dhruv advanced light helicopters. After the land-based version is fully developed, DRDO will focus onimproving and testing of the airborne variant, which is planned to be mounted on a helicopter, carrying 8 missiles in two launchers. Initial tests of the airborne version are expect-
FH-77B 155mm howitzer

ward by the Indian Armys Artillery Command. India acquired the guns in 1987 and still keeps a total of 410 FH77Bs, intending to expand their effective range and add a capability tofire heavier rounds. Upgrades will include replacement of the barrel and breech, strengthening oftheundercarriage as well as installation ofmodern sights. Despite some Artillery Directorate members saying that thesuch agoal is almost impossible, the Army command has no authority to modify the specifications, which is the prerogative oftheDefense Minister. Detailed specifications made up by the Defense Ministry in 2006 remain unfulfilled. In early 2009, the Ministry issued a modified list of requirements, but BAE Systems, the manufacturer of FH-77Bs, said it was unable tomeet them. Out of 12 private Indian companies authorized to manufacture defense-oriented products, only TATA and Ordnance Factories Board (OFB) responded to the initiative. The top privately-owned defense company was among those who refused toparticipate. Today, the Bofors-manufactured 155mm\39 cal FH-77B howitzer is the most advanced artillery system with the Indian Army. The $1.2 billion (Rs 14 billion) worth deal to deliver 410 such guns was signed by the Induian government and the Swedish company on March 24, 1986. A corruption controversy sparked by the deal still haunts Bofors 20 years after, preventing the company from getting acontract tosupply field guns to India. Although the FH 77B05 L52 offered by Bofors was the only contender in 2006 after the Israeli Soltam Systems and South African Denel were excluded, Defence Minister A.K. Antony decided tohold another tender. Nag AT missile system The Nag anti-tank missile system went into mass production after stage two of its final acceptance trials met with success inthe Rajasthan Desert inAugust of2009. Introduction ofthemissile inthe Army was expected to begin by theend of2009.
Akash mediumrange SAM
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ed tobegin inlate 2009. TheHelina AT missile will have arange of7 km, acapability that theland-based Nag is expected tohave after future modernization. MLRS Pinaka upgrade program The Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE) is working on an advanced MLRS Pinaka variant. The Pinaka multiple-launch rocket system was developed in 1983 by Indian companies supervised by ARDE to replace the Soviet-made BM-21 Grads. Thefirst prototype was ready by 1994, with tests starting in 1995. In 2000, the Indian Army raised the first regiment equipped with three batteries of Pinaka launchers, each battery comprising six pieces along with support units. Production is currently under way to equip another regiment as well. Simultaneously, research is being performed to improve both thelauncher and themissiles. A standard MLRS has a range of between 39 km and 40 km and can fire a salvo of 12 rockets in 44 seconds, covering an area of 3.9 square kilometers. The missiles can be fitted with avariety ofwarheads thus enabling the MLRS to destroy rugged installations. ARDE announced that it is currently developing a MLRS-fired 7.2 meter-long guided missile capable of delivering a 250 kg warhead at a distance from 70 km to 120 km. Umanned aerial vehicles are planned
Pinaka Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher System

to be used to increase the firing accuracy. The new missile is expected tobe displayed in2011 and adopted by themilitary in2012. The Pinaka, built on the chassis of a license-produced Tatra-815 8x8 prime mover, has a combat weight of 8 tons and is operate by a fivemen crew. The system fires 214mm 4.95m-long non-guided rockets weighing 276 kg each. Every rocket has a 100kg warhead. A Pinaka battery is made up of 6 launchers, six loaders and a command station furnished with adigital fire control system and aweather radar. INDIAN DEFENSE MINISTRYS ARMORED VEHICLE TENDERS Tender for 500 new APCs To increase the capability oftheArmy mechanized units, India plans tobuy 100 infantry fighting vehicles to operate in variable terrain regions. The Indian Army posted atender tobuy atleast 100 IFVs, with theproduction of the rest of the planned 500 tobe licensed toanIndian company as part of a technology transfer deal. According to Indias Ministry of Defense, the Army wants to receive over 500 new APCs within five years to add to their inventory consisting of1,500 Russian-designed BMP-1s and BMP-2s. To-date, the Indian Army has 26 mechanized infantry battalions equipped with APCs with a capacity of10 soldiers each. Some ofthose vehicles are also fitted with AT guided missile launchers. According totheIndian Armys requirements, thenew APCs are tobe air-transportable by both the currently operated Il-76s and theC-130J, which are now being acquired. The weight and size of the new APCs should allow them tobe transported by landing craft including the Jalashwa amphibious transport dock, originally Austin-class LPD-14 Trenton, and Airavat-class tank landing ships. Light tank tender The Indian Army is seeking to acquire 300 light tanks to increase its capabilities in mountain areas over 3000 m above the sea level bordering onChina and Pakistan. TheIndian military needs tanks able to oper-
Namica mobile platform (Nag anti-tank missile system on idigenous armored vehicle)
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Sarat BMP-2 infantry fighhting vehicle
companies. No information is yet available onthe exact number ofvehicles tobe supplied. Three offers were reported to have made it to the final stage of the competition, including thenew 44 light patrol armored car TUR 3 designed by Polish AMZ Kutno. The TUR 3 vehicle was presented by Vectra, a partner of Polands Metaleksport-S, which represents AMZ Kutno in India. If the Tur wins the competition, Vectra will be the main contractor to license-produce over 500 such armored fighting vehicles (AFVs) inIndia. The offered vehicles were put to an extreme conditions test in Kashmere in 2009. No information is available onthe two other vehicles, though. The two unknown finalists, however, are most likely to include the American company Arotech. Thewinner will be selected until theend of2009. NEGOTIATIONS AND INTENTIONS Great Britain. In January of 2009, Indias Ministry of Finance accepted an application by Mahindra and Mahindra and Britains BAE Systems to create a joint venture to develop and manufacture defense products for both Indian domestic market and export. The companies are allowed to invest Rs 289.4 million ($6 million) in the enterprise. According to the Indian regulations on direct foreign investments, theIndian company will hold a 74 per cent share
ate in urban and rural conditions, on mountain, desert and swampy terrain and incoastal areas toensure superiority over anuclear enemy. An international tender is aimed at acquiring 200 wheeled and 100 light tracked tanks weighing up to22tons. Responses totherequest are due tobe submitted totheIndian Defense Ministry by October 30, 2009. The light tank platform should feature modern communications and reconnaissance equipment. It is also has to be highly mobile and able toincorporate various modules to ensure operability in a variety ofconditions and regions. The tender stipulates that thetank be fit tocarry multirole weapon systems including a cannon and a missile system to provide enough capability inpeace enforcement missions during high-intensity conflicts. Wheeled (preferably 8x8) and tracked light tanks should have a height and length not exceeding 2.8 m and 7.8 m, respectively, a low profile and high clearance. Tanks should also offer afloating capability and all-weather, night and day operability. The equipment sets must include protection systems against laser, infrared and radar homing weapons as well as NBC protection. By now, most oftheIndian Armys 64 armor regiments operate T-72M1 and T-90S tanks, totaling 2,800 pieces. Around 11 regiments still ride upgraded T-55s, which are being gradually replaced by T-90S and modernized T-72M1 MBTs.
As for light tanks, they are most likely to be supplied to the two mountain divisions meant for deployment along the Chinese border inIndias north-east. Light tanks are easier totransport and thus toredeploy between regions with different climate and terrain. Between 90 and 100 light tanks may be supplied to two new armor regiments, with another 200 joining the reconnaissance regiments of the two main strike corps of the Indian Army stationed stationed in Ambala (200 km north of Delhi) and Jansi (400 km southeast ofthecapital). LBPV tender for National Guard The Indian National Guards tender for light bullet proof vehicles (LBPVs) received offers from seven
T-55 Main Battle Tank
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nounced inAugust of2009 thecompletion of the development completion of a new C8 LWAV (Light Weight Armored Vehicle) meant for the Indian market. The Indiabased Concord Safety Systems joint venture, created by U.S. company Arotech and co-founded by MKU, Indias major armor manufacturer, and car body maker JN Group, was offered totake part inthe competition to supply armored vehicles to the Indian Army. Arotech designed the C8 LWAV light armored vehicle for the tender. The first prototypes were made by Concord Safety Systems in Dehradun, India. In the fall of 2009, the AFVs underwent field trials with the Indian Armys Northern Command. Mass production of these vehicles for paramilitary units is most likely tobe launched inthe near future. CURRENT PROGRAMS INVOLVING INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS Russia. On August 24, 2009, aceremony took place atthe Heavy Vehicle Factory (HVF) in Avadi to hand over the first batch of 10 T-90S MBTs (Indian codename Bishma) produced in India under a license provided by Russia, to the Indian Army. The 10 MBTs were sent to the 73th Indian Army regiment for trials. The enterprise is expected to license-produce up to 100 T-90S MBTs annually starting from 2010. According to DRDO, every Indianmade T-90 will cost up toRs 150 million (around $3 million). The first contract worth $800million (Rs 36.25 billion) to deliver 310 T-90S MBTs to India was signed in2001. 124 tanks were shipped fully assembled, with the other 186 pieces assembled atHVF using theready kits supplied by Uralvagonzavod. In 2006, another deal was made allowing India to license-produce 1,000 T-90S tanks by 2020. On November 30, 2007, the Indian government signed a major deal worth Rs 49 billion ($1,237 billion) to buy 347 T-90S MBTs from Russia, including 124 fully assembled ones and 223 ready kits. In May of2009, India stroke adeal with Russia for an additional delivery of 50 -90S MBTs, which will al-
T-72M1 Ajeya of the Indian Army
Light Armoured Patrol Vehicle Tour-3

inthe JV, while BAE Systems will get a26 per cent stake. The previous application submitted by the two companies was rejected by the Finance Ministrys Commission onForeign Investments in October of 2008, as BAE Systems was willing to get 49 per cent ofthenew companys shares, which contradicted the actual standards. Following thelaw, theIndian government made no exception inthat case.
RG-31 Nyala armored vehicle
The new JV will be headquartered inDelhi, while manufacturing assets will be inFaridabad. BAE Systems and Mahindra and Mahindra planned to finalize the enterprises structure and begin production by the end of2009. Initially, the new company will be busy manufacturing add-on armor for Rakshak AFVs and assembling Axe all-terrain cars alongside with developing landmine-resistant vehicles for theIndian Armed Forces. On its part, BAE Systems is planning to cooperate with Mahindra and Mahindra to assembly RG-31 Nyala vehicles inIndian territory . BAE Systems has already delivered 165 Casspir APCs to Indias military. USA. The MDT Armor Corp. of the U.S.-based Arotech an-
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low the equipment of two tank regiments until theend of2009. Russias Uralvagonzavod enterprise was to supply India with 60 ready T-90S MBTs in 2009. India also expected to receive tanks due toanew contract signed in2009. Russia completed transferring the MBT manufacturing technology totheIndian defense industry inlate 2008, allowing India to launch fullcycle production ofT-90s inAvadi. The T-90S tanks will gradually replace the outdated T-55s and early versions of the T-72. The total value of the contracts signed amounted to $3 billion. The Indian Armed Forces expect to receive a total of1,700 T-90S MBTs by 2020. The reason behind Indias decision to buy T-90S MBTs is that the tank is a deep modernization of the -72 which has long been in use with the countrys land forces. The tank acquisition is part oftheplan toraise 21 and 40 regiments outfitted with T-90S and T-72M1 Ajeya MBTs, respectively. The similarity of these models makes personnel training and maintenance much easier. By 2020, the total number T-90S and T-72M1 MBTs operate by the Indian Army is expected tohit 3,800. STATUS OFINDIAS NATIONAL PROGRAMS IN2009 Arjun MBT program The year 2009 was decisive for theArjun program. InFebruary of2009, after alarge number of adjustments had been made, theIndian Defense Ministry finally decided toadopt theArjun MBT. The Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment (CVRDE) is expected to supply 79 Arjun MBTs, made under the supervision of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), totheIndian ground forces by March 2010. Theper unit cost ofthetank is Rs 190 million ($4 million). By now, the Indian Defense Ministry has adelivery agreement for 124 domestically-developed tanks, with 45 already supplied by June of2009. Therest will be delivered by March of2010. To-date, the Arjun is a 60-ton MBT fitted with a 120mm cannon. Thetank has abody length of10.6 m and aheight of3 m. it is 3.8 m wide and has acrew offour. Thegunners sight, fitted with a laser range finder, is capable of tracking three targets simultaneously by day and by night. The tank features heavy composite armor, laser illumination sensors, asmoke screen system and NBC protection. The battle tank can also be fitted with add-on reactive armor when necessary. The Arjun is equipped with a 1,400 hp MTU engine and RENK transmission, and has amaximum speed of70 km\h and 40 km\h onhighway and off-road. The Arjun can effectively engage targets with up to 450mm-thick armor at a distance of 2,500m with FSAPDS rounds which have a maximum muzzle velocity of 1,660 meters per second. The tank can also fire HESH high-explosive armorpiercing, ballistic and shaped-charge projectiles. The rate of fire is 6 to 8 rounds per minute. Secondary armament includes acoaxial 7.62mm Mg and a12,7mm AA MG. By now, foreign suppliers account for 25 per cent to 30 per cent of the tanks components. In the coming years, India plans to reduce its dependence on MBT part imports by developing replacement components domestically. Although a Rs 17.6 billionworth contract for 124 Arjun MBTs was signed in 2000, the Indian Parliaments Defense Commission stated in 2008 that the Arjun MBT showed unsatisfactory results during the customers winter tests in the Rajasthan desert in December of 2007. Army reports said that the tank needed asignificant number ofadjustments tomeet all therequirements. InJuly of2008, theIndian Army Command announced that it was not going to place additional orders for Arjun MBTs outside the 124-unit order from theHeavy Vehicle Factory (HVF) inAvadi. According to the Indian Army, the Arjun MBT, though a modern tank to remain operational within the next decade, can not compete with next-generation developments. India is therefore seeking to design an advanced battle tank which would be highly competitive internationally inthe next 20 years. DRDO, in its turn, is pressing the Indian Government for an order of at least 500 domesticallymade tanks to the Arjun program and to use it as the basis for next generation tank development. The Indian top brass insisted on the adoption of the Arjun MBT despite despite objections from the Ground Forces which agreed toaccept thetank only after theidentified deficiencies are eliminated. The requirements for the Arjun MBT were developed back in 1972. In 1982, it was announced that the prototype tank was ready for field tests. Thevehicle, however, was officially shown off as late as in1995.
T-90S Bhishma Main Battle Tank
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Yuktirat armored vehicle with advance antimine protection
AIR DEFENCE/ANTI-BALLISTIC MISSILE SYSTEMS TALKS AND PLANS USA. India has entered into preliminary talks with the USA on the procurement of the Patriot PAC-3 air defence/anti-ballistic missile system. Talks that had been conducted for two years intensified in 2009, and entered into technical consultations phase. The US Department of Defense specialists presented to Indian experts the new systems capabilities on its computerized model. The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) experts attended attwo test launches of the systems interceptor missiles. France. France intends to develop together with India a new shortrange surface-to-air missile (SR SAM). Talks onthis project are nearing conclusion. This well may be the Maitri project designed to develop a newgeneration short-range surfaceto-air missile based on technologies from the MBDAs MICA missile and Indias (terminated) Trishul programme. Theproject cost is estimated atapproximately 500 million USD. It is planned that MBDA will develop the missile, active homing head, and engine thrust control system The Indian side will develop software, flight control and monitoring system, and perform themissile final assembly. TheDefence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) will also supply for the project two 3-D target acquisition and tracking radars capable of simultaneously tracking up to150 targets ata range of200 km. In 2008, when the DRDO issued performance requirements for a joint short-range surface-toair missile development project, was started selection ofaforeign partner inthe project. CONTRACTS AND AGREEMENTS CONCLUDED IN2009 Israel. In January 2009 India ordered 300 additional surface-to-air missiles for the Barak air defence missile system purchased earlier. Thecontract cost is 480 million USD. The Barak air defence missile system is an up-to-date ship-borne air defence/anti-missile system. The Barak systems surface-to-air missiles are fired from vertical launch containers. Target interception is based on the radar command lineof-sight guidance principle. The system provides effective engagement of highly agile missiles at extremely low altitudes, cruise missiles, laser-guided bombs, aircraft and helicopters within theall-round (360-degree) sector. Its surface-to-air missiles are capable ofengaging targets in any weather conditions by day and night within the range of 500 m to10 km and atthe altitude ofup to5 km. The Barak surface-to-air missile has thefollowing specifications: missile length 2.5 m, body diameter 0.25 m, launch weight 98 kg, maximum speed 1.6 Mach, war-
Although the cost of the Arjun program development was initially estimated at Rs 150 million, the figure has grown toRs 3 billion by now. Improved landmine protection armored vehicle production program In November 2009, the Indian Army received the first batch of 14 Yukthirath armored vehicles with improved landmine protection from the IOF (Indian Ordnance Factory). To-date, the Medak-based enterprise is busy working tosupply 327 new armored vehicles totheIndian Armed Forces. The government, however, is ready to allocate additional funding to expand the order for up to1,400 units. The Indian Army and other services use AFVs with improved landmine protection extensively in counterinsurgency operations in Jammu and Cashmere, as well as inother regions. According to the companys spokesman, the AFV Yukthiraths performance excels that of the previous versions, as well as oftheSouth African Casspir APCs. The 12-ton vehicle was developed with Israeli aid is built on the chassis of the currently operational Stallion Mk.3 4x4 trucks. Just like theSouth African Casspirs, thenew Indian vehicle has a monocoque body with a V-shape bottom offering protection against landmine explosions with aTNT yield ofup to14 kg and 10 kg under the wheels or body, respectively, as well as 7.62 mm bullets fired from a 10-meter distance. The vehicle also features bullet-proof windows. The per unit cost oftheAFV is Rs 10 million ($214,000), which is far below the pricing of foreign-made armored vehicles selling for up toRs 30 million ($640,000). 50
Arjun Main Battel Tank
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head weight 21.8 kg. TheBarak air defence/anti-missile system (including missile containers, EL/M-2221 radar, and computerised control system) costs about 24 million USD. The Barak missiles systems were initially procured because of delays in the development of the indigenous Trishul/Akash system. The first Barak air defence missile system was delivered inearly 2000 and installed onthe INS Viraat aircraft carrier. Indias DRDO and Israeli IAI company have been developing theBarak-2 ship-based air defence/ anti-missile system with the effective range of 70 km since January 2006. It is expected that the programme worth 26.06 billion INR (about 650 million USD) will be completed by 2011. The latest air defence/anti-missile system will consist of four basic components: multifunctional surveillance and early warning radar with the operational range of 350 km; weapons control system with communication links; vertical launchers; and two-stage interceptor missiles. The new surface-to-air missile derived from thefirst basic missile will be fitted with an improved seeker. Thenew air defence/anti-missile systems are planned tobe installed first onboard three INS Calcuttaproject missile destroyers. Israel. In its official statement the IAI company informed about the conclusion of a contract on 27 February 2009 for the delivery to India of the MR-SAM me-
dium-range air defence/anti-missile system worth 1.4 billion USD. Under this contract the IAI company shall develop and manufacture both land-based and shipborne air defence/anti-missile systems for the Indian Ministry of Defence. Some payments due according to the Contract shall be effected inadvance during thedevelopment phase, while the remaining sum shall be paid off during a66-month delivery period starting within 90 months from the date of the advance payment acceptance. This contract is the largest arms trade transaction ever concluded between Israel and India.
Lockheed-Martin Patriot PAC-3 SAM
In accordance with the contract, the IAI company and Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) oftheIndian Minister of Defence shall develop an air defence/anti-missile system capable of detecting and defeating enemy aircraft, cruise missiles and surfaceto-surface missiles at a range of 70 to80 km. The Indian Air Force will induct nine air defence missile battalion, each battalion including two batteries with theBarak surface-to-air missile launchers. Each battery will comprise the fire control centre, target acquisition radar, and three launchers with eight missiles ineach. The contract is a continuation of the Barak-NG programme started in 2006 for the development of the next-generation Barak shipborne surface-to-air missile (Israeli designation Barak-8). First tests of the Barak MR-SAM system are expected to take place in three-year time. The system is expected to reach initial operational capability in2013. The Barak is designed to replace theIndian Air Forces obsolete S-125 Pechora-1 air defence missile system. The Indian Ministry of Defence initially considered anoption ofprocuring theRussian S-300 or US Raytheon Patriot PAC-3 air defence missile systems but having made its own evalu-
Barak SAM on INS Viraat carrier, 2004
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ation, decided to develop the indigenous system. Within theframework ofthis programme India and Israel concluded a separate agreement on building a plant for air defence/anti-missile system components production in Bihar. The agreement cost is estimated at 240 million USD. The production plant in Bihar shall be built to design made by the Israeli IMI company. Israel. InAugust 2009, after alengthy evaluation period, theIndian Ministry ofDefence approved thecontract for the procurement of the Spyder new mobile short-range air defence systems. It has outlined plans toprocure 54 missile launchers worth 820 million USD for three regiments. The decision to purchase the Israeli system was taken after the indigenous Trishul and Akash short-range air defence missile systems designed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) had not met Armys requirements. The programme for procurement of the Spyder systems (which are planned for replacement of the Soviet-made Osa-AKM and Strela-10M air defence missile systems still in service) has been elaborated for several years. However, the Indian Ministry of Defence has been reluctant to endorse signing of the contract because of a continued investigation of corruption cases against two Israeli companies IAI and Rafael, related to the procurement of the Barak-1 air defence missile system worth 11.60 billion INR. Despite remaining suspicions the Indian Government has not blacklisted the Israeli companies and has continued implementation ofjoint projects that are vital for thenational security. Thus, in late August 2008 theDefence Acquisitions Council endorsed the signing up of an agreement for thepurchase oftheSpyder air defence missile system for theIndian Air Force. Thecontract for the delivery to the Indian Air Force of 18 Spyder mobile air defence systems was signed with the Israeli Rafael company on 1 September 2008. The total cost of the agreement was 260.05 million USD (about 11377,1875 billion INR). It was planned that the Spyder deliveries would begin in 2.5 years after signing theagreement and would be finished infour years. The Spyder air defence missile system is developed by a consortium oftwo Israeli companies IAI and Rafael. It is a mobile all-weather short-range surface-to-air missile system designed to detect and destroy enemy aircraft, helicopters, cruise missiles, unmanned aerial vehicles, and precision-guided munitions. The system can be deployed to provide air defence of strategic installations including military bases, communication centres, nuclear power stations, governmental buildings, etc. The inclined ramp launchers of the Spyder-SR air defence missile system mounted on a 6x6-wheeled chassis are designed to accommodate four missiles. The Spider ammunition load includes the groundbased version of the Derby medium-range air-to-air active radar guided missile, and the Python-5 shortrange IR guided missile. The air defence missile system can operate by
Barak-8 SAM
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locking on target prior to or after the missile launch with the employment of the fire-and-forget mode or in-flight target data correction. Thesystems reaction time (from target acquisition to combat readiness status) is 5 seconds. A typical Spyder battalion consists of one mobile command and control post and four to six mobile launchers with the Toplite electrooptical sensors. The command and control post is equipped with theIAI/ ELTA EL/M-2106 ATAR radar capable oftracking 60 targets simultaneously ata range of35 km and two operator panels with data transfer terminals allowing data exchange with launchers, adjacent air defence missiles systems, and superior commanders ata range ofup to100 km. The Spyder-SR air defence missile system can kill targets within theallround (360 degrees) sector ata range ofone to15 km and ataltitudes from 20 to9,000 m. Thesystem is capable of defeating both single and group targets by day and night in any climatic conditions. INDIAS INDIGENOUS PROGRAMMES REALIZED IN2009 Akash air defence missile system procurement programme In January 2009 the Indian Air Force signed the contract with theBharat Electronics Ltd for thedelivery oftwo battalions oftheAkash medium-range air defence missile system developed by the Defence Research and Development
Organisation (DRDO) of the Indian Ministry of Defence. The contract valued at 12 billion INR (247 million USD) was signed 14 months after finishing tests. The Air Force had been postponing thesigning ofthecontract since the Akash missile system did not fully meet the given requirements. The Air Force would like to have more light and compact missile with greater operational range and manoeuvrability. Thedevelopers intend to continue upgrading this air defence missile system during its production and operation toimprove its performance characteristics.
Spider-SR SAM on a 6x6 wheeled vehicle
Under theinitial contract two battalions oftheAkash air defence missile systems shall be delivered within 36 months. It is expected that in future the Indian Air Force will place orders for additional quantities oftheair defence missile system for the substitution of Soviet-made systems. The Indian Army intends to procure the modified Akash systems as well. The Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL) started developing the Akash surface-to-air missile in 1984 under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program that embraced various types of missiles. Initially 12 years were planned for thesystem development but, infact, theworks took more than 21 years. The Indian developers remark that this air defence missile system is inthe same class as theUS Patriot and Israeli Barak systems, but it is a substantially lower costing one. The Akash surface-to-air missile powered by asolidpropellant engine has length of 5.78 m, launch weight of more than 700 kg, and warhead weight of up to 60 kg. Themissile can develop a600-m/ s flight speed and engage single and group targets flying at low and medium altitudes at a range of 3 to 25 km. Thesingle-shot kill probability for theAkash missile is 85%.
Akash mediumrange SAM
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The Akash air defence missile system includes radars, mobile launch units, command and control posts, and other support systems. Missiles can be mounted on tracked and wheeled chassis. The system includes the Rajendra multifunctional phased array radar capable of autonomously tracking 64 targets and guiding up to12 missiles. The Akash system will be manufactured by a group of companies under the management of Bharat Electronics Ltd, theprime contractor of the programme. The programme implementation will involve 40 subcontractors intotal. Some foreign customers have already expressed their interest inpurchasing the Akash system, and for that reason the DRDO has submitted export clearance documents totheIndian Ministry ofDefence and Foreign Ministry for endorsement. If approved by theGovernment, Indias defence industry will be capable of both satisfying domestic needs oftheIndian armed forces for this air defence missile system and the missiles, and producing them onforeign customers orders. National anti-ballistic missile system development programme Indias anti-ballistic missile system development programme has made a serious headway in the last two years. Its major achievements include two successful launches of the PAD anti-missiles derived
Prithvi II ballictic missile
Brahmos cruise missile
from thePrithvi short-range ballistic missile (PAD Prithvi Air Defence) and AAD interceptor missile (AAD Advanced Air Defence) which will make up thebackbone ofIndia's advanced anti-ballistic missile system. In 2009 theDefence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) of the Indian Ministry of Defence started testing the Swordfish longrange tracking radar (LRTR). TheLRTR is planned tobe atarget acquisition and fire control radar for the antiballistic missile system being developed. Indias national anti-ballistic missile is under development for several years. Its main objective is toprovide detection and interception of ballistic missiles both at exo-atmospher-
ic altitudes of 60 to 80 km and endo-atmospheric altitudes of15 to20 km. At the first stage the deployed anti-ballistic missile system should ensure protection ofNew Delhi and Mumbai. The anti-ballistic missile system will include long-range target acquisition radars, command and control centres, and batteries with interceptor missiles. Missiles of two types are employed for interception: exo-atmospheric PAD and endo-atmospheric AAD missiles. TheAAD missile will ensure intercepts atthe altitude of15 to30 km. ThePAD-2 anti-missile with the first-stage liquid-fuel booster and second-stage solid-fuel engine can attain flight speed ofup to4.5 5Mach. TheAAD anti-missile is asin-
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gle-stage missile. Its basic specifications are: length 7.5 m, diameter 0.5 m, weight about 1.2 tonnes. It employs inertial guidance in the initial trajectory and active radar guidance in the terminal leg. Launch is made from the launcher mounted on the Tatra truck chassis with missiles intransport-launch containers. Indias national anti-ballistic missile system is expected to be deployed in2015 provided that thetest programme has been completed successfully and no financial or managerial problems have cropped up. PROSPECTIVE PROJECTS India is planning to develop a laser anti-ballistic missile system to protect the countrys territory against ballistic missile attacks. This system should be capable ofintercepting and destroying missiles atthe ascending trajectory leg. An air-based/sea-based laser antiballistic missile system should be able to destroy enemy ballistic missiles in several seconds. The laser interception system will provide more time for the national anti-ballistic missile system to kill ballistic missiles launched from the range of2,000km. Such technologies are being developed in several DRDO laboratories, including theLaser and Science Technology Centre (LASTEC). In particular, it develops an airborne laser system similar totheUS laser-based ballistic missile defense system. It is expected that development ofthesystem toaseries productionready prototype capable of accomplishing anti-ballistic missile missions will take 10 to 15 years. Such long time for theproject implementation is needed since it must include development not only ofanti-missile laser, but other equipment as well, including target acquisition and tracking means and their integration into aunique, smoothly functioning antiballistic missile system. MISSILES & ROCKETS BRAHMOS CRUISE MISSILE PROGRAMME In 2009 main efforts of the Russian-Indian joint venture Brahmos Aerospace were focused on testing the BrahMos, Block-II upgraded cruise missile. On 30 July 2009 the Indian Army performed No.4 test launch of the land-based version of the BrahMos Block-II upgraded supersonic cruise missile inPokhran test range inthe western part ofRajasthan Desert. Initial tests of this modification were held on 20 January 2009 but failed. After the missile control system algorithms had been updated the repeated tests were successfully conducted on 4 March. The developers reported that the missile hit the target at a range of about 40 km with the acceptable accuracy. On 29 March 2009 the Indian Armed Forces performed the third test launch of the BrahMos BlockII missile from a land-based mobile autonomous vertical launcher, and the missile scored a hit on the assigned target in a multitarget environment ata range of50 km. Tests inJuly 2009 confirmed compliance of the BrahMos Block-II missile featuring the improved guidance system with the requirements of the Indian Armed Forces, and its preparedness for series production. According to these requirements the upgraded cruise missile must be able toselect and engage targets in multitarget environment (within agroup ofother targets) toincrease its target engagement capability and reduce collateral damage. The supersonic BrahMos cruise missile development programme was started in the middle of 1999 drawing on the Onyx II-800 missile design intended for underwater launch. To realize this programme, the joint venture (JV) BrahMos Aerospace Ltd was established by two co-founders: federal state unitary enterprise NPO Machinostroyenia (Russia) and DRDO (India). The first test launches oftheBrahMos cruise missile prototype were performed at the test range inOrissa state, India. BrahMos is a two-stage cruise missile with the following parameters: length 10 m, body diameter 0.7 m, launch weight (with container) 3.9 t, operational range up to 290 km, flight speed 2.9 Mach. This cruise missile can car-
Brahmos antiship missile
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ry awarhead weighing up to300 kg. Its performance allows it tofly atvarious altitudes from 10 m to14 km ata speed three times higher than that oftheUS Tomahawk cruise missile. At present BrahMos Aerospace Ltd has finished the development of several versions of its supersonic cruise missile. The land-based and sea-based missile versions have been successfully tested and inducted into service by the Indian Army and Navy. The airborne and submarine-launched versions are under development atthe moment. The Indian Army took delivery of the first BrahMos LACM (land attack cruise missile) battery in June 2007. TheIndian Army plans toadopt inthe near future three BrahMos missile batteries, each containing four mobile launchers based onthe Tatra 12x12-wheel truck. The Indian Navy retrofitted with the BrahMos antiship missiles several combatants, including the Rajput destroyer and two ships of the same type. There are plans to install the BrahMos launchers onthree INS Project 1135.6 Talwar frigates being under construction at the Yantar shipyards (Kaliningrad, Russia), and Calcutta destroyers that will be build at Mazgon Dock shipyards inMumbai. On 18 December 2008 theIndian Navy made first test launch ofthesupersonic BrahMos cruise missile from the INS Rajput type destroyer with the ship-based vertical launcher. Previously Indian Navy ships fired missiles from inclined ramp launchers. Thevertical launcher used inthe tests was developed and manufactured also by BrahMos Aerospace Ltd. In contrast to inclined ramp launchers, the vertical launcher allows firing missiles in an all-round 360-degree sector. Thecanister-type vertical launcher accommodates eight missiles. Surface ships will be fitted with two such combat modules. In future Indian Navy submarines will be equipped with vertical missile launchers. In early January 2009, two Indian Air Force Su-30MKI multi-role fighters were ferried to Russia for upgrading that would allow them to launch an airborne version of the BrahMos cruise missile. Flight tests oftheBrahMos supersonic missile air-launched version are planned for completion by theend of2012. Testing of the airborne missile version tobe launched from theIAF Su-30MKI fighter will be conducted in parallel with BrahMos Aerospase upgrading ofasubmarine-launched version ofthemissile. Russian and Indian engineers are now engaged in integrating the BrahMos cruise missile onboard theSu-30MKI carrier-aircraft. BrahMos Aerospace Ltd managed to decrease weight of the airborne BrahMos missile to facilitate its integration with theaircraft. Thecruise missiles weight is now 2,550 kg, length 8.3 m, and body diameter 0.67 m. If missile integration onboard the Su-30MKI aircraft platform is successful, there are future plans for a programme to retrofit with the BrahMos cruise missiles the Su35 combat aircraft and a 5th generation advanced fighter to be jointly developed by Russia and India. In September 2008 Russia and India revealed for the first time their plans for joint development of a new BrahMos-2 hypersonic missile. Themissile is supposed toattain maximum speed inthe range from 5 to 7 Mach which makes its interception practically impossible. BrahMos Aerospace Ltd intends to complete the BrahMos-2 hypersonic missile development by 2013. Upon completion of the development programme, the BrahMos cruise missile will become a versatile cruise missile since it will be adapted for launch from surface ships, submarines, aircraft, landbased silos, and mobile launchers. In the next decade, the Indian Armed Forces can purchase up to1,000 BrahMos missiles produced indifferent versions. Presently there are 14 countries listed as potential buyers of the BrahMos missiles. Yet final decision on what customers can purchase themissiles will be taken by theIndian and Russian governments. Until now no contracts for delivery oftheBrahMos cruise missiles to third counties have been signed. It is caused, in particular, by Indias intention to first arm its own Army, Air Force and Navy with this weapon. BrahMos Aerospace Ltd plans toproduce 50 to100 missiles annually. During one decade thecompany can manufacture up to1,000 missiles from which one half can be exported. In general it intends to produce not less than 2,000 BrahMos missiles for different customers. At present the Indian government has ordered for its armed forces theBrahMos missiles worth 2 billion USD. Detailed review of the Indian missile program can be found in the article entitled Missiles over Hindustan.
Brahmos ASM mobile launcher
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1(51).

6 OPK and new directions in MTC

RUSSIAN ARMS EXPORTS ON THE RISE

ARMS Defence Technologies Review

SUKHOI PAK FA: FIRST FLIGHT

ARMS Defence Technologies Review

Photo by NTV channel

Corvette p-1234 before repairing

OPK AND NEW DIRECTIONS IN MTC

ARMS Defence Technologies Review

P-901 before repairing

P-901 after repairing

ARMS Defence Technologies Review

Indian carrier rockets

ARMS Defence Technologies Review

Prithvi II ballistic missile mobile launcher

Dhanush sealaunched ballistic missile

Dhanush ballistic missile in the assembly shop

ARMS Defence Technologies Review

Dhanush ballistic missile

ARMS Defence Technologies Review

Sagarika sealaunched missile test

Shaurya tactical/theatre ballsistic missile

A hypothetical view of the Sagirika missile outside its transportlaunch canister

ARMS Defence Technologies Review

A mockup of the Agni ballistic missile railway-based launcher

Agni II ballistic missile mobile launcher at the military parade in Delhi

ARMS Defence Technologies Review

Agni IIITD intercontinental ballistic missile prototype

Developers of the Agni III ICBM at their product

Agni IIITD intercontinental ballistic missile

ARMS Defence Technologies Review

Agni IIITD ICBM test launch

GSLV Mk III launch vehicle

ARMS Defence Technologies Review

PSLV C3 launch vehicle

GSLV Mk I launch vehicle

PSLV C3-1 launch vehicle

Igor Stepanichev Lev Shvec

Weapon system for armoured vehicles (with kornet-e atgm)

ARMS Defence Technologies Review

ARMS Defence Technologies Review

INDIAS ARMED FORCES WEAPONS MODERNISATION PROGRAMMES IN 2009

ARMS Defence Technologies Review

9mm MP5-A4 submachine gun

T-90S Bhishma Main Battle Tank

ARMS Defence Technologies Review

Boeing F/A18E/F Super Hornet carrier-based multirole fighter

Admiral Gorshkov (Vikramaditya) aircraft carrier

LockheedMartin C-130J Super Hercules military transport

Boeing C-17A Globe Master III military transport

ARMS Defence Technologies Review

Visby class corvette

K-152 Nerpa nuclear-powered attack submarine of project 971U Shchuka-B

Scorpen-class non-nuclear submarine

ARMS Defence Technologies Review

Admiral Gorshkov (Vikramaditya) aircraft carrier

MiG-29K carrier-based fighter

LCA Tejas fighter

Kamov Ka-31 AEW helicopter

ARMS Defence Technologies Review

Viraat R22 aircraft carrier