MEHB221

Fluid Mechanics Lab

2012

Experiment No. 5 HEAD LOSS DUE TO PIPE FRICTION

Objective To verify that Darcy-Weisbach equation can be used to predict the head loss due to friction with flow of water through a smooth bore pipe. Apparatus Fluid Friction Apparatus, FM100. Hydraulic Bench, FM110. Summary of theory For water flowing through a circular pipe, the head loss due to the friction can be calculated using Darcy-Weisbach equation. h = 4fLu2 2gd Or h = Lu2 2gd Where L = length of pipe between tappings (m) = 1m for all pipes d = internal diameter of the pipe (m) u = mean velocity of water through the pipe (m/s) g = 9.81 (acceleration due to gravity,m/s2 ) f = pipe friction coefficient [ (British) 4f = (American) ]

The value of Reynolds number Re can be calculated using this equation: Re = ud Where (assume temperature = 20C) = dynamic viscosity = 1.002 x 10-3 kg/m.s = density = 998 kg/m3

MEHB221

Fluid Mechanics Lab

2012

Procedures 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Open fully the flow control valve and inlet isolating valve. Make sure that gate valve and globe valve are closed. Switch on the main switch for hydraulic bench and digital pressure indicator. Open fully the outlet control valve. Open the isolating valve for the test pipe No. 1. Insert the two manometer tubes (from digital pressure indicator) into the tapping valve of pipe No. 1. 7. Switch on the pump of hydraulic bench. 8. Let the water flow through the system for a while. 9. Note down the reading on the differential pressure indicator. 10. Close the drain and use a stopwatch to time a certain amount of water flowing into the measuring tank (take 10 liters). 11. Once it is done, open the drain and let the water flow into the sump tank. 12. Change the flow rate of water by adjusting outlet control valve to get different differential pressure reading. 13. Again, take the differential pressure reading and measure the time taken to collect 10 liters of water. 14. Obtain at least six readings for various flow rates. 15. Switch off the pump and shut the isolating valve for test pipe No. 1. 16. Repeat the above procedures for test pipe No. 2 (repeat procedures 4 to 14). 17. Switch off the pump and shut the isolating valve for test pipe No. 2. 18. Repeat the above procedures for test pipe No. 3. 19. Switch off the pump and shut the isolating valve for test pipe No. 3. 20. Switch off the main switch and shut the inlet isolating valve.

Data, Observation and Results For Q = V x 10-3 T And u = 4Q d2 Calculate the friction factor (f) using the following equation then calculate : For laminar flow f = 16 Re Record the results on the result sheet provided. Calculate the flow rate (Q), velocity (u) and Reynolds number (Re).

MEHB221

Fluid Mechanics Lab

2012

For turbulent flow

f = 0.079 Re0.25

Calculate the theoretical head loss with the following equation: h = Lu2 2gd

Calculate the percentage error between the theoretical and experimental values. Plot the graph of friction factor, f versus Reynolds number, Re for each test pipe in one graph (Graph 1).

Analysis and Discussion Explain about head loss in pipe (including head loss due to friction). Comment on the result and compare the theoretical with the experimental values. Comment on Graph 1 and compare your graph with the moody diagram. List the possible sources of errors and safety precaution.

Result Sheet
Volume V [L] Time T [s] Flow rate (Q) [ m3/s ] Velocity u [ m/s ] Re f Theoretical head (hth) [ m H 2O ] Exp. head loss (hexp) [ mm H2O ] Exp. head loss (hexp) [ m H 2O ] Percent Error [%]

Test pipe No. 1 diameter = 0.006 m Test pipe No. 2 diameter = 0.010 m Test pipe No. 3 diameter = 0.017 m

Pipe length L = 1 m

MEHB221

Fluid Mechanics Lab

2012

MEHB221

Fluid Mechanics Lab

2012

2 4 5

7 3

6 10

Figure 1: Unit Construction for Fluid Friction Measurement Apparatus (Model: FM100)

1. Smooth Bore Pipes (6mm, 10mm, 17mm) 2. Artificial Roughen Pipe (17mm) 3. Manometer 4. Gate Valve 5. Globe Valve

6. Outlet Control Valve 7. Inlet Isolating Valve 8. Sudden Contraction 9. Sudden Enlargement 10. Differential Pressure