DC/AC Pure Sine Wave Inverter

Section-B: Batch No: 10 ANIL .R(07241A0258) MAHENDRA.P(07241A0275) VAMSI KRISHNA.L(07241A02B4)

Inverter
Power inverters are devices which can convert electrical energy of DC form into that of AC. On the market today are two different types of power inverters, modified sine wave and pure sine wave generators. These inverters differ in their outputs, providing varying levels of efficiency and distortion that can affect electronic devices in different ways.

OUR OBJECTIVE
Our goal is to fill a niche which seems to be lacking in the power inverters market, one for a fairly efficient, inexpensive inverter with a pure sine wave output.
Utilizing PWM and analog components, the output will be a clean sinusoid, with very little switching noise, combined with the inexpensive manufacturing that comes with an analog approach.

COMPOSITION
The major task of generating a pure sine wave is viewed as the summation of outputs obtained from:
Bubba oscillator(Reference sine wave generator) Carrier wave generator Pulse width modulation H-bridge with MOSFET drivers Snubber circuit and filters

Bubba Oscillator
The Bubba Oscillator is a circuit that provides a filtered sine wave of any frequency the user desires based upon the configuration of resistors and capacitors in the circuit. The circuit completes this task with four operational amplifiers that either buffer or amplify the signal and produce a total 180 shift.

Output

Carrier Wave Generator

Generating a sine wave at 50Hz requires both the reference sine wave and a carrier wave at the switching speed of the power supply. Carrier waves can be either saw tooth or triangular signals; in this case, a triangular wave will be used. The operation of this device is based on basic Schmitt Trigger and Integrator circuits.

Output

Pulse Width Modulation

Analog PWM control requires the generation of both reference and carrier signals that feed into a comparator which creates output signals based on the difference between the signals. The reference signal is sinusoidal and at the frequency of the desired output signal, while the carrier signal is often either a sawtooth or triangular wave at a frequency significantly greater than the reference.

 When the carrier signal exceeds the reference, the comparator output signal is at one state, and when the reference is at a higher voltage, the output is at its second state.

H-Bridge Configuration
An H-bridge converter is a switching configuration composed of four switches in an arrangement that resembles an H. By controlling different switches in the bridge, a positive, negative, or zero potential voltage can be placed across a load. The use of P-channel MOSFETs on the high side and N-Channel MOSFETs on the low side is easier.

H-Bridge with N-channel MOSFETS

 The MOSFET driver on the left side of the bridge will receive a square wave and the right side will receive the PWM signal. Square wave will control the polarity of the output sine wave, while the PWM signal will control the amplitude. Now, using an H-Bridge MOSFET configuration, and utilizing both the above PWM signal and the square wave generated, we can obtain unfiltered output signal at the load.

Snubber circuit
One of the major factors in any electronic device is its ability to protect itself from surges that could damage the circuitry. In the case of the inverter, inductive loads can cause special problems To combat this problem snubber circuits can reduce or eliminate any severe voltages and currents.

Inductive Load Circuit with Snubber

Filters
In this inverter , we prefer passive filter than active filters. L-C filter

Block diagram of pure sine wave inverter

Total Circuit Diagram

Final Output at the filter

Applications
The purpose of a DC/AC power inverter is typically to take DC power supplied by a battery, such as a 12 volt car battery, and transform it into a AC power source emulating the power available at an ordinary household electrical outlet. Power inverters are used today for many tasks like powering appliances in a car such as cell phones, radios and televisions. They also come in handy for consumers who own camping vehicles, boats and at construction sites where an electric grid may not be as accessible to hook into. Inverters allow the user to provide AC power in areas where only batteries can be made available, allowing portability and freeing the user of long power cords.

Simulation part of the circuits

Simulation of bubba oscillator circuit

Output
R = 33Kohm, C = 100nF then Freq = 50HZ

R = 26.7Kohm, C = 100nF then Freq = 60HZ

R = 15Kohm, C = 150nF then Freq = 70HZ

Simulation of carrier wave circuit

Output
Rtot = 100 Kohm , C = 200 pF, Freq = 2 KHZ

Rtot = 8.2 Kohm , C = 100 pF, Freq = 50 KHZ

Rtot = 50 Kohm , C = 150 pF, Freq = 8 KHZ

Simulation of PWM circuit

Output B.O : R=33Kohm, C=100nF C.G : Rtot = 50Kohm , C= 200pF

B.O : R=26.7Kohm, C=100nF C.G : Rtot = 50Kohm , C= 150pF

B.O : R=15Kohm, C=150nF C.G : Rtot = 100Kohm , C= 200pF

B.O : R=15Kohm, C=150nF C.G : Rtot = 8.2Kohm , C= 100pF

List of major components

Op amps: LM348 TL084 MC3302 IR2110(Mosfet driver) IR549P Mosfet

LM348
Pin diagram : Ratings : Supply voltage : Vcc : -18 to +18 V Input voltage : Vi : -18 to +18 V Differential Input Voltage : Vi(Diff) : 36 V Operating & storage Temperature : 0 to +70 C & -65 to 150 C

TL084
Pin Diagram : Ratings :
Supply voltage : Vcc : -18 to +18 V Input voltage : Vi : -15 to +15 V Differential Input Voltage : Vi(Diff) : -30 to +30 V Power Dissipation : P(tot) : 680mw Operating & storage Temperature : 0 to +70 C & -65 to 150 C

MC3302
Pin Diagram : Ratings : Supply voltage : Vcc : -15 to +15 V Input Differential Voltage Range : Vidr : 30 V Power dissipation : Pd: 1 W Operating & storage Temperature : -40 to 85 C & -65 to 150 C

IR2110
Pin Diagram : Ratings :

Components for MOSFET power supply

Mosfet power supply is nearly about 200V 1) Diodes - 1N4148 Maximum peak reverse voltage = 100V Forward current = 150mA Reverse current = 25nA 2) capacitance it must be less than 20micro farad of voltage rating 500 Volts.

Hardware work

Bubba Oscillator

Carrier wave generator

PWM pulse generator

H-Bridge configuration of MOSFETS

Output of bubba oscillator circuit

Output of carrier wave generator

Conclusion
After the total connections of internal circuits,the obtained reference sine wave and triangular waves are sent to the PWM generator circuit,from which the accurate PWM pulses are obtained with disturbances which couldnt properly drive the MOSFET drivers to give the desired output.

Scope of the project

This project is a stepping stone to a cheaper and efficient pure sine wave inverter. Using the data collected in this report as well as the schematics and recommendations the product produced here can be improved upon. Simple additions such as circuit protection and a closed loop control system could greatly improve the performance of this project.