Motors

1 May 2012 1
Introduction
MOTORS :
Need, Definition, Working principle, Types,
construction, Motor starting
Presentation outline
1 May 2012 2
construction, Motor starting
commonly used Motors in power plants
Various types of motors
Winding and operating principle :
DC Motors AC Motors
Shunt, 1 Ph, 3 Ph
Series Synch motor
1 May 2012 3
Compound Induction motor
Voltage : HT motor, LT motor, control (servo) motor
Use : dust proof, mining, marine application etc
Ex.- washing m/c, refrigerator compressor, bench
grinder, table saws etc.
Type of excitation
Singly Excited
AC Induction motors
Doubly Excited
Synchronous,DC & Others
1 May 2012 4
Synchronous,DC & Others
Induction Motor
Accounts for more than 80% of the total
polyphase ac motors.
Stator with distributed windings
Rotor with distributed windings
1 May 2012 5
Rotor with distributed windings
SQUIRREL CAGE 3Ph. WINDING IN STATOR
COPPER BARS IN ROTOR
WOUND ROTOR 3Ph WINDING IN STATOR
3 Ph. WINDING IN ROTOR
(SHORTED INTERNALLY)
Types of AC Motors Types of AC Motors Types of AC Motors Types of AC Motors
1 May 2012 6
(SHORTED INTERNALLY)
WOUND ROTOR 3 Ph. WINDING IN STATOR
WITH SLIP RING 3 Ph. WINDING IN ROTOR
(TERMINATED TO SLIP RINGS)
SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS 3 Ph WINDING IN STATOR
DC WINDING IN ROTOR
(TERMINATED TO SLIP RINGS)
Induction motor classification
Squirrel Cage
Slip ring or wound rotor
1 May 2012 7

1 May 2012 8

1 May 2012 9
1 May 2012 10
STATOR
1 May 2012 11
ROTOR
1 May 2012 12
Figure 7.10 Squirrel cage rotor
How the Electric motors work
1 May 2012 13
Squirrel cage Induction motor
1 May 2012 14
Induction Motor Construction
1 May 2012 15
Induction motor
1 May 2012 16
Synch. Speed
F = Frequency
p = No. of poles
Induction Motor Speed and Slip
S =
120 X F
P
1 May 2012 17
Actual shaft speed = Synch speed
Slip
Or %s = (N
s
Nr) / Ns
Glossary of Motor Terms
AIR GAP
The space between the rotating (rotor) and stationary
(stator) members in an electric motor.
BASE SPEED, RPM
The speed in revolutions per minute (RPM) .
1 May 2012 18
BEARINGS
Bearings reduce friction and wear while supporting
rotating elements. When used in a motor, they must
provide a relatively rigid support for the output shaft.
Bearings act as the connection point between the
rotating and stationary elements of a motor.
CORE
The iron portion of the stator and rotor made up of cylindrical
laminated electric steel. The stator and rotor cores are concentric and
separated by an air gap, with the rotor core being the smaller of the
two and inside to the stator core.
COUPLING
The mechanical connector joining the motor shaft to the equipment to
be driven.
1 May 2012 19
INDUCTION MOTOR
An induction motor is an alternating current motor in which the
primary winding on one member (usually the stator) is connected to
the power source and a secondary winding or a squirrel-cage
secondary winding on the other member (usually the rotor) carries
the induced current. There is no physical electrical connection to the
secondary winding, its current is induced
FLUX
The magnetic field which is established around an energized
conductor or permanent magnet. The field is represented by flux
lines creating a flux pattern between opposite poles. The density
of the flux lines is a measure of the strength of the magnetic field.
FREQUENCY
The rate at which alternating current makes a complete cycle of
reversals. It is expressed in cycles per second. In the U.S., 60
cycles (Hz) is the standard while in other countries 50 Hz (cycles)
1 May 2012 20
cycles (Hz) is the standard while in other countries 50 Hz (cycles)
is common. The frequency of the AC current will affect the speed
of a motor
FULL-LOAD CURRENT
The current flowing through the line when the motor is operating
at full-load torque and full-load speed with rated frequency and
voltage applied to the motor terminals.
ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD
The force created by the stator once power is applied
to it that causes the rotor to turn.
ROTOR
The rotating member of an induction motor made up of
stacked laminations. A shaft running through the
center and a squirrel cage made in most cases of
aluminum, which holds the laminations together, and
act as a conductor for the induced magnetic field. The
squirrel cage is made by casting molten aluminum into
1 May 2012 21
squirrel cage is made by casting molten aluminum into
the slots cut into each lamination.
SLIP
The difference between the speed of the rotating
magnetic field (which is always synchronous) and the
rotor in a non- synchronous induction motor is known
as slip. It is expressed as a percentage of synchronous
speed. Slip generally increases with an increase in
torque.
STATOR
That part of an AC induction motor's magnetic structure
which does not rotate. It usually contains the primary
winding. The stator is made up of laminations with a large
hole in the center in which the rotor can turn; there are
slots in the stator in which the windings for the coils are
inserted.
SYNCHRONOUS SPEED
The speed of the rotating magnetic field set up by the stator
1 May 2012 22
The speed of the rotating magnetic field set up by the stator
winding of an induction motor. In a synchronous motor, the
rotor locks into step with the rotating magnetic field and the
motor is said to run at synchronous speed. Approximately
the speed of the motor with no load on it.
Induction motor: Rotor
The induction rotor is made of
a laminated cylinder with slots
in its surface.
The most common is the
squirrel-cage winding. This
entire winding is made up of
heavy copper bars connected
together at each end by a
1 May 2012 23
together at each end by a
metal ring made of copper or
brass. No insulation is required
between the core and the bars.
This is because of the very low
voltages generated in the rotor
bars.
PRINCIPLE OF ROTATION
WHEN POLYPHASE VOLTAGE IS APPLIED TO THE
POLYPHASE WDG. OF AN INDUCTION MOTOR , A
ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD IS PRODUCED.THE
SPEED OF THIS ROTATING FIELD IS CALLED
SYNCHRONOUS SPEED. BY MAGNETIC INDUCTION AN
EMF WILL INDUCED IN ROTOR AND THIS WILL
1 May 2012 24
PRODUCE CURRENT IN THE ROTOR CIRCUIT. THIS
CURRENT WILL INDUCE FLUX WHICH WILL INTERACT
WITH MMF OF STATOR AND TRY TO NULLIFY THE
STATOR MMF. THIS IS ACHIEVED BY ROTATION OF
THE ROTOR NEAR TO SYNCHRONOUS SPEED.
Induction motor - rotating
field
i
a
=I
m
cos t
i
b
=I
m
cos (t -
120
0
)
i =I cos (t -
1 May 2012 25
i
c
=I
m
cos (t -
240
0
)
1 May 2012 26
Analysis of operation
On start-up the slip is s=1 and the starting torque (also known as a
breakaway torque) is sufficiently large to accelerate the rotor (the
rotor has previously been 'locked' - stationary)
As the rotor runs up to its full-load speed the torque increases in
essentially inverse proportion to the slip
the start-up and running curves merge to give the characteristic as
shown on the previous slide
After the torque reached its maximum, it rapidly falls to zero, at the
1 May 2012 27
After the torque reached its maximum, it rapidly falls to zero, at the
synchronous speed, N
s
Looking backwards: as rotor speed falls below N
s
the torque
increases almost linearly to a maximum dictated by the full load
(plus rotor losses)
the speed only falls a little when the load is raised from 0 to its full
value - this is a normal operating region
Analysis of operation
the induction motor may be regarded as a
constant speed machine (similarly to a
shunt DC motor)
Other key features:
The maximum speed is a synchronous speed, N
s
,
1 May 2012 28
The maximum speed is a synchronous speed, N
s
,
independent of the applied voltage
Torque is proportional to the V
2
at an arbitrary
speed
When operating at 90-95% N
s
heat losses are at
minimum
1 May 2012 29
Motor efficiency vs loading
1 May 2012 30
Performance Terms and
Definitions
Efficiency :
The efficiency of the motor is given by
in
loss
in
out
P
P
1
P
P
= =
1 May 2012 31
Where P
out
Output power of the motor
P
in
Input power of the motor
P
Loss
Losses occurring in motor
Motor Loading :
Motor Loading % =
Actual operating load of the motor
Rated capacity of the motor
Motor Speed
The actual speed, which the motor operates, will be less than the synchronous
speed. The difference between synchronous and full load speed is called slip and is
1 May 2012 32
speed. The difference between synchronous and full load speed is called slip and is
measured in percent. It is calculated using this equation:
Power factor
kVA
kW
Cos Factor Power = =
As the load on the motor is reduced, the magnitude of the active current reduces.
However, there is not a corresponding reduction in the magnetizing current, with
the result that the motor power factor reduces, or gets worse, with a reduction in
applied load.
1 May 2012 33
Motor Efficiency
1 May 2012 34
Electric motors are electromagnetic energy converters
whose function is based on the force exerted between
electrical currents and magnetic fields which are usually
electrically excited as well. A typical value for an 11 kW
standard motor is around 90 per cent and, for 100 kW, up
to 94 per cent.
Range of losses in Induction
motors
Range
Energy Loss at
Full Load (%)
1 - 10 HP 14.0 - 35
1 May 2012 35
10 - 50 HP 9.0 - 15
50 - 200 HP 6.0 - 12
200 - 1500 HP 4.0 - 07
1500 - HP & ABOVE 2.3 - 04

Motor losses
The % losses indicated are for 3000 rpm motors, and
1500 rpm motors in brackets.
Core Loss : approx 18% (22%) of total loss at full load
Stator and Rotor Resistance (I
2
R) Loss: approx 42% (56%) of total loss
at full Load
1 May 2012 36
at full Load
Friction and Windage Loss approx 30% (11%) of total loss at full load
Stray Load Loss : approx 10%(11%) of total loss at full load
8tarters of AC nduction Motors
DOL UPTO 5 kW
STAR DELTA 5 TO 100 Kw
SOFT STARTERS
1 May 2012 37
RESISTANCE 100 kW to 800 kW
AUTO TRANSFORMER
ISt
Motor Current
Typical Data
Starter Ist tSt
DOL 6Im 3 sec
Star/Delta 4Im 6 sec
Resistance 3Im 10 sec
8tarters - Typical
characteristics
1 May 2012 38
Im
tSt
Time
Resistance 3Im 10 sec
HT Motors 3.3/6.6 kV motors
Above 500 kW
Breaker operated
Types of AC Motors
{Voltage based}
1 May 2012 39
LT Motors 415 V motors
FHP to 500 kW
DOL / Star-Delta starters
Both contactor / Breaker started
Operating a motor in Star
instead of Delta
When a delta motor is connected in star, the voltage
across the windings is reduced by the square root of
three resulting in reduced flux in the iron.
This will reduce the magnetising current, and will also
reduce the torque capacity of the motor.
If you operate at light loads, there will be no problem,
1 May 2012 40
If you operate at light loads, there will be no problem,
however if you operate at high loads, the slip of the
motor will be increased dramatically and it may stall.
The increased slip will result in a dramatic increase in
the power dissipated in the rotor. If the motor begins to
stall, the stator will also suffer excess heating causing
a motor failure.
Comparison of starters
1 May 2012 41
Soft Starters for Induction Motors
AC induction motors are frequently used at fixed speeds and the
overwhelming majority of these are powered at full rated voltage
direct on line (DOL).
The starting current is 5-7 times the full load current
This causes far higher torque than is delivered at full load and
creates the customary "snatch" from the motor that can result in
wear and mechanical damage to couplings and transmission
equipment and even to pipe work in pump applications
Star-Delta starters work by first connecting the motor in star
1 May 2012 42
Star-Delta starters work by first connecting the motor in star
configuration so that only 58% of the full line voltage is applied
to the motor.
After a short period, this connection is changed to delta thereby
applying the full line voltage.
The transition from star to delta also introduces some current
peaks, which can be as bad as using DOL starting.
The contactors used for this method also require
regular maintenance.
Characteristics
1 May 2012 43
Variable Torque Vs. Constant
Torque
Variable torque loads include centrifugal
pumps and fans, which make up the
majority of HVAC applications.
Constant torque loads include vibrating
conveyors, punch presses, rock
1 May 2012 44
conveyors, punch presses, rock
crushers, machine tools, and other
applications where the drive follows a
constant V/Hz ratio.
Typical full-load efficiencies are 95% and higher
MOTOR LOADING SURVEY
Input Power Measurements
First measure input power P
i
with a hand held or in-line power meter P
i
=
Three-phase power in kW
Note the name plate rated kW and Efficiency
The figures of kW mentioned in the name plate is for output conditions
So corresponding input power at full-rated load
1 May 2012 45

fl
=Efficiency at full-rated load
P
ir
= Input power at full-rated power in kW
.The percentage loading can now be calculated as
follows
Example
The nameplate details of a motor are given as Power = 15 kW,
Efficiency = 0.9
Using a power meter the actual three phase power drawn is found
to be 8 kW. Find out the loading of the motor.
1 May 2012 46
Input power at full-rated power in kW, P
ir
= 15 /0.9
= 16.7 kW
Percentage loading = 8/16.7
= 48 %
mportant characteristics of
Motor
Voltage
Power
No. Phases
1 May 2012 47
No. Phases
Full Load Current
Speed
Type of starter
Over Load Curves
Type of Insulation
Various nsulations -..
Class A 105 deg. C Cotton,Paper,Enamel
Cellulose Films
Class B 130 deg. C Mica, Glass Fibre
Asbestos
1 May 2012 48
Class F 155 deg. C Mica, Glass Fibre
Asbestos
Class H 180 deg. C Mica, Glass Fibre
Asbestos,
Silicone Elastomers
Failure of motors : common reasons
Bad manufacturing quality
Continuous over loading
Frequent starts in short duration
1 May 2012 49
Frequent starts in short duration
Incorrect setting / calibration of protection
Improper Maintenance
failure of Interlocks
Type of motor enclosures as per degree of
protection
General suffix letter for protection IP x y
X :
0 Non protected
1, 2, 3 Protected against solids > 50 mm, 12mm, 1mm
5 Protected against dust
Y :
1 May 2012 50
Y :
0 Non protected
1 against dripping water
2 against drops of water up to 15 deg from vertical
3 spray 4 splashing water
5 water jet 6 Ships deck
7 Effects of Immersion 8 submersible
Conclusion
For best results from any Electrical machine :
Motors commonly used in power plants
BFP, ID fan, FD fan, PA fan, CT fans, Coal mills,
CT pump, CW pump, Raw water/ clarified water pumps
Electrically operated valves / dampers etc
1 May 2012 51
keep it cool
Keep it clean
keep it dry
keep it tight
keep it safe
THANK YOU
1 May 2012 52
THANK YOU