Lecture 8: 3-D motion, Range of a Gun 3-

Reminder: Components of motion

Position, velocity and acceleration are vectors with x,y and z components The x, y, z components of the motion are INDEPENDENT In any problem you can (and should) always resolve the motion along orthogonal axes (axes at 900) and write down independent equations in the x,y,z directions Most problems can be turned into 2 dimensional problems by Taking the y direction in the direction of the acceleration (e.g. gravity) Taking the x direction in the other direction of motion

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Baseball Problem
Tori Hunter clobbers a fastball toward center-field. The ball is hit 1 m (yo ) above the plate, and its initial velocity is 36.5 m/s (v ) at an angle of 30o () above horizontal. The center-field wall is 113 m (D) from the plate and is 3 m (h) high. How long does it take for the ball reach the fence? Does Tori get a home run?

Baseball Problem
Choose y axis up in the direction of gravity. Choose x axis along the ground in the direction of the hit. Choose the origin (0,0) to be at the plate. The ball is hit at t = 0, x = x0 = 0, y = y0= 1m Equations of motion for x and y are independent: vy = v0y - gt vx = v0x y = y0 + v0y t - 1/ 2 gt2 x = v0xt

v y0 D
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y
y0

x
D
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Baseball Problem
Use geometry to figure out v0x and v0y :

Baseball Problem
The time to reach the wall is: t = D / v0x (easy!) The height, y(t) is given by y(t) = y0 + v0y t -gt2/ 2 So, were done....now we just plug in the numbers: Find: v0x = 36.5 cos(30) m/s = 31.6 m/s v0y = 36.5 sin(30) m/s = 18.25 m/s t = (113 m) / (31.6 m/s) = 3.58 s y(t) = (1.0 m) + (18.25 m/s)(3.58 s) - ( 0.5)(9.8 m/s2)(3.58 s)2 = (1.0 + 65.3 - 62.8) m = 3.5 m Since the wall is 3 m high, Tori gets the homer!! The time to the wall was 3.58s Are the answers reasonable? Right number of figures?

Find and v0y

v0x = |v| cos . v0y = |v| sin .

v y0

v0x

x
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Range of a gun

Range of a gun
A gun fires a projectile with an initial velocity v, at an angle to the horizontal, and it lands at the same height. How far does it go? g y v x y axis up. D x axis along the ground in the direction of the motion. Projectile is fired at t = 0, x0 = 0 , y0=0 Equations of motion are: x = v0xt y = v0y t - 1/ 2 gt2
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vx = v0x vy = v0y - gt
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Range of a gun
Find v0x and v0y given v :

Range of a gun
v R vx = v cos vy = v sin - gt

v x v0x v0y

Equations of motion are: x = vcos t y = vsin t - 1/ 2 g t2 Find t when y=0

v0x = v cos v0y = v sin

1 2 gt = 0 2 1 2 v sin 0 = t(vsin - gt) t = 0 or t = 2 g y = vsin t x = v cos t = v cos 2 v sin v 2 sin 2 = =R g g

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Range is x at time t
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Range
Range Equation

ICQ: Range
If a man can long jump 7m on earth, how far can he long jump on the moon ( with a = g/6 )? a) 1.1m b) 7m c) 42m d) 49m

R=

v sin 2 g
2

Maximum range is when sin2 =1. , i.e. =450 The velocity the gun fires is 5.4m/s, where to put the net?
R= v 2 (5.4m / s) 2 = = 3.0m g 9.8

At lower power the velocity is 2.66m/s, the range is

R=

If I fire at 30o?
R=

(2.66m / s )2 = 0.72m 9.8m / s 2

(5.4 m / s ) 2 sin(2 30) 29.2 0.87 = m = 2.6 m 9.8m / s 2 9.8

If I fire at 60o?
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ICQ: Range
If a man can long jump 7m on earth, how far can he long jump on the moon ( with a = g/6 )? a) 1.1m b) 7m c) 42m
2

Projectile trajectory
To calculate the trajectory of the projectile in space we need to eliminate t from the equations x =v t
0x

d) 49m

Giving

y =
v0 y v0 x

v0 y x v0x

RE =

v s in 2 v = gE gE
2

x2 2 v0x

y = v0 y t 1 gt 2 2

RM

v2 v2 = = gM ( g E / 6) v2 = 6 = 6 RE gE =6 7 m = 42 m
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Now

v sin = tan v cos

Therefore

g y = x tan x 2 2 2 2v cos

This is a parabola passing through the origin

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Range of a gun ICQ: Football

Two footballs are thrown from the same point on a flat field. Both are thrown at an angle of 30o above the horizontal. Ball 2 has twice the initial speed of ball 1. If ball 1 is caught a distance D1 from the thrower, how far away from the thrower D2 will the receiver of ball 2 be when he catches it? (a) D2 = 2D1 (b) D2 = 4D1 (c) D2 = 8D1

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ICQ: Football
Two footballs are thrown from the same point on a flat field. Both are thrown at an angle of 30o above the horizontal. Ball 2 has twice the initial speed of ball 1. If ball 1 is caught a distance D1 from the thrower, how far away from the thrower D2 will the receiver of ball 2 be when he catches it? (a) D2 = 2D1 (b) D2 = 4D1 (c) D2 = 8D1

Football, From first principles

The distance a ball will go is simply x = (horizontal speed) x (time in air) = v0x t To figure out time in air, consider the 1 equation for the height of the ball: y = y0 + v0y t g t 2

When the ball is caught, y = y0

v0y
t =2 v0 y g

1 t g t2 = 0 2
(time of catch) (time of throw)

R =

v 2 sin 2 g

New velocity is twice the old Therefore distance is 4 times

1 t v0 y g t = 0 2
two solutions

t =0

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Football: From first principles

So the time spent in the air is proportional to v0y : x = v0x t =2v0xv0y/g ball 1 v0x ,1 v0,1 v0y ,1 v0x ,2 ball 2

Stunt rider
v0 y
Darlene is a stunt motorcyclist in a traveling circus. For the climax of her show, she takes off from the ramp at an angle , clears a fiery ditch of width x, and lands on an elevated platform (height H) on the other side. Darlene notices, however, that night after night, the circus owner keeps raising the height of the platform and the flames to make the jump more spectacular. She is beginning to worry about how far this trend can be taken before she becomes a spectacular casualty, so she decides that it is time for some calculations. (a) For a given angle and distance x, what is the upper limit Hmax such that the bike can make the jump? (b) For H less than Hmax, what is the minimum takeoff speed necessary for a successful jump? (Neglect the size of the bike.)

t =2

g v0,2
v0y ,2

Since the angles are the same, both v0y and v0x for ball 2 are twice those of ball 1.

x2=4x1

Ball 2 is in the air twice as long as ball 1, but it also has twice the horizontal speed, so it will go 4 times as far!!
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Stunt rider
Resolve in x and y directions Solve for t

Homework
1 gt 2
2

x = v 0 cos t y = v 0 sin t

t=

x v 0 cos
y =

v0 x

Substitute in y

v 0 sin x 1 x2 g 2 v 0 cos 2 v 0 cos 2 gx 2 2 2 v 0 cos 2

Do the homework problems from Fishbane Chapter 3 Questions 2, 24, 27, 31, 44, 71 Tomorrow we will study relative motion and introduce circular motion (more on this later) Read Fishbane sections 3.5 and 3.6

= x tan
y is maximum when

v0 =

So maximum height is Minimum speed for H is

H max = x tan
v0 = x cos g 2( x tan H )
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