Theory of turbo machine Effect of Blade Configuration on Characteristics of Centrifugal machines

Unit 2 (Potters & Wiggert Sec. 12.2.1, &-607)

Expression relating Q, H, P developed by Rotary machines

Rotary Machines include: Centrifugal (or radial), Axial, and Mixed types In such machines when fluid passes through blade passage static pressure changes.

< Axial flow (Unit #4)

Axial flow Mixed flow Centrifugal (Unit # 2)

CENTRIFUGAL MACHINE
12.2.1

A typical radial flow pump.

We already know from Mechanics

1. For a rotary machine Power = Angular velocity x Torque = Mass flow rate x Head Torque = Rate of change of angular momentum = Mass x [Abs. Circum. velocity x radius (in-out)]
T = [ Q] (r2Vt2 r1Vt1)

(a) impeller;

Idealized radial-flow impeller (b) velocity diagrams.

Relative Velocity (Fluid entering periphery)

Power (In terms of flow rate & Blade angle)

From velocity triangle: Vt= Vncot = u Vncot where Vn is radial component of V From above P = Q(u2Vt2 u1Vt1) = Q(u2Vn2 cot2 u1Vn1 cot1 ) NOTE

(5)

1. To minimize entrance loss Blade angle is equal to the entry angle of fluid to the blade. 2. To minimize exit loss Fluid entry angle () is equal to the angle of the guide vane 3. = Angle between tip and absolute velocity = Angle between tip and relative velocity

Symbols to be used
Velocities: V - Absolute fluid velocity v - Relative fluid velocity u - peripheral speed of blade Subscripts: 1 - inlet 2 - outlet n - normal component t - tangential component Geometry: b - blade width r - blade radius - angle between V and u vectors - angle between v and u vectors

Head
Power, P = Weight flow rate x Head = P = ( Qg) H Head of fluid column, (6) H = P/( Q .g)] Substituting P from Eq.5 we get (u2Vt 2 u1Vt1 ) = (u2Vn 2 cot 2 u1Vn1 cot 1 ) (7) H=
g g

For highest head cot 1 = 0; i.e 1 = 90

(u2Vt 2 ) = u2 (u2 Vn 2 cot 2 ) H=

g g

(8)

Substituting: Flow rate, Q = Vn.2 r b; Tip velocity u2= wr2 , we can get 2 r22 cot 2 (9) H= Q g 2b2 g

Summary of what we have learnt

From geometry Vn2 = V2-Vt2 = v2- (u Vt )2 u Vt = (V2+ u2 v2)/2 (12) where u = velocity of blade, Vt = tangential component of absolute velocity of fluid
From (4) & (12)
2 P V22 + u2 Vr22 (V12 + u12 Vr2 ) 1 H= = g Qg 2 V22 V12 (u2 u12 ) (Vr22 Vr2 ) 1 H= + 2g 2g

(13)

Head = Kinetic energy gain + Pressure rise

SUMMARY SUMMARY
Blade angle () is ideally the angle between the relative velocity (Vr) and blade-tip velocity (u) vectors To draw the vector diagram note that the blade-tip velocity and relative velocity vector are in the same rotational (clockwise or anticlockwise) direction. Third side of the triangle is the absolute velocity vector which is in opposite direction. Power = [blade velocity x tangential component of absolute velocity] inlet outlet Flow ~ Rotor circumference x width x Normal velocity

What we have learnt

Blade angle () is ideally the angle between the relative velocity (Vr) and blade-tip velocity (u) vectors To draw the vector diagram note that the blade-tip velocity and relative velocity vector are in the same rotational (clockwise or anticlockwise) direction. The arm of the triangle is the absolute velocity vector which is in opposite direction. Power = [blade velocity x tangential component of absolute velocity] inlet outlet Flow ~ Rotor circumference x width x Normal velocity

Blade shapes
Straight (radial) blade wheel Forward curve wheel Backward curve wheel

Vector diagram of a centrifugal pump/fan

FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
Head = Power delivered to fluid Fluid flow rate (weight) H = Pw /(Q g) = (u2Vt2 u1Vt1 )/g For maximum head, Vt1 = 0 = u2Vt2 /g From velocity diagram, Vt2= u2-Vn2cot2 Flow rate discharge, Q = 2 r2 bVn2 So, H = [u22-(Q/ 2 r2 b) u2cot2]/g = A B.Q cot2

Efficiency
Ideal Head varies linearly with discharge (Q). Head (H) increases or decreases with Q depending on blade angle 2 2 u2 With valve shut off . i.e Q = 0 H=

For pumps/fans: = Efficiency = where P is the power consumed

QgH
P

Ideal H vs Q characteristics

Effect of blade configuration on Performance

Depending upon the value of exit blade angle the head increases or decreases with increase in flow Energy transfer ~ Vt2. From velocity diagram, for a given tip velocity, u forward & radial curve blades transfer more energy Backward blades give higher efficiency Forward and radial are smaller in size for the same duty, but have lower efficiency Centrifugal compressor uses radial blades for better strength against high speed rotation

Characteristics of different types of blades

Owing to the losses the actual characteristic is different from theoretical linear shape Power consumption varies with flow Q Efficiency varies with Q with highest value being in the design condition

Home work
1. Show that the manometric head for a pump having a discharge Q and running at a speed N can be expressed by an equation of the form Hm=AN2+BNQ+CQ2, where A,B,C are constants.

Example
1. A centrifugal pump impeller is 255 mm diameter, the water passage 32 mm wide at exit, and the vane angle at exit 30. The effective flow area is reduced by 10% because of vane thickness. The manometric efficiency is 80% when the pump runs at 1000 rpm and delivers 50 litre/s. Calculate the manometer head measured between inlet and outlet flange of the pump assuming 47% of the discharge head is not converted into pressure head. Assume the pump delivers maximum head.