01 Differentiate between Old English, Middle English and Modern English.

ANS-Old English (450-1100AD) Old English, also known as Englisc or Anglo-Saxon, is an early version of the English spoken today in Britain. Old English was the West Germanic language spoken in the area now known as England between the 5th and 11th centuries. Speakers of Old English called their language Englisc. Old English began to appear in writing during the early 8th century. Most texts were written in West Saxon, one of the four main dialects. The other dialects were Mercian, Northumbrian and Kentish. Old English varies widely from the language we know today. Throughout the centuries, it experienced influence from Germanic dialects and Celtic languages. Later on, Latin also became a powerful influence, particularly around the time when a new alphabet was adopted. Because Latin was considered the language of the educated population, it became important at one point to adopt a new alphabet. Old English originally used the runic alphabet, so when the Latin alphabet was adopted, words were written as pronounced. There were no silent letters.
Middle English (1100-1500) he English language has changed continually throughout history. In the early Middle Ages these changes were often the result of invasions or migrations; as people from other countries settled in the British Isles they brought their own languages, which combined with or even super ceded the native languages. The period of Middle English covers the period between the twelfth and the first half of the fifteenth century the time when Britain was under the Norman rule. The French kings who ruled England at that time spoke no, or very little English and only some of them, as for example Henry II understood it, but did not speak it. As the French introduced their laws the predominant external influence on the Middle English was French. There are numerous differences between the Old English and Middle English and the most visible ones are in grammar. The Old English was inflectional so there were many word endings for nouns, adjectives and verbs, while in the Middle English the inflection vanishes and word order starts playing a major role. Thus, the firm subject-verb-object order started to be used and the importance of prepositions increased. Modern English (1800-present) The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary. Late Modern English has many more words, arising from two principal factors: firstly, the Industrial Revolution and technology created a need for new words; secondly, the British Empire at its height covered one quarter of the earth's surface, and the English language adopted foreign words from many countries.

02 What do you mean by a Phrase? How is it different from a Clause?

Clause: A clause is a pair or group of words that consist of a subject and a predicate. Clauses are divided on different bases into many categories, but the main categorisation is into dependent and independent clauses.

A dependent clause (subordinate) clause is that part of the sentence which contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought. It can make sense on its own, but, is essentially dependent on the rest of the sentence for context and meaning. It is usually joined to an independent clause to form a complex sentence. An independent clause is that part of the sentence which may very well stand alone. This means that if taken out from the sentence, an independent clause makes a complete sentence in itself. It contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought in both context and meaning. Phrase: Quite commonly confused with clause, a phrase is an expression which contains a single thought but is not necessarily a complete sentence. It can be a single word, but usually it is a group of words. Example, A phrase does not have subject-predicate combination.

03 What are the main rules you keep in mind while changing a direct speech into an Indirect speech?
the change in the person of the pronoun and the tense of the verb and the adverb when you change from Direct to Indirect. -Changes in the statement When you use the reporting verb in the past tense, then the present tense of the direct speech is changed into the corresponding past tense -The change in the person of the pronoun and the tense of the verb and the adverb when you change from Direct to Indirect. -Changes in pronoun There are three person[s] where a pronoun is concerned. They are the 1st person, the 2nd person and the 3rd person. The 1st person is the Person speaking. The 2nd person is the Person spoken to. The 3rd person is the Person spoken of/about. Why do you think there cant be a 4th Person? It is because in a conversation there can only be a person speaking, a person spoken to or a person spoken of. There cannot be a fourth person.

04 What activities you would participate in to enhance your Vocalbury? ANS1. Flash Cards: Flash cards are an excellent method of reviewing both old and new vocabulary words. Not only are they the best way to learn vocabulary, you may also use them in other ways. 2. Rote method (repetition): This is something that we all hate. Rote the new words up to remember them. 3. Self dictionary: We hear and read new words all the time but rarely do we take the time to look them up. When you hear an unfamiliar word, jot it down and take the time to look it up later

4. Word games: There are many games that can be played online. It not only serves as a way to entertain but at the same time, develops your vocabulary. 5. Visualisation: At times there are very difficult words that cant be learnt by any method else than visualization. Words can be related with something familiar and funny so that it can be remembered 6. Reading: Read a lot. The experience of encountering unfamiliar words in print is remarkably instructive. First, because you're already engaged in reading something. 7. Interact in English: All said and done, we must try to improve our spoken English so as to write better. The more we speak in English, the better it would be for us to improve our vocabulary.

05 Change the following sentence from Passive to Active Voice: a) This room was decorated by my brother. b) A letter is written by him. c) Are you going to be examined by a doctor? d) My pocket has been picked by somebody. e) A poetry has been written by him. f) The house is being built by the masons. g) The snake was killed by the boy. h) All the information had been collected by the detective before his report was handed in. i) Has the key been found by her. j) A book is being read by my friend. 06 Answer the following as per the instructions mentioned A) Fill in the blanks with correct prepositions: i) He has files ____to____ check ____on____ his desk. ii) The train is _____arrived_____ at 5.10 P.M., I will see you _____at____ Friday. B) Identify the Abstract noun from the following: i) Truth always triumphs. ii) Francis Bacon quoted Knowledge is power. C) Identify the Verbs from the following sentences: i) He was driving when the car _____________. ii) She often ___play______ chess. D) Combine the sentence using proper Conjunctions: i) He fell asleep. He was watching the film. I) Fill in the blanks with correct Adverbs: i) Archana speaks English ______________. (Perfect) ii) Ajay drives ___________ (careful) J) Underline Proper noun and Uncountable noun from the following: i) Im proud to be an Indian. ii) There is heaps of sand near the banks of the river I) Fill in the blanks with correct Adverbs: i) Archana speaks English ______________. (Perfect)

ii) Ajay drives ___________ (careful) J) Underline Proper noun and Uncountable noun from the following: i) Im proud to be an Indian. ii) There is heaps of sand near the banks of the river ii) I wont invite my neighbours for the party. I know them well. E) Fill in the blanks with correct Interjection: i) _________! Thats terrible!. ii) What do you think of that, _______?. F) Fill in the blanks with correct Articles i) It is raining she should take ______ Umbrella. ii) She is wearing ______ beautiful dress today.

G) Differentiate the Independent and Dependent clause from the following sentence: i) The door opened. ii) The door opened because the man pushed it. H) Identify the correct Adjective and fill in the blanks: i) Sharanya is not as taller as her brother. (Tall, Taller, Tallest) ii) The second half of the play was ______little______ interesting. (Little, less the least) I) Fill in the blanks with correct Adverbs: i) Archana speaks English _______perfectly_______. (Perfect) ii) Ajay drives ____carefully_______ (careful) J) Underline Proper noun and Uncountable noun from the following: i) Im proud to be an Indian. ii) There is heaps of sand near the banks of the river.