Redevelopment at K.bolifushi

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the Redevelopment of Bolifushi, Kaafu Atoll, Maldives Proponent: SPH Pvt. Ltd.
Consultants: Abdul Aleem (EIA09/07) Ahmed Jameel (EIA07/07) Ahmed Zahid (EIA08/07) Hassan Shah (EIAT02/07) Water Solutions Pvt. Ltd. August 2008
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 i Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................. ....................................................................I TABLE OF FIGURES................................................................ .................................................................... VI TABLE OF TABLES ................................................................ ................................................................... VII DECLARATION OF THE CONSULTANTS ................................................. ........................................... VIII COMMITMENT OF THE PROPONENT .................................................... ................................................ IX NON TECHNICAL SUMMARY .......................................................... .......................................................... X 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................. .................................................................. 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................... ....................................................................... 1 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE EIA ............................................. .......................................................... 1 1.3 METHODOLOGIES .............................................................. .................................................................... 2 1.4 EIA IMPLEMENTATION ......................................................... .................................................................. 2 1.5 TERMS OF REFERENCE ......................................................... .................................................................. 2 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION .......................................................... .......................................................... 3 2.1 THE PROPONENT .............................................................. ..................................................................... 3 2.2 PROJECT LOCATION AND BOUNDARIES ............................................ ...................................................... 3 2.3 THE PROJECT................................................................. ........................................................................ 5 CONSTRUCTION PHASE ...................................... 2.4 PROJECT ACTIVITIES ................................................ 7 2.4.1 Site Mobilisation and Wor force Management ............................... ............................................. 7 2.4.2 Utilities ................................................................ ....................................................................... 7 2.4.3 Waste management ......................................................... ............................................................. 8 2.4.4 Site Clearance and Preparation ........................................... ....................................................... 8 2.4.5 Jetties .................................................................. ........................................................................ 8 2.4.6 Excavations and foundations .............................................. ......................................................... 9 2.4.7 Site clearance and landscaping ........................................... ........................................................ 9 2.4.8 Island extension and beach nourishment ................................... ................................................ 10 2.4.9 Water Villas and Other Overwater Structures .............................. ............................................. 10 2.4.10 Underwater Theme Area ................................................... .................................................... 10 2.5 CONSTRUCTION METHODS ....................................................... ............................................................. 12
2.5.1 Construction strategy .................................................... ............................................................. 12 2.5.2 Island extension and beach replenishment ................................. ............................................... 12 2.5.3 Coastal protection wor s ................................................. .......................................................... 14 2.5.4 Wave Attenuation at Service Jetty ........................................ ...................................................... 14 2.5.5 Water Villas and Other Overwater Structures .............................. ............................................. 15 2.5.6 Underwater Theme Area .................................................... ........................................................ 15
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 ii 2.6 PROJECT ACTIVITIES OPERATIONAL PHASE ....................................... ............................................... 16 2.6.1 Landscape management ..................................................... ........................................................ 16 2.6.2 Electricity .............................................................. .................................................................... 16 2.6.3 Water supply ............................................................. ................................................................. 16 2.6.4 Hot water installations .................................................. ............................................................. 17 2.6.5 Sewage and wastewater .................................................... ......................................................... 17 2.6.6 Solid waste management ................................................... ......................................................... 17 2.6.7 Marine recreational activities ........................................... ......................................................... 18 2.6.8 Beach and shoreline management ........................................... .................................................. 18 2.7 PROJECT DURATION ........................................................... ................................................................... 18 2.8 PROJECT INPUTS AND OUTPUTS ................................................. .......................................................... 19 2.9 NEED AND JUSTIFICATION ..................................................... ............................................................... 20 3 ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS ......................................................... ...................................................... 22 3.1 NO PROJECT OPTION .......................................................... ................................................................... 22 3.2 DIFFERENT DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS ............................................. .................................................... 23 3.2.1 First Alternative Concept ................................................ ........................................................... 23 3.2.2 Second Alternative Concept ............................................... ........................................................ 23 3.2.3 Recommended Alternative Concept .......................................... ................................................. 24 3.3 MATERIAL OPTIONS............................................................ ................................................................. 27 3.4 ALTERNATIVE BORROW OPTIONS ................................................. ....................................................... 27 4 PROJECT SETTING .............................................................. .............................................................. 29 4.1 APPLICABLE POLICIES, LAWS AND REGULATIONS .................................. ............................................. 29 4.1.1 Environmental Protection and Preservation Act ............................ ........................................... 29 4.1.2 Second National Environment Action Plan (1999) ........................... ......................................... 30 4.1.3 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan ........................... ............................................. 30 4.1.4 Protected Areas and Sensitive Areas ...................................... ................................................... 31 4.1.5 Regulation on sand and aggregate mining .................................. .............................................. 31 4.1.6 Tourism Act (Law no. 2/99) ............................................... ........................................................ 32 4.1.7 Regulation on the Protection and Conservation of Environment in the Touris
m Industry ........ 32 4.2 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS, TREATIES AND PROTOCOLS .......................... ...................................... 33 4.2.1 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD) ................ ................................. 33 4.3 RELEVANT ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES ............................ ................................... 33 4.3.1 Guidelines for land Use Planning ......................................... ..................................................... 34 4.4 ENVIRONMENTAL PERMITS REQUIRED FOR THE PROJECT ............................. ........................................ 35 4.4.1 EIA Decision Statement ................................................... .......................................................... 35 4.5 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF GROUPS INVOLVED .............................. ........................................... 35 4.5.1 Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation ................................... .................................................. 36 4.5.2 Environment Ministry ..................................................... ........................................................... 36 4.5.3 National Environment Commission (NCPE) ................................... .......................................... 37
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 iii 4.5.4 Project Proponent ........................................................ .............................................................. 37 4.5.5 Environmental Consultants ................................................ ........................................................ 37 4.5.6 Other Sta eholders........................................................ ............................................................ 38 5 METHODOLOGY .................................................................. .............................................................. 39 5.1 GENERAL METHODOLOGIES OF DATA COLLECTION ................................... ........................................... 39 5.1.1 Location identification .................................................. ............................................................. 39 5.1.2 Water Quality ............................................................ ................................................................. 39 5.1.3 Terrestrial Environment .................................................. ........................................................... 40 5.1.4 Coastal processes......................................................... ............................................................. 40 5.1.5 Bathymetric survey........................................................ ............................................................. 40 5.1.6 Marine Environment ....................................................... ........................................................... 41 5.1.7 Sta eholder consultation ................................................. ........................................................... 43 6 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT.......................................................... ..................................................... 44 6.1 EXISTING COASTAL AND MARINE ENVIRONMENT .................................... ........................................... 44 6.1.1 Island Formation and Geological Setting .................................. ................................................ 44 6.2 GENERAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN THE MALDIVES .......................... ................................... 45 6.2.1 Climate and weather ...................................................... ............................................................ 45 6.2.2 Wind conditions .......................................................... ............................................................... 45 6.2.3 Sea level ................................................................ .................................................................... 46 6.2.4 Tide levels .............................................................. ................................................................... 46 6.2.5 Storm surge .............................................................. ................................................................. 47 6.2.6 Wave setup ............................................................... ................................................................. 47 6.2.7 Sea level rise ........................................................... ................................................................... 47 6.2.8 Currents ................................................................. ................................................................... 47 6.2.9 Offshore wave conditions (in deep water) ................................. ................................................ 48 6.2.10 Extreme sea state conditions in deep water .............................. ............................................ 51 6.3 COASTAL ENVIRONMENT OF BOLIFUSHI ........................................... ................................................... 52 6.3.1 Lagoon ................................................................... ................................................................... 53 6.3.2 Beaches ..................................................................
................................................................... 53 6.3.3 Sediment Transport ....................................................... ............................................................. 53 6.3.4 Beach Profiles ........................................................... ................................................................. 54 6.4 MARINE ENVIRONMENT ......................................................... .............................................................. 55 6.4.1 Marine water quality ..................................................... ............................................................. 55 6.4.2 Abiotic environment ...................................................... ............................................................. 56 6.4.3 Biotic marine environment ................................................ ......................................................... 58 6.4.4 Qualitative survey results................................................ ........................................................... 64 6.5 TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT .................................................... ........................................................... 69 6.5.1 Groundwater Quality ...................................................... ........................................................... 70
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 iv 7 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ................................ ............... 72 7.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................... ..................................................................... 72 7.2 UNCERTAINTIES IN IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION .................................... .................................................. 72 7.3 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION ...................................................... ................................................................ 73 7.4 WATER VILLAS ............................................................... .................................................................... 73 7.4.1 Impacts .................................................................. .................................................................... 73 7.4.2 Mitigation Measures ...................................................... ............................................................ 74 7.5 SPA COMPLEX AND OTHER COASTAL STRUCTURES ................................... .......................................... 74 7.5.1 Mitigation Measures ...................................................... ............................................................ 75 7.6 UNDERWATER THEME ........................................................... ............................................................... 76 7.6.1 Impacts .................................................................. .................................................................... 76 7.6.2 Mitigation Measures ...................................................... ............................................................ 76 7.7 ISLAND EXTENSION ........................................................... ................................................................... 77 7.7.1 Impacts .................................................................. .................................................................... 77 7.7.2 Mitigation Measures ...................................................... ............................................................ 77 7.8 JETTIES AND ACCESS ......................................................... ................................................................... 79 7.8.1 Impacts .................................................................. .................................................................... 79 7.8.2 Mitigation Measures ...................................................... ............................................................ 80 7.9 GROYNE FIELD ............................................................... ..................................................................... 80 7.9.1 Impacts .................................................................. .................................................................... 80 7.9.2 Mitigation Measures ...................................................... ............................................................ 81 7.10 MOBILIZATION .............................................................. ................................................................. 82 7.10.1 Impacts ................................................................. ................................................................ 82 7.10.2 Mitigation Measures ..................................................... ........................................................ 83 7.11 MATERIAL HANDLING ......................................................... ............................................................ 83 7.11.1 Impacts ................................................................. ................................................................ 83 7.11.2 Mitigation Measures ..................................................... ........................................................ 83 7.12 WASTE MANAGEMENT .......................................................... .......................................................... 84 7.12.1 Impacts .................................................................
................................................................ 84 7.12.2 Mitigation Measures ..................................................... ........................................................ 84 7.13 SEWAGE AND WASTEWATER ..................................................... ...................................................... 84 7.13.1 Impacts ................................................................. ................................................................ 84 7.13.2 Mitigation Measures ..................................................... ........................................................ 85 7.14 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE IMPACTS ............................................... ........................................................ 85 8 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS..................................................... ........................................... 90 8.1 THE PROPONENT .............................................................. ................................................................... 90 8.2 MINISTRY OF PLANNING AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT .............................. ...................................... 90 8.3 MINISTRY OF FISHERIES, AGRICULTURE AND MARINE RESOURCES .................... ................................. 91 8.4 DISCUSSIONS IN THE SCOPING MEETING ......................................... ..................................................... 91
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 v 8.5 CONSULTATIONS AMONG THE PROJECT CONSULTANTS ................................ ....................................... 92 8.6 CONSULTATIONS WITH BOLIFUSHI STAFF ......................................... .................................................... 92 LIST OF PERSONS CONSULTED ...................................................... .................................................................. 92 9 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ..................................................... ............................................ 93 9.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................... ..................................................................... 93 9.2 MONITORING PROGRAMME ....................................................... ........................................................... 94 9.3 COST OF MONITORING ......................................................... ................................................................ 95 9.4 MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY .................................................. ........................................................... 95 9.5 MONITORING REPORT .......................................................... ................................................................ 96 10 REFERENCES .................................................................. .................................................................... 97 APPENDIX 1: TERMS OF REFERENCE ................................................. .................................................. 99 APPENDIX 2: LETTER REGARDING REGISTERED LAND AREA .............................. .................... 102
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 x Non Technical Summary This report discusses the findings of an environmental impact assessment underta en by Water Solutions Pvt. Ltd. at the request of SPH Pvt. Ltd for the redevelopment of Boli fushi Island in Kaafu Atoll. SPH wishes to redevelop Bolifushi Island Resort by improving the faciliti es and services on the island to cater for the high end mar et. In this regard, the existing resort would be given a complete ma eover including staff areas and coastal protection structures. The i sland would have several additional rooms of which 30 are beach villas and 60 are water villas to gether with 2 Presidential Villas over water. Bolifushi has been registered at 80,840m2 of land. Therefore, it has been propos ed and approved by the Tourism Ministry to extend the island under the proposed redevelopment. Furt her discussions among the Proponent, architects and environmental consultants have lead to alter native island extension possibilities thereby reducing the amount of fill material required fo r the extension. One of the main reasons for doing this was to ensure that there is minimal disturban ce to the natural environment of Bolifushi. These alternative designs are also considered to be ec onomically favourable. The recommended alternative ensures minimal island extension togethe r with the creation of an additional islet to minimise effect on longshore sediment transpo rt and possible eutrophication in certain areas due to island extension. In order to ensure mini mal sedimentation, silt curtains are recommended to be placed around the entire sand extraction are a and sand pumps be used to pump sand to filling areas which are surrounded by geotextile tubes o f about 2m height thereby ensuring almost negligible loss of sediment into the lagoon and reef are as. These options are recommended after carefully considering several protection methods including the costeffectiveness of each. In fact, the proposed method, which was considered to be highly environmentally friendly, also has the lowest cost, inclusive of the sand that i s required to fill in the geotextile tubes. The proposed project conforms to all prevalent environmental and tourism legisla tion and thrives to achieve its objectives in the most environmentally friendly manner. In fact, thi s project is expected to change the way similar projects are underta en in the Maldives for the benefit o f the environment, with reduced cost. Environmental impacts were assessed for both the construction and operation phas e of the project. Most of the environmental impacts of the project have been identified as resulti ng mainly from pumping and filling for the island extension. The second most important environm ental impact
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 xi would be that arising from the construction of water villas, especially the impa ct on marine environment. For both island extension and water villa construction, the main im pact would be that of sedimentation on the nearby reef areas. This impact is considered to be direc t and short-term. The impact significance is considered to be major (without mitigation) given that th e reef flat and slope around Bolifushi is quite alive, especially at the proposed development area, mo re towards the existing island. The impact of the machinery is also considerable given that wor s would be underta en in reef flat areas. However, the socio-economic benefits of the proje ct are quite high and may be considered to outweigh the negative impacts of the project on the physica l environment of the island, if adequate measures are ta en to protect the environment. Therefore , mitigation measures have been proposed for anticipated negative impacts. Mitigation measures for these negative impacts have been identified and outlined in detail, especially sedimentation control methods. The most important mitigation measure is the use of silt or sediment screens in the sand extraction area and geotextile bundwalls in the filling areas. The proposed mitigation measures will have to be followed in order to minimize envir onmental damage. The measures proposed to minimize or mitigate environmental impacts may be considered to be quite appropriate, thereby minimizing the impact by over 80%. The main neg ative environmental impact of the proposed project would be sedimentation, which may c ause death of corals. The coral reef being the main tourism asset needs to be protected. In fa ct, there is a great economic imperative to protect reefs. Hence, the mitigation measures have been s elected with that in mind. For this reason, the Proponent finds it easier to accept the proposed m itigation measures and have made a commitment to underta e the mitigation measures as proposed in t he EIA report. The proponent also commits to underta e the monitoring programme set out in the EIA report nowing that monitoring will help to identify the effectiveness of the mitigatio n measures and ta e precautions to minimize any damage to the main tourist attraction of the island, which is its environment. Baseline information would be compared against future monitoring da ta to show changes to the environment including changes to terrestrial landscape, hydrodyna mics, reef structure and habitats as well as water quality including groundwater and sea wa ter. Therefore, it appears justified from a technical, social, economic and environme ntal point of view, to carry out the proposed redevelopment project according to the proposed methodolo gies including
proposed mitigation measures and environmental monitoring programme and in light of the existing concerns and feasibility of the resort in Bolifushi.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 1 1 Introduction 1.1 Int roduct ion This Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report has been prepared in order to meet the requirements of Clause 5 of the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act of the Maldives to assess the impacts of proposed project for the redevelopment of the resort on th e island of Bolifushi in Kaafu Atoll. This report will identify the potential positive and negative im pacts of the proposed project. The report will loo at the justifications for underta ing the proposed project components. Alternatives to proposed components or activities in terms of location, design a nd environmental considerations would be suggested. A mitigation plan and monitoring programme be fore, during and after the wor s would also be included. The major findings of this report are based on qualitative and quantitative asse ssments underta en during site visits in November 2007, February 2008 and May 2008. The assessment and project planning was based on site-specific data, consultations, experience, mathematica l modelling and professional judgement. Other sources of relevant information, such as long term data on meteorology and climate from global databases and data provided by the Departmen t of Meteorology were also used. Furthermore, this EIA has been prepared in accordanc e with the EIA Regulations 2007, issued by the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water on pre paring Environmental Impact Assessment studies. 1 .2 Aims and Object i ve s o f the E IA This report addresses the environmental concerns of the proposed coastal protect ion plan. It helps to achieve the following objectives. .. Allow better project planning .. Assist in mitigating impacts caused due to the project without compromising environmental damage. .. Promote informed and environmentally sound decision ma ing .. To demonstrate the commitment by the proponent on the importance of environme ntal protection and preservation.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 2 1 .3 Methodo lo g ies Internationally recognized and accepted methods have been used in this environme ntal evaluation and assessment. This EIA is based mainly on data collected during field investig ations carried out in November 2007, February 2008 and May 2008 by teams from Water Solutions, Maldive s. The data collection methods are described in detail under Section 5. 1.4 EIA Imp lement a t ion This EIA has been prepared by a local environmental and engineering consulting f irm, Water Solutions Pvt. Ltd. The team members are: .. Abdul Aleem (EIA registration number: EIA09/07) .. Ahmed Jameel (EIA registration number: EIA07/07) .. Ahmed Zahid (EIA registration number: EIA08/07) .. Hassan Shah (EIA registration number: EIAT 02/07) .. Amjad Abdulla, Civil Engineer 1. 5 Terms o f Ref e r e n c e The terms of reference for this EIA have been attached as Appendix 1. This EIA h as been prepared based on this term of reference.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 3 2 Project Description 2 .1 The Proponen t This project is proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. for the development of a tourist resor t on the island of Bolifushi in South Mal Atoll, Maldives. Bolifushi has been leased to Gateway Mald ives by the Ministry of Tourism in 1994, who have then sub-leased it to SPH Private Maldives . It was leased for a period of 25 years. Bolifushi is currently operated by SPH Private Limited, wh o have signed up with Jumeirah International to manage it on redevelopment. SPH has been incorporated in the Maldives in 2007 (registration no: C-630/2007) with the objective of developing Bolifushi Island. The re-developed Bolifushi Island will be target ed at the high-end tourist mar et. SPH attracts a wide range of tourists from different parts of th e world and has an excellent Corporate Social Responsibility programme. SPH follows good practice i n environmental management and gives priority to environmental protection and preservation. 2 .2 P r o je c t L ocat ion and Boundar ies The proposed project ta es place on the island of Bolifushi located at about 7254 E , 4o6'N in South Mal (Kaafu) Atoll. The closest island is the island is Lagoona Beach Resort on Ve lassaru island at about 5 m northeast of Bolifushi. The closest inhabited island is Villingilli, a ward of the capital island, Mal. The island can be easily reached by speedboat in 20 minutes from Mal and 25 minutes from Mal International Airport (Hulhul). The EIA focuses on the island and the entire reef system of Bolifushi. There are also two on reefs next to Bolifushi namely Bolidhuffaru and Velassaru Falhu on the south and north of Bolifushi respectively. Of these Bolidhuffaru has been considered as an alternative borrow location. However, this area has not been studied in detail as this option would not be recommended since adequate fill material can be obtained from Bolifushi lagoon. Also, the Proponent does not wis h to ta e the project off its boundaries or impact other reef systems considered to be in thei r pristine state.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 4 Vaadho o Kandu Velassaru Kandu Vadoo Island Resort Bolifushi Island Resort Laguna Beach Resort (Velassaru) Velassaru Falhu Embudu Village (Eboodhoo) Maniyafushi Taj Exotica Resort & Spa (Eboodhoo finolhu) Finolhu Falhu Fushidiggaru Falhu Gulhee Uthuru Kandu Gulhee Dhe unu Kandu Veligandu Huraa (Palm Tree Island ) Veligandu Huraa Waterbungalows (Boduhuraa) Vammaafushi MAAFUSHI Gulhi Gulhiggaathuhuraa Kuda Giri Dhigufinolhu Maafushi Kandu (Ma unufushi) Cocoa Island Kandooma Tourist Resort (Kandoomafushi) Lhosfushi Biyadhoo Island Resort Villivaru Island Resort (Viligilivaru) Guraidhoo GURAIDHOO KANDU Maadhoo Kudafinolhu (Bodufinolhu) Fun Island Resort Olhuveli Beach & Spa Resort Maadhoo Falhu Fulidhoo Kandu (Mahaana Elhi Huraa) Rihiveli Beach Resort Oligandufinolhu Ehuruh Huraa Rihiveli Fihalhohi Tourist Resort Hathi olhu Kandu Tholhimaraahuraa Lhohi Kandu Lhohi Uthuru Kandu Rannalhi Dhe unu Kandu
Club Rannalhi Rannalhi Kandu Ranfaru Vaagali Maadhiggaru Falhu Kalhuhuraa Vaaredhdh Falhu Boldhuffaru Figure 2-1: Project Location: Bolifushi in Haa Alif Atoll
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 5 2 .3 The Pr o ject The proposed project involves the redevelopment of the island of Bolifushi to up grade the infrastructure and services to cater for the high-end mar et. As such additional beach and water villas have been considered along with improved service and staff areas. At pres ent there are 55 rooms: 32 deluxe beach villas (Boli rooms), 8 standard beach bungalows and 15 wa ter villas and the island is considered a 3 to 4-star resort. However, the proposed development is targeted to provide seven star facilities and services. Hence, improved guest and staff facilities h ave been incorporated in the design with a multi-functional hub with swimming pools, activity center, library, cinema, spa, fitness center, tennis court and an underwater theme par . The creation of the hub requires extension of the island. In fact, the island wa s initially registered at 80,840m2, whereas the existing size of the island is 21,000m2. Therefore, it is possible to extend the island to create an additional 59,840m2. However, the proposed (approved) extens ion involves only about 56,000m2. Furthermore, every effort has been made to minimize this area by considering alternative configurations in the Alternatives section of this EIA. Figure 2-2 shows the initial concept which has been approved by the Tourism Mini stry. The project has been based on this approved concept. Sections 2.4 and 2.5 describes the diff erent components of the approved concept.
BM 2 BM 1 K.BOLIFUSHI 0 10 25 50 100m 6 6 25 29 10 30 9 Observatory 22 41 41 41 41 41 1. Standard Beach Villa (15 nos) 2. Deluxe Beach Villa (15 nos) 3. Standard Lagoon Villa (30 nos) 4. Deluxe Lagoon Villa (29 nos) 5. Director Villa( Land) (2 nos) 6. Presidential Villa (2 nos) 7. Watersport / Dive center 8. Kids Play Area 9. Retail 10. Main restaurant 11. Main bar 12. Speciality Restaurant and BAR( Over water) 13. SPA 14. SPA Dining 15. Gym 16. Library and Activity center/Cinema / Conference/Cigar Lounge/Swimming Pool( The Hub) 17. Under water Theme Area 18. Barbeque Bar and Restaurant 19. Wine Cellar 20. Tennis Court 21. Jetties AND Arrival Lounge/ Day Use rooms 22. GM Villa 23. Administration Building 24. Executive staff Villas 25. Senior staff Buildings 26. Junior staff Building 27. Staff Club House 28. Main House Keeping 29. Mosque 30. Staff Kitchen/ LaundryMain Kitchen 31.Engineering Building 32. Power House 33. Sewage Treatment Plant 34. Incenerator Room 35. Fuel Storage Tan 36. Treated Water Storage Tan 37. Communications Tower 38. Stores 39. Arrival Jetty 40. Service Jetty 41. Day use rooms Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 6
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Figure 2-2: Initial concept approved by the Ministry of Tourism
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 7 2 .4 P r o je c t Act ivi t ies Const ruct ion Phase This section considers the project activities that may affect the socio-economic , physical or natural environment of the project setting due to the proposed renovation. 2 . 4 .1 S i t e Mobi l i s a t ion and Wor for c e Management Mobilisation of equipment and material would be the first and most important act ivity to start the development process. This will not be a one-off activity but rather ongoing thro ughout the construction phase. It involves the delivery of construction materials, machiner y, equipment as well as wor force to the island. The allocation of space for storage of materials and site access and services for the wor force on site will be necessary. These activities will plac e a burden on the environment due to transport, site access and activities of the wor force. There fore, such mobilisation requires planning and management in order to not only avoid environ mental damage but also to reduce the cost of construction. Therefore, every effort will be mad e to properly manage the mobilisation and construction activities. Temporary excavator bed will be ma de from geotextile bags and removed once heavy machinery has been loaded to site. The bed may be re built as and when required. This will help to minimize any impact on sand movement due to the bed. Managing the construction activities, especially that of the wor force would be an important tas . During the construction phase, most of the negative environmental impacts would be as a result of the wor force. Therefore, wor force will be made aware of the fragile environmen t and need to manage their daily activities so as to minimize their footprint on the environme nt. Existing structures and service will be used to accommodate wor force and provide service s. They will be provided with adequate facilities for entertainment, waste management and safety . 2 . 4 .2 Ut i l i t i e s The proposed development will use existing electric supply on the island for pow er requirements during construction. However, the construction of permanent power house for the operation phase will begin soon after site mobilisation. Existing water supply networ (including desalination plants) and sewerage syste m would also be utilised during the construction phase. This would be more than adequate for con struction purposes and no additional temporary structures or services would be required. Groundwate r will not be used for any purpose.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 8 2 . 4 .3 Waste manag ement Waste will be regularly transported to Thilafushi since Thilafushi is within eas y reach. Existing solid waste management system would also be used for solid waste management during con struction although additional waste management infrastructure will be developed for the op erational phase before operations begin. Hazardous waste generated during the construction stage is limited to the power generation and finishing wor s of the buildings. These include grease, waste oil, thinners, pai nt cans, batteries, dilutions solvents, water proofing chemicals, etc. Sludge from grease traps woul d also be considered hazardous and treated in the same way. Sludge from existing septic tan s would also be disposed to deep sea during the construction stage. Removal of all constructional debris would be a responsibility of the contractor . All contractors should ma e sure that their wor areas are clean and clear of all debris and was te before demobilizing from site. All areas of wor shall be ept clear and hazard free. 2 . 4 .4 S i t e C learan ce and Pre p a r a t i o n All buildings on existing island have been located so as to minimize removal of existing large trees. Trees will be preserved and protected. Changes to the proposed concept may be br ought if any of the structures fall on to large trees or live coral reef areas in order to prote ct elements of nature. Excavators or loaders would not be driven on coral patches or reef areas where l ive coral may be found. 2 . 4 .5 J e t t i e s At present Bolifushi has two jetties; arrival jetty on the eastern side, which i s the lee of the island during southwest monsoon and the service jetty on the southwest corner, which is the lee of the island during northeast monsoon. In the new concept, the arrival jetty is in the same location, whereas the service jetty has been moved to the south end. This has been done be cause the new concept has allocated rooms on western beach front. Therefore it is necessary to avoid having service jetty on this side. However, this means that when it gets rough during t he northeast monsoon, none of the proposed jetties can be used for guest transfers or supplie s. Therefore, it would be necessary to provide some protection in the service jetty area.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 9 Dive School and Water Sports Center Service Jetty Some dredging here Brea water (see details) Figure 2-3: Brea water located at service jetty to provide protection during rou gh NE weather 2 . 4 .6 Excava t ions and f o undat ions Foundation details have not been prepared at this stage. However, engineers will aim to achieve minimum excavation or soil removal and dewatering either by introducing pile dri ven foundations that requires no excavation and would not cause severe sedimentation. Other opti ons such as precast concrete columns and footings would also be suitable since all structure s would be single storey structures, whether it is on land or water. Environment Research Center m ay obtain detailed design drawings from the Ministry of Tourism during the detailed design stage to ensure that the structural design conforms to good environmental practice accepted in the Maldiv es. 2 . 4 .7 S i t e c l earanc e and lands ca p ing Minimal vegetation clearance (definitely less than 10 as per Regulations) will b e necessary since the island has adequate cleared space for all necessary movements during constructio n. However, the extended island would be landscaped using local/native species brought from othe r islands. Only plants or coconut palms removed for development purposes elsewhere would be relo cated to the extended island. In addition, a nursery will be created in a plot in Thilafushi during the construction phase for landscaping needs of the extended island.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 10 2 . 4 .8 I sland e x t e n s ion and b ea ch nour i shme n t Island extension will be the first activities to underta e since the extended se ction would require some time to stabilize as well as to settle before any structures can be built. The island extension will ta e place from the existing island towards the end of the extended area. The ex tension will be carried out using sand pumps of two sizes: 10-inch pump will be used for initial filling and a 4-inch pump will be used for the top layer and beach nourishment. The use of the 4-inch pump is to minimize sieving. The following table given the fill volumes required for the is land extension as well as proposed beach nourishment or beach extensions. Table 2-1: Fill requirements for island extension and beach nourishment around e xisting island Description Area (m2) Length/Depth (m) Volume (m3) Beach nourishment around the original island 10.5 614 6,447 Proposed island extension 56,473 2.5 141,183 Geo-textile tube around extended area 3.14 1065 3,344 TOTAL 150,974 In order to extend the island to the given area, which has been approved by the Tourism Ministry, it is important to identify an area from which fill material may be obtained. There fore, environmental consultants identified the location shown in Figure 2-4 as the best area from wh ich fill material may be obtained. Consequently, the orientation of the water villas in this area had to be slightly changed. This change is reflected in Figure 2-4. Wor methods for the island extension are discussed in Section 2.5. 2 . 4 .9 Water Vi l las and Othe r Ove rwat e r S t ruc tur e s Water villas, Spa Treatment Rooms and Diving School including their correspondin g jetties will be constructed over water. These structures will be in shallow water at an average depth of 1.5 or 2m. The Spa Dining and the Main Restaurant would be partly in water. The Swimming Po ol in the Hub also rests in the land-water interface. 2 . 4 .1 0 Und erwa t er Theme Area The underwater theme area has been designated as a viewing gallery entertaining guests. The exact nature of the area has not yet been determined. It would most li ely be an under water restaurant.
BM 2 BM 1 K.BOLIFUSHI 0 10 25 50 100m 6 6 25 29 10 30 9 Observatory 22 41 41 41 41 41 Area for sand pumping Perimeter = 700m Area = 32,676m2 EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi 11 Figure 2-4: Modified site plan showing borrow area and lee of island during both monsoons Lee of the island during SW monsoon Lee of the island during NE monsoon Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 12 2 .5 Construct ion methods This section describes how the Proponent intends to underta e the most environme ntally vulnerable components of the proposed project namely (1) island extension, (2) b each replenishment, (3) coastal protection and (4) water villas 2 . 5 .1 Const ru ct ion s t r a t egy The proposed project will be underta en with utmost care for the environment. Ev ery effort will be made to ensure that the fragile reef around the island is protected and the qual ity of the clear water and white sandy beaches are not compromised. Hence, wor activities close to the reef are minimized and supervised comprehensively to ensure minimal damage to the reef, s edimentation from sand pumping and filling operations are ept to a minimum and beach areas a re nourished with fine sand of a quality similar to that found on existing beaches. 2 . 5 .2 I sland e x t e n s ion and b ea ch r e p l eni shment The island extension will be done by pumping sand from a designated area in west ern lagoon of Bolifushi at a considerable distance from the extended island to ensure that the borrow area does not become a sin for sand moving around the island. This location is shown in F igure 2-4. Prior to sand pumping the sand pump (on barge) will be ept in the area and the entire ar ea will be surrounded by sediment screens similar to what is shown in Plate 2-1. Plate 2-1: Turbidity curtain as an effective means to minimize siltation
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 13 The island extension to which sand is to be pumped will also be surrounded by ge otextile tubes prior to filling. The geotextile tubes will help to retain sand and let the wate r flow. This structure will help to minimize sedimentation and eep the filling intact. Plate 2-2: Geotextile tube placed around a filling area helps retain sand and mi nimize sedimentation The geotextile tube will be buried at the bac shore for longterm shore protectio n as it will retain sand in its lee even under severe storm conditions. Once erosion shows the tube, the shoreline can be recreated by replenishment. The extended area will be filled by pumping sand from the designated borrow area . Two sizes of sand pumps (10-inch and 4-inch) will be used. The 10-inch pump will fill the sur rounded area and the 4-inch pump will be used to pump only fine sand that would be used for top l ayer and for beach nourishment. The beach replenishment wor s will follow a similar profile as that shown in the following diagram. 1.8m Geotube 0.3m 0.3m Feeder berm Figure 2-5: Cross-section of post-fill beach replenishment
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 14 Beach replenishment around existing island will also follow a similar pattern as that shown in Figure 2-5 and there will not be a bund using geotextile tubes in these areas. T hese areas may be filled by sand from the harbour area and eastern lagoon where there is no reef. 2 . 5 .3 Co a st a l p rot e c t ion wor s The extended area will not require additional coastal protection as the geotexti le tube surrounding this area would provide adequate protection. However, in areas of the existing i sland where geotextile tubes would not be used and where there are groynes and brea water at present, these structures would require modification. The existing groyne field on the western shoreline would be redesigned or artificial headland structures considered. If headlands were to be considered, geotextile bags/containers may be used for a revetment headland in these areas. This will be finalised during the detailed design stage and details communicated to Environme nt Research Center. Protection for the water villas and the Presidential Suites at the western side would also be necessary given that this area could get quite strong waves during the southwest monsoon. Therefore, this will form an important aspect of the proposed project. A brea wa ter using roc boulders is proposed for this area. This is indicated in Figure 2-4. The concept ual design for the brea water is shown below. 2 1 1.5m 0.5m MSL 3 2 600-800 g roc boulders Figure 2-6: Cross-section of brea water at the western end 2 . 5 .4 Wav e At t enua t ion a t S er v i c e J e t t y As can be seen in Figure 2-4, the proposed service jetty is no longer in the lee of the island during northeast monsoon. Therefore, if it gets rough during the NE monsoon, none of th e jetties can be used without creating a harbour. Hence, it is proposed to create some harbourage in the area between the proposed Dive School jetty and the proposed service jetty. This can be achieved by constructing an emerged brea water in this area as shown in Figure 2-7. Normally such brea waters would stand at about 2m from MSL. However, since this area faces the atoll lagoo n and does not get such strong wave action during rough weather, it is proposed to eep the crest a t 1.5m from MSL.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 15 varies 1.5m 1.5m Roc boulders Geobags 3 2 3 2 MSL Figure 2-7: Design considerations for brea water at service jetty area It has not been decided which material will be used to construct the brea waters . Both (roc boulders and geotextile containers) are equally acceptable but there are advanta ges and disadvantages of each. These are discussed in the section on Alternatives (Secti on 3.3). The boulders or containers would be placed by excavator on barge. The geo containers will be filled using 4-inch sand pump. Material for filling will be obtained by pumping from the lagoon behi nd the service jetty. Approximately 2000m3 of sand will be required for filling geotextile cont ainers if they were to be used or 5000 tons of roc boulders if roc boulders were to be used. 2 . 5 .5 Water Vi l las and Othe r Ove rwat e r S t ruc tur e s Water villas, Spa, Spa Dining, Main Restaurant and Diving School including their corresponding jetties will be constructed on concrete columns and footings. This method involv es constructing the concrete columns and footings on land and then transporting them to the lagoon. There will not be any excavations or in-situ developments. The footings will then be placed on the ir fixed locations and they will be connected by the supporting horizontal beams. Once these horizo ntal beams are in place, then construction of the water structures will be underta en. Afterwards, plumbing, electrical and fire networ ing lines will be laid. The swimming pool which will be partly on land will be developed on empty land w here there are no trees. Construction of the pool will be underta en by excavating the area for the required depth to and finally compacting the earth fill. Most of the pool will be on land, behi nd the sea wall and the remaining over water. 2 . 5 .6 Und erwa t er Theme Area The underwater theme area has been designated as a viewing gallery entertaining guests. The exact nature of the area has not yet been determined. It would most li ely be an under water restaurant. The structure will be located at about 6 to 10m depth. The structural details fo r this underwater structure are not available at the time of this write-up. All details will be su bmitted to the Tourism
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 16 Ministry with the detailed design report. These details would also be communicat ed to the Environment Research Center of the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water. 2 .6 P r o je c t Act ivi t ies O pe ra t ional P hase 2 . 6 .1 Landscap e management The operational phase would mainly concentrate on landscape management by improv ing the quality of terrestrial environment, daily watering of plants, green waste manage ment and eeping pathways clean at all times. All green waste would be placed as organic matter u nder existing vegetated thic ets or under-bush. The management shall ma e sure that the underbush is not cleared li e in many of the older resorts. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides used for landscape management and nursery wo uld be strictly controlled and only natural organic fertilizers would be used. Pest control need s would be minimized by ensuring that exotic or oriental plant species would not be importe d to the island. 2 . 6 .2 E l e c t r i c i ty The electricity demand for the resort would be met by diesel generator sets of a dequate capacity estimated as 250 VA. A standby generator set of the same or smaller capacity wou ld also be installed. It is not possible to provide all details of energy management at thi s conceptual stage, since the developer is enthusiastic about considering renewable energy sources s uch as deep sea cooling system for the entire resort, which will help to cut down fuel needs of the resort by about half. The Proponent would be happy to provide these details to the Environment R esearch Center when they become available. Fuel management area would have appropriate flooring and spilled oil would be di verted into an oil trap, which would be cleaned regularly. A 5000litre tan would be constructe d for fuel storage. The tan would have an external bund capable of holding 1.5 times the total volu me of the tan to contain fuel in case of unli ely event of a failure of the tan . 2 . 6 .3 Water sup p ly Estimating at 350l/p/d (inclusive of irrigation and pool), a total daily consump tion would be 175m3/day. Therefore, reverse osmosis desalination plants of total capacity 200m 3/day and additional standby plant of total capacity 100m3/day would be installed before o perations begin.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 17 These plants would be registered according to the Desalination Regulations. Deta ils of the desalination plants, water reticulation system and feed water inta e and brine d ischarge will be provided with the application for registration. The resort should also have at l east 10days of storage for desalinated water for about 50l/p/d, therefore, two storage tan s of total c apacity 25,000litres would also be ept at the desalination plant site. Since these plants are energy intensive, water conservation will be of utmost importance for economic and environmental reasons . These water conservation measures will be considered during the construction and operation o f the resort. 2 . 6 .4 Hot wat e r i n s tal lat ions Hot water will be provided by using solar water heaters. Each room would be fitt ed with hot water supply from solar water heaters. 2 . 6 .5 S ewag e and was tewat e r Total wastewater load for the resort is estimated at 150l/p/d. Hence a pac aged sewage treatment plant able to handle a total of 75m3/d would be installed on site. The details o f the sewage treatment and wastewater supply networ would be provided to the Ministry of Tourism and C ivil Aviation along with the detailed design reports. 2 . 6 .6 S o l id was t e manag ement A solid waste management center will be established in the resort. The incinerato r room indicated on the concept plan would be the solidwaste management center. Therefore, in add ition to the high temperature incinerator, standard solid waste management equipment required by t he Tourism Regulations such as compactor, glass crusher, shredder and composter would be lo cated in the same building for waste management. Hazardous waste: Hazardous materials such as used batteries, used fuel, clinical waste (including medicines) and other chemical waste will be ept in appropriate containers, hand led with caution and disposed off to Thilafushi, where a hazardous waste section will deal with t he waste appropriately. Biodegradable waste: While some of the food waste may be decomposed in the compo st bins and reused as fertilizers, most of the biodegradable waste such as meat and food lef tovers will be disposed of daily in the deep sea, at least 3 miles outside the atoll. Floatable matter would not be
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 18 sent for deep sea disposal. Plastic items will strictly not be disposed to sea n or will be biodegradable waste disposed into deep sea be disposed off in plastic bags. 2 . 6 .7 Mar ine r e c r e at ion a l a ct i v i t i e s Water sports that are commonly found in other Maldivian resorts such as diving, snor elling, sailing, canoeing, parasailing, and jets i would be provided by licensed service providers. Recreational Diving Regulations would be strictly adhered to and information reg arding protected marine dive sites and protected species will be provided to guests who underta e diving. The services of a marine biologist would be made available. Snor elling and swimming in the surrounding reef and lagoon would be considered safe and life guards will not be provided on site. However, life buoys would be provided all a long the beach front and at water bungalows for the safety of swimmers. 2 . 6 .8 Bea ch and s h o r e l i n e management Beaches around the island will require regular cleaning from dirt and materials getting washed onshore, which will be underta en by beach combers daily. The material removed w ill be managed by the solid waste management center. Shoreline management will be a technical tas requiring regular monitoring of ho w sand moves around the island, managing eroded areas either by pumping sand or providing add ed structural protection. Therefore, technical consultants would be assigned to underta e regu lar monitoring activities as proposed in this EIA report. Based on at least two years of monito ring data, a comprehensive shoreline management plan would be prepared and submitted to the G overnment for approval. All shoreline management measures would be underta en according to an approved plan or programme of action. 2 .7 Proje c t dur a t ion Once a decision regarding the EIA has been made, wor is expected to commence in October 2008 and the construction wor s completed by October 2009. The resort is expected to open before December 2009. The detailed project schedule has not been prepared at this conce pt stage. The schedule would be communicated with all concerned when it is ready for circulati on.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 19 2 .8 P r o je c t Inputs and Outputs The project has inputs in terms of human resources, and natural resources and ma chinery. The main input of the project is the roc boulders and the subsequent output is a mooring area to help solve difficulties in access during rough weather, safer water villas and resultant to urist satisfaction. Table 2-2: Main inputs of the proposed project Input Resource(s) Source/Type How to obtain resource(s) Construction wor ers Maldivian and foreign labour Contractor s responsibility Construction machinery Barges, excavators, loaders, lorries, cranes, sand pumps and general construction tools. Contractors to provide. Most are locally available Construction materials A long list of materials including river sand and aggregate, cement, timber, glass, metal and aluminium products, plastics of sorts, gypsum boards, plywood, fibreglass materials, paints, varnish, thinners, ceramic, electric cables Imported or bought from local suppliers Geotextile containers/roc Imported from India/Malaysia Contractor Sand Coralline sand from island lagoon Using sand pumps Transport (sea) Barges, supply dhonis, speedboats Contractor/Proponent Food (during construction period) Obtained from the island Local purchase by the contractor Fuel Diesel, Petrol, Lubricants Local purchase by the contractor Energy Diesel generators Existing generators on the island during construction and additional capacity installed for operations Water Desalinated water Existing desalination plant during construction and additional plants for operations Telecommunications Local service providers Existing telecom system on island. Food and beverages Fresh and processed foods, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages Mainly imported. None can be grown on the island due to lac of space. Some local purchase. Chemicals Laundry detergents, insecticides, cleaning products, etc. Local suppliers Paper products All types of cleaning tissues, paper, paper products Local suppliers Fire fighting equipment Fire Pumps, Fire Protection System, Smo e Detectors, Carbon Dioxide and Foam Fire Extinguishers, etc. Local suppliers Diving and sports gear Compressors, Nitrox Membrane Systems, Dive Gear, Snor elling
gear, Sailing equipment, sail boats, etc. Local suppliers/Licensed service providers Electrical appliances Ozone friendly refrigerators, airconditioning systems, lights, energy-efficient machines Local suppliers/imported
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 20 Table 2-3: Major outputs of the project Output / waste materials Anticipated quantities/levels Disposal/treatment (if an y) Construction waste Small quantities Part of demolition waste used for island extension and rest disposed to Thilafushi. Combustibles burnt at site and general waste sent to Thilafushi Waste oil and other chemicals Small quantities Sent to Thilafushi in special con tainers General operational waste Moderate to high quantities Separated at source and di sposed according to acceptable practice Sewage and wastewater 150litres per person per day Sewerage system via sewage treatment plant. Effluent reused for flushing and/or gardening Sludge from sewage treatment Small Dried in drying beds and disposed to deep sea at regular intervals Noise (during construction) Only localised to the area in which wor ta es place Unavoidable during the construction stage but will be minimized Atmospheric emissions Low Dusty operations (during construction) and emissions from power house Improved access Almost 100% achieved N/A Improved shoreline conditions High degree of stabilisation expected N/A Tourist satisfaction High Satisfaction surveys to determine levels, improvements, etc. Staff motivation High Satisfaction surveys to determine levels, improvements, etc. 2 .9 Need and J us t i f i c a ti o n Demand for Maldives as a prime tourist destination has been increasing steadily contributing to over 33% after year 2000. Although there was a decline after the tsunami of Dece mber 2004, tourist arrivals pic ed up quic ly. The Second Tourism Master Plan had proposed the deve lopment of 20,500 beds by 2005, however, there has been a shortage of beds. Therefore, deve lopers get approval to increase the number of rooms on their island if the development can remain wi thin the 20% builtup area. In the case of Bolifushi, the registered size of the island is 80,840m2 (see App endix), which is more than adequate reasons for the proposed extension of the island area, which curre ntly remains at 21,000m2. The infrastructure on Bolifushi resort can be said to be below modern resort tourism standards, given its extremely beautiful housereef and clear lagoonal waters and soft sandy beaches. It is one of the most beautiful islands and has the potential for expansion to m eet growing demands for typical beach and marine tourism. The proposed project will, therefore, will improve the image and standard of the resort leading to greater profit and increased revenue for t
he government.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 21 While it may be argued that such expansion in response to demand may deteriorate the quality of the environment, which is the resource base on which the tourism product depends , it could be achieved with minimal or no observable damage, as proposed in this project. The redevelopment of Bolifushi will ensure that the improved rating that would be achieved will not c ompromise quality and intangible aspects of the island and that it would enhance the holiday exper ience. One of the important contributions of a redevelopment or upgrading project is th e improved facilities for staff, which contributes to the human resource objectives of the tourism industry. The proposed redevelopment would also target at Maldivian labour, authentic Maldivia n handicrafts, localized nomenclature to give a distinct Maldivian identity. The underwater theme would be a unique landscape feature for the type of tourism in the Maldives. Also, this structure would be developed with minimal disturbance to the marine e cosystem of the island thereby promoting sustainable development and introducing an added dimens ion to the tourist experience of the Maldives. The existing water villas are in an area where sand generally accretes, with hig h accretion during the northeast monsoon and hardly any erosion during the southwest monsoon. This is confirmed by observation as well as mathematical modelling. Therefore, the existing water vil las need to be shifted from that area, and that area can be considered more appropriate for isl and extension. The redesigning of the coastal structures was necessary for aesthetic reasons. S imilarly, moving the service jetty away from prime tourist area on the western side was to provide gr eater privacy for guests. According to the Tourist Opinion Survey Report (2004), 53% of the touris ts visiting Maldives come to Maldives for leisure, relaxation and holiday followed by a significant 3 0% of the tourists visiting for honeymoon and a 15% visit for diving. Therefore, a healthy beach en vironment is essential in order to compete in the beach tourism mar et, especially in the Mal dives. In short, increased variety and product diversification resulting in increased p rofits as well as improved destination image were the main reasons for implementing the proposed p roject. However, in doing so, it will be made sure that the traditional quality of the r esort would not be lost.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 22 3 Alternative Analysis This section loo s at the different ways of underta ing the proposed project. Th ere are two main options: (1) leave the resort as it is (no project option), or (2) redevelop the resort (underta e the project options). If the project were to continue, it would be necessary to ta e ecological, economic and socio-cultural aspects of the project into consideration and ensure that the se concerns exist within a delicate balance. Neither the economic benefits nor the social and ecol ogical concerns can be avoided. Therefore, it is important to consider all options and ensure that t he best available option(s) is/are chosen to solve the issues/problems. As such different alternat ives have been considered and evaluated against the option given in the Project Description sec tion. 3 .1 No pr o ject o p t ion The no project option ta es the following into account. While tourists are extremely satisfied with the environment, there are negative feedbac s with regard to services The resort will continue to operate with its existing infrastructure Without additional infrastructures/services introduced, price cannot change and profit margin will decrease year by year The main advantages and disadvantages of these are given below. Table 3-1: Advantages and disadvantages of the no project option Advantages Disadvantages Environmental problems related to redevelopment may be avoided Proponent would not have to invest in the redevelopment No deterioration in quality of the environment, which is small given that the proposed mitigation measures would be ta en With the existing infrastructure, the resort can only be mar eted to certain mar ets Target clientele cannot be diversified Guest complaints and dissatisfaction will continue to grow Cannot change price, therefore low profit margin Number of rooms will remain as it is, therefore government revenue does not change Image of Maldives as a prime tourist destination may diminish
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 23 3 .2 Different Development Concepts There are a few options for the project design concept. One is the option discus sed in the Project Description section and the other (alternative) options, based on the approved c oncept, include: 1. Separate the hub from the main island 2. Separate the hub, minimize number of water villas, move water villas closer t o island and move the Presidential villas Both of these concepts are discussed in detail in the following subsections and the two alternative options are illustrated in Figure 3-1 and Figure 3-2. 3 . 2 .1 F i r s t A l t er nat i v e Conc e p t The first alternative was proposed to the Proponent by the environmental consult ants based on the results of mathematical modelling. The reason for separating the hub from the ma in island was because the extended island extends to a considerable distance while it is in an area of accretion. Therefore, silt and sediment following island extension may not be flushed as de sired and there may be a possibility of nutrient enrichment in the leeward side, where high leve ls of accretion ta e place during northeast monsoon. Such a nutrient enrichment may lead to algal for mation or poor quality of sand in the area. Hence, it was proposed to separate part of the isla nd. Since the hub is in this area, it was thought that the hub can be separated. 3 . 2 .2 Second Alt e rna t ive Co n cept The second alternative resulted from in-depth discussions of the first alternati ve with the Proponent. In this option, the southwestern beachfront has been increased and th e water villas have been moved closer to the island thereby minimizing the need for wave protection required. The reason for increasing beach on the southwestern side was because this is the are a in which beach would be most stable. Also, the total area of the island extension proposed in t his alternative option is still less than the originally registered size of the island (see table below ). It was also decided to consider geotextile protection for the Presidential Suite instead of the brea wa ter protection in order to reduce cost. This option would also be easier to construct and less damaging to the reef on the western side than the other option of brea water using armoured roc s. This is b ecause the placing of armoured roc s in this area would require the mobilisation of barge and excav ator on or close to
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 24 the reef on the western side. It cannot be specifically stated that the placing of boulders in this area can be done without damage to the live corals in the area whereas laying the geo tubes to surround the islet for the Presidential Villas would not require barge and excavator and can be done manually. Furthermore, the pumping of sand is not expected to create siltation o n the reef on the west. Table 3-2: Areas and fill volumes for the different island extension and shore p rotection options Approved Concept First Alternative Second Alternative Beach nourishment around the original island (m3) 6,447 6,447 6,447 Proposed island extension (m3) 141,183 68,195 85,435 Sand for geotextile tube around extended area (m3) 3,344 1,931 2,584 Island extension - separated Bundwall (m3) 1,758 1,758 Sand for filling inside the bund (geotube) (m3) 45,890 39,500 Sand for beach outside the bund (m3) 8,960 8,960 Islet for presidential suite Bundwall (m3) 1,005 1,005 Sand for filling inside the bund (m3) 10,575 10,575 Sand for beach outside the bund (m3) 5,120 5,120 TOTAL VOLUME OF SAND REQUIRED (m3) 150,974 149,881 161,384 TOTAL AREA OF FOR EXTENSION (m2) 77,503 70,894 75,234 Environmental consultants also believe that if an islet were to be created by us ing a geotextile bund, then this Presidential Villa islet can be moved to the vortex formed in the lee of the natural reef flat here. This area is identified in Figure 3-2. 3 . 2 .3 Recommended Alt e r nat i v e Conc e p t Both of the alternatives discussed above are similar in terms of their environme ntal impact. These are discussed in Section 7. However, since the second option does not involve th e creation of the brea water shown in the first alternative option, for which roc boulders would be recommended, the second alternative can be considered cheaper. Hence, it is recommended to ad opt the second alternative concept discussed above. Since this option is recommended, the site plan given in Figure 3-2 is also modified to ensure that structures (except the underwater theme area ) are at the farthest extent of the reef flat and does not endanger the corals. Therefore, the water v illas on the southwest and the island extension have been adjusted in consideration of the reef. Such a djustments were also made for the island extension on the north. This was achieved by combining recen t (March 2008) satellite image with the proposed concept.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi 25 Figure 3-1: First Alternative Design Concept Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. BM 2 K.BOLIFUSHI 0 10 25 50 100m 10 Observatory BM 1
Observatory K.BOLIFUSHI 0 10 25 50 100m 10 Presidential Suite StandardWater Villas Spa Rooms Underwater theme Day Rooms Kids Play Area Swimming Pool Hub Spa Reception and Sports Center Main Restaurant and Kitchen Arrival Jetty Dive School andWater Sports Center Service Jetty Deluxe Lagoon Villa (27) EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Figure 3-2: Second Alternative Design Concept (recommended by environmental cons ultants) Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 26
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 27 3.3 Mat e r i a l opt i o ns There are three options as materials for coastal protection structures. First, t here is coral rubble as used in existing structures. However, coral mining is banned and this option sha ll not be considered. The reuse of coral used for existing structures may be considered. H owever, they would not be sufficient or may not provide adequate protection. Second option is the u se of roc boulders or tetra-pods, which would be strong enough to survive strong waves. Such high d ensity material is suitable only for the western reef flat area for the protection of water villas and Presidential Suites. However, such structures shall be avoided as much as possible in a resort settin g where structures must integrate with the natural environment. For this reason, roc boulders have been suggested only for the western end brea water, which would also be a low-crested structure . The third option is the use of geotextile tubes or bags, which have not been use d in the Maldives so far. Of these the geotextile tube is more suitable for the island extension wher eas geotextile bags would be more suitable for the brea water at the service jetty. The main advanta ge of geotextile containers over the roc boulders or rubble mound structures is that it can be m anufactured in white colour to blend with the white sandy shores or sandy seabed of Bolifushi a t the proposed service jetty. 3 .4 Al ter n a t i ve Bor row Options The proposed location for pumping sand is from a central area in Bolifushi lagoo n on the western side. The maximum depth of sand pumping from this location would vary between 3. 7 to 4.2m with the final depth after sand pumping from the area varying between 5.5 and 6m for the three options (the proposed option and the two alternatives). This is an acceptable depth and adequate flushing will ensure that sediment will be quic ly flushed from such a basin. The depths of pumping, given in the table below, have been based on the estimated fill volume required for ea ch option, which is given in Table 3-2. Table 3-3: Borrow volume estimates for the three options Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Borrow area 41,914 41,914 41,914 Average depth in the area 1.8 1.8 1.8 Max depth (m) after pumping sand 5.5 5.4 5.7 Max depth of sand pumping (m) 3.7 3.6 3.9 Total volume that will be pumped (m3) 155,082 150,890 163,465
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 28 The volumes shown in Table 3-3 can also be easily pumped from the neighbouring r eef system on the south of Bolifushi, Bolidhuffaru, where there is a deep lagoon (vilu). There is no island on this reef unli e the reef system on the north, Velassaru Falhu. Therefore, this optio n was discussed with the Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture and Marine Resources and it was agreeable that there would not be any restrictions for pumping sand from the edges of the vilu provided sed imentation on the reef can be small or negligible. However, the Ministry is of the opinion that it would be best to restrict the sand pumping operations to Bolifushi, if possible, in order not to damage another pristine reef system. Therefore, it is recommended to stic to the proposed area in Bolifushi. Bolifushi (1969) Proposed dredge area Vilu Alternative dredge location Bolidhuffaru Bolifushi reef Velassaru Falhu Figure 3-3: Alternative sand extraction location
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 29 4 Project Setting The project ta es place in the Maldives Environment. Therefore, the extent to wh ich the project conforms to existing plans, policies, guidelines, regulations and laws of the Ma ldives needs to be considered. Hence, this section will loo at the context in which the project ac tivities ta e place and the legal and policy aspects relevant to those activities. 4 .1 Ap p l i c a ble P ol i c ies, Laws a nd Regulat ions 4 . 1 .1 Env i ronment a l P r o t e c t ion and Pr e s e r v a t ion Act This is the umbrella law under which all regulations, policies and standards rel ated to environmental protection and preservation fall. The Articles of the Environmenta l Protection and Preservation Act (Law No. 4/93) addresses the following aspects of environmental management: .. Guidelines and advice on environmental protection shall be provided by the co ncerned government authorities. .. Formulating policies, rules and regulations for protection and conservation o f the environment in areas that do not already have a designated government authority already carrying out such functions shall be carried out by MEEW. .. Identifying and registering protected areas and natural reserves and drawing up of rules and regulations for their protection and preservation. .. An EIA shall be submitted to MEEW before implementing any development project that may have a potential impact on the environment. .. Project that has any undesirable impact on the environment can be terminated without compensation. .. Disposal of waste, oil, poisonous substances and other harmful substances wit hin the territory of the Maldives is prohibited. Waste shall be disposed only in the are as designated for the purpose by the government. .. Hazardous / Toxic or Nuclear Wastes shall not be disposed anywhere within the territory of the country. Permission should be obtained for any transboundary movement of suc h wastes through the territory of Maldives. .. The Penalty for Brea ing the Law and Damaging the Environment are specified. .. The government of the Maldives reserves the right to claim compensation for a ll damages that are caused by activities that are detrimental to the environment.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 30 4 . 1 .2 Second Nat ional Env i ronment Act i o n P lan ( 1 9 9 9 ) The aim of NEAP II is to protect and preserve the environment of the Maldives an d to sustainably manage its resources for the collective benefit and enjoyment of present and fut ure generations. Main strategies of the NEAP II are: .. Continuous assessment of the state of the environment in the Maldives, includ ing impacts of human activities on land, atmosphere, freshwater, lagoons, reefs and the ocea n; and the effects of these activities on human well-being .. Development and implementation of management methods suitable for the natural and social environment of the Maldives, and maintain or enhance environmental qualit y and protect human health, while at the same time using resources on a sustainable ba sis .. Consultation and collaboration with all relevant sectors of society to ensure sta eholder participation in the decision ma ing process .. Preparation and implementation of comprehensive national environmental legisl ation in order to provide for responsible and effective management of the environment .. Adhering to international and regional environmental conventions and agreemen ts and implementation of commitments embodied in such conventions. .. NEAP II specifies priority actions in the following areas. .. Climate change and sea level rise; coastal zone management; .. biological diversity conservation; integrated reef resources management; .. integrated water resources management; .. management of solid waste and sewerage; .. Pollution control and management of hazardous waste; .. sustainable tourism development; .. land resources management and sustainable agriculture .. human settlement and urbanisation NEAP II contains environmental policies and guidelines that should be adhered to in the implementation of the proposed project activities, especially impact assessment, sta eholder consultation, and biodiversity conservation. 4 . 1 .3 Nat ional B io d ive r s i ty S t r a t egy and A c t ion P lan The goals of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan are: .. Conserve biological diversity and sustainably utilize biological resources.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 31 .. Build capacity for biodiversity conservation through a strong governance fram ewor , and improved nowledge and understanding. .. Foster community participation, ownership and support for biodiversity conser vation. In implementing the proposed project activities due to care will be given to ens ure that the national biodiversity strategies are adhered to. 4 . 1 .4 Prot e c t ed Areas and S en si t ive Areas Under Article 4 of the Environment Protection and Preservation Act, the Ministry of Environment is vested with the responsibility of identifying and registering protected areas an d natural reserves and drawing up of rules and regulations for their protection and preservation. A t present there are no rules and regulations made available to the public on designation and protect ion of habitats and heritage areas. In the project site or in the vicinity of the site, there are no protected areas or areas that are identified as sensitive areas. However, due care and diligence will be practised at all tim es to protect the environment nowing the fragile nature and sensitivity of coral reefs to the imp acts of construction. 4 . 1 .5 Regulat ion on sand and agg r ega t e mining This regulation addresses sand mining from uninhabited islands that have been le ased; sand mining from the coastal zone of other uninhabited islands; and aggregate mining from un inhabited islands that have been leased and from the coastal zone of other uninhabited islands. This regulation will be strictly respected and there would not be any sand and a ggregate mining except that which is required and approved under the terms of this Environmental Impact Assessment. 4.1.5.1 Ban on coral mining Coral mining from the house reef and the atoll rim has been banned through a dir ective from the President s Office dated 26th September 1990. According to these policies, .. coral mining is not to be carried out on island house reefs; .. coral mining cannot be carried out on atoll rim reefs and common bait fishing reefs; .. coral or sand mining is only allowed from designated sites, and approval from the concerned Atoll Office is required prior to the commencement of any mining opera tion.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 32 .. requests for coral or sand mining from residents of inhabited islands are req uired to be submitted to the Atoll Office through their respective island office .. the island office is required to estimate the quantity of corals required for the applied construction wor and hence this ensures that permission is granted to mine just the required amount; .. every island is required to eep a log boo of the amount of corals mined. .. sand mining is not allowed on the beaches of inhabited islands, islands lease d for industrial developments and tourist resorts and within the lagoons adjoining these islands. This project does not involve coral mining. Mined coral would also not be used. 4 . 1 .6 Tourism Act ( Law no. 2 / 9 9 ) The resort has been leased and is operated according to the requirements of the Tourism Act. This Act covers the following aspects: the leasing of islands for development as tourist resorts, the leasing of land for development as tourist hotels and tourist guesthouses, the leasing of places for development as marinas, the management of all such facilities; and the operation of tourist vessels, diving centers and travel agencies, and the regulation of persons providing such services 4 . 1 .7 Regulat ion on t h e Pro t e c t ion and Cons e rvat i o n o f Env i ronment i n t h e Tour i sm I n d u s t ry Due to the importance given by the tourism sector on the protection and preserva tion of the environment, a separate Regulation on the protection and preservation of the env ironment in the Tourism Industry has been passed in July 2006. Tourism Ministry strictly discour age modifications to the natural movement of sand around the islands. Therefore, Tourism Regulatio ns require that special permission from the Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation be sought bef ore commencing any coastal modification wor s on any tourist resort. According to this regulati on, all activities proposed under this project shall be carried out after obtaining permission from the Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation. This regulation further requires that an Environment al Impact Assessment be submitted to the Ministry of Tourism in order to get the necessary approvals.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 33 4. 2 Internat i onal c o nvent ions, t r e a t i es and protoco l s Some of the international conventions, treaties and protocols of relevance to th e proposed project may be identified as follows: 4 . 2 .1 Unit ed Nat ions Convent ion on Bio logi c a l Div er s i ty (UNCBD) The objective of UNCBD is the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainab le use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, including by appropriate access to genetic resources and by appropria te transfer of relevant technologies, ta ing into account all rights over those resources and t o technologies, and by appropriate funding . Maldives was one of the first nations to ratify UNCBD. Maldives has developed th e National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) in 2002. Formulation of NBSAP was through wide consultation and extensive sta eholder participation. The proposed project involves sand extraction and filling beach areas which may have impacts on some biological resources. The development of water villas may also impact reef resources. These impacts and mitigation measures have been dealt with in this report. 4. 3 Rel evant Envi ronment a l S tandards and Guidel i n e s There are no relevant standards such as water quality criteria for sand pumping operations in the Maldives. Recently, the Maldives Water and Sanitation Authority in collaboration with World Health Organisation introduced some recreational water quality standards for the Maldives. However, there are some specific bio-indicators missing in these guidelines, whi ch may be developed by the Marine Research Centre in cooperation with the Ministry of Envi ronment, Energy and Water for Maldivian reef ecosystems. Table 4-1 provides a general indication of the parameters that will have to be m easured in relation to the proposed project. These have been drawn from the MWSA standards as well a s international standards such as USEPA standards.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 34 Table 4-1 Water quality criteria for sand pumping operations at recreational are as PARAMETER GUIDELINE METHODOLOGY Physico-Chemical pH < 0.2 pH unit change Electrometry (calibration at pH 7 and 9) Temperature < 2C increase Thermometer Dissolved Oxygen (DO) > 6 mg/l or 80-90% saturation Win ler s method or oxygen meter. Needs to be measured over at least one diurnal cycle. It is dependent on pH, temperature and salinity. In-situ measurements are preferable. Turbidity <10% of bac ground Spectrophotometry. In-situ measurements are prefera ble. In addition to the above guideline values, sand pumping operations shall not cau se: .. Floating, suspended, or deposited macroscopic particulate matter or foam in m arine waters at any location more than 30 m (100 ft) from the project boundary or point of di scharge, except unless authorized by the EIA/IEE Decision Statement. .. Visible floating, suspended, or deposited oil or other products of petroleum origin in marine waters in the vicinity of the sand pumping activity. .. No toxic or other deleterious substances shall be present in concentrations o r quantities which may cause deleterious effects on aquatic biota, wildlife, or waterfowl, or which render any of these unfit for recreation either at levels created in recreationa l areas or as a result of biological concentrations within the resort lagoon. Turbidity would be the main parameter that needs to be monitored in sand pumping operations. Given that the water quality of the marine environment in the Maldives has very low levels of turbidity usually below 2 NTU, an increase in 1 NTU would be a considerable incr ease. However, in dredging operations, within an allowable zone of dilution turbidity may be ta en to be less than 10 NTUs or 10% of the bac ground level, whichever is greater. 4 . 3 .1 Gui d e l i n e s f o r l and Use P lann ing This guideline developed by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development (MHUD) categorizes all islands into 5 different categories. Bolifushi will fall in the Category E o f uninhabited island developed for economic activities. Land use plans for resorts islands shall be a pproved by the Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation with the advice of MHUD. Whilst these guidelines require a minimum of 20m wide Environmental Protection Z one (EPZ), consisting of vegetation between the beach and rest of the island except where t he land use is for harbour frontage or for commercial use.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 35 4. 4 Envi ronmental Permi t s r equi red f o r t h e P roj e c t 4 . 4 .1 EIA De c i s i o n S ta t ement The most important environmental permit to initiate proposed wor s in Bolifushi would be a decision regarding this EIA from the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water b ased on which an approval to underta e the wor would be given by the Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation. The EIA Decision Statement, as it is referred to, shall govern the manner in whi ch the project activities must be underta en. This EIA report assists decision ma ers in unders tanding the existing environment and potential impacts of the project. Therefore, the Decision Statem ent may only be given to the Proponent after a review of this document following which the Minis try may request for further information or provide a decision if further information is not requ ired. In some cases, where there are no major environmental impacts associated with the project, the Ministry may provide the Decision Note while at the same time requesting for further informat ion. 4 .5 Roles and Responsi b i l i t ies o f Groups invol ve d Table 4-2: Roles and responsibilities by EIA process stage Stage ERC Proponent EIA Consultants Other Govt Agencies Public and Interest Groups Screening Screen Project Provide necessary information Provide technical advice Raise issues and concerns Scoping Approve TOR Review IEE Provide TOR Underta e IEE Prepare TOR Prepare IEE Provide comments/ feedbac Participate in consultation EIA study Provide scope/ Approve TOR Underta e EIA Prepare EIA Participate Comment
Review Review EIA Revise EIA Assist in review Comment Approval Approve EIA Attach terms Provide technical advice Approve relevant components Environmenta l Management Implement mitigation measures and monitoring programme Conduct monitoring Implement Monitoring Post Audit and Evaluation Evaluate project Provide necessary information Provide assistance to ERC Participate if required Source: Adapted from Lohani et al (1997) There are various organizations and parties involved in the EIA process. There a re national agencies responsible for environmental protection as well as the ey sta eholders and the project proponent,
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 36 each with a role and responsibility within the EIA process. One ey principle in EIA implementation is to involve these groups and provide them the opportunity to participate in th e EIA process so that their concerns are addressed. Table 4-2 provides a summary of the roles and resp onsibilities of each group in the different stages of the EIA process. This section further discusses the roles and responsibilities of groups involved in the implementation of EIA for the proposed project in Bolifushi. 4 . 5 .1 Mini s t ry o f Tou r i sm and C iv i l Aviat ion The Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation has been mandated with the regulation and policy implementation of the tourism industry in the Maldives. Therefore, all activitie s underta en in the resorts shall be in accordance with the Tourism Act, Tourism Regulations and pol icies and guidelines provided by the Ministry. The Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation believes that all tourism-related developments shall conform to the highest environmental standard s and requires all development activities in the coastal zone of resorts to underta e EIA. Ther efore, Tourism Regulations require that a special permission from the Ministry of Tourism and C ivil Aviation be sought before commencing any coastal modification wor s on any tourist resort. T he Ministry will ma e a decision on the project based on the outcome of the EIA report. 4 . 5 .2 Env i ronment Mini s t r y The Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water plays the main role within the Gov ernment for implementing EIA and other environmental matters. It has central control over en vironmental protection and related issues. The Environment Research Center of the Ministry has responsibility for efficient operation of the EIA process. This encompasses a number of tas s, including screening of projects and provision of general procedural advice to the project proponents throughout the EIA process. The Environment Research Center manages the review of the EIA report and is responsible for any approvals or recommendations associated with the EIA. It is also responsible for verifying th at environmental protection measures are properly implemented by underta ing environmental audits in collaboration with other government as well as non-government agencies with a ro le for environmental protection and preservation.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 37 4 . 5 .3 Nat ional Env i ronment Commission (NCPE ) The National Commission for the Protection of the Environment (NCPE) was appoint ed by the President of the Maldives in 1989 and re-structured in 1993. The NCPE is mandate d to advise the government on environmental assessment, planning and management to ensure that e nvironmental protection is a vital component of all developmental projects. NCPE would influe nce the EIA decision of large scale projects. Given the type and scale of the proposed proje ct, NCPE is not expected to influence the decision of the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Wa ter for this particular project. 4 . 5 .4 Proj e c t Propo n en t The project proponent is the party responsible for the effective implementation of the project. The proponent of this project is SPH Pvt. Ltd. The Proponent has assigned consultant s for the EIA process. Upon review of the EIA, the proponent may be required to answer questions about the project, its potential impacts, and the proposed environmental protection measures. The propo nent may answer these personally and/or by engaging the services of the EIA consultants. The proponent is responsible for the implementation of mitigation measures and shall implement th e proposed monitoring measures if it was required to conduct environmental monitoring. In o rder to assure compliance, the Proponent has provided their full commitment to underta e necess ary environmental mitigation measures and monitoring of the project activities durin g and after project implementation. This commitment letter is attached to this report. 4 . 5 .5 Env i ronment a l Consu lt a n t s The Environmental Consultants, as described earlier have been appointed by the P roponent. Water Solutions Pvt. Ltd. has been assigned with the tas of underta ing the EIA given that the company has a number of registered EIA consultants together with other experts specializ ing in different aspects of environmental protection and preservation, who can act as a multi-dis ciplinary team providing necessary expertise. The EIA consultants of this project have accumula ted considerable procedural nowledge and experience of similar projects. This nowledge and expe rience would be applied to help the Proponent satisfy the requirement of the EIA process. The EI A consultants would also provide necessary technical advice and guidance in the design of the project and underta e supervision and environmental monitoring during the implementation of the project. The consultants would underta e monitoring of the environment of Bolifushi for two y ears and provide
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 38 appropriate guidelines for the appropriate management of the terrestrial, coasta l and marine environment of Bolifushi. 4 . 5 .6 Othe r S ta eholde r s Sta eholders of the project including resort management and government authoriti es in relevant sectors have been consulted during the preparation of this EIA report. The Minis try of Planning and National Development and the Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture and Marine Resou rces were considered as important sta eholders and relevant issues have been discussed wit h these Ministries.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 39 5 Methodology The section covers methodologies used to collect data and information about the existing environment. The ey environmental components of the project that were considere d are coastal and marine environment. Terrestrial vegetation was also surveyed. Since no socio -cultural aspects of the project site or the atoll are affected, these have not been ta en into co nsideration. However, sta eholder consultations were underta en, the results of which are discussed in the Sta eholder Consultation section of this report. 5 .1 Gener a l Met hodologies o f dat a col lect i on Conditions of the existing environment of the study area were analysed by using appropriate scientific methods. The environmental components of the study area were divided into marine and coastal resources. The marine environment of the island covered the coral patche s, the reef flat and the reef slope of Bolifushi. The coastal environment covered the beaches, the la goon and coastal processes including sediment regime, current, tides and wave climate. The terres trial environment covered the vegetation of the island and fauna of the island. The environmental conditions were assessed by dividing the tas s among two group s marine and coastal/terrestrial. The different methods used in assessing and reporting the c onditions of the existing environment of the island are given in the following subsections. 5 . 1 .1 Locat ion i d ent i f i cat ion The location of data collection sites have been mar ed using handheld GPS. Each of the two teams possessed a GPS to identify their locations. These were later integrated into on e map. 5 . 1 .2 Water Qual i ty Marine water quality at the location of the service jetty was determined through testing for pH, electrical conductivity, salinity, turbidity and dissolved oxygen. Water quality was measured on-site using handheld YSI MODEL 6820 V2 Sonde and Data Logger. Samples were also collec ted for other parameters listed in the TOR. Same was applied for groundwater quality testing.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 40 5 . 1 .3 T e r r e s t r i a l Env i ronmen t Vegetation cover of the island was studied by surveying the entire island vegeta tion cover emphasizing on species and number of mature trees. Groundwater was also assessed from the central staff area of the island. The few faunal species on the island was also surveyed by visual observation. 5 . 1 .4 Co a st a l p roc e s s e s Beach profiles were ta en from four different locations around Bolifushi by mean s of standard levelling techniques. The measurement of beach profiles involves standard practi ce of surveying with a staff and a dumpy level. Measurements were ta en along the beach profile line at different intervals when there occurs a distinctive morphological feature such as beach ri dge, high water mar , an erosion scarp, dip, rise, or other significant brea in the beach slope up to a minimum distance of 30m from the Benchmar . In addition, coastal processes such as currents, and tides were studied on the d ay of the field visit. However, the proposed coastal protection measures were not solely based on this data since a day s data would be insufficient. Yet, data from the site would be collected at regula r intervals in order to formulate an appropriate coastal zone management plan. An Acoustic Doppler Curre nt Profiler (ADCP) will also be installed at northside, eastern side and southwestern side r eef to assess the currents over a 25-hour period. This is planned to be done during the detailed d esign stage when the exact shapes of the extended areas would be finalised. Further mathematical modelling studies may also be underta en. This data and would be shared with the Environment Resea rch Center and the Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation in due course. 5 . 1 .5 Bat hymet r i c su r v ey A detailed bathymetric survey was underta en to determine the depth of the areas in which wor will be underta en. These bathymetric surveys were also used to determine the vo lume of sand that would be pumped. Bathymetry was measured from about 1m depth around the island u sing an echosounder with a transducer (Sonarmite) attached to a dinghy. The Sonarmite da ta logger was connected to a GPS, Trimble GeoXH unit to locate the position. A Zephyr antennae was placed on top of the rod to which the transducer unit of the echosounder was attached so t hat accurate readings of the location may be logged. Results of the bathymetric survey is giv en in the Appendix.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 41 5 . 1 .6 Mar ine Environment Marine environmental surveys were conducted to collect data on ey environmental components (i.e. the coral reef system and the lagoon), that will be impacted due to the co nstruction wor s. Three methods (illustrated below) were primarily used to collect data, namely; D etail LIT complimented by photo transect, Fish census; Qualitative surveys through visual observations and Marine water quality. Purpose of these surveys were to define and establish marine environmental basel ine conditions for impact evaluation during and after the proposed project. Surveys were based on s tandard marine environmental surveys so that they can be repeatedly carried out to monitor and record changes and assess possible impacts on the marine environment from the proposed wor act ivities. Surveys include quantitative and qualitative methods. In addition, photos were ta en alo ng the reef survey sites and the length of the lagoon where over water structures will be developed . 5.1.6.1 Line Intercept Transects (LIT) Line Intercept Transect (LIT) surveys were carried out to assess the benthic typ es and species at the surveyed sites. This method uses life form categories to assess the benthic sess ile community of reefs and it is possible to incorporate taxonomic data as well. LIT surveys can be use d to evaluate the community structure of corals in terms of species composition and diversity patt erns in different zones on a reef. LIT method also provides a rapid estimate of percent cover of c orals, algal cover, and cases of other prominent organisms as well as bare substratum. Quantitative percent cover of the reef community can be obtained using this meth od and it can be repeated over time to obtain changes over a period of time. Disadvantages of thi s method include difficulty in standardizing the life form categories and the limitation of the d ata collected, to information on percent cover and relative abundance (English et al. 1997). LIT s urveys produce valuable data even though they are time consuming and require considerable effor t and s ills to
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 42 record notes underwater (Segal & Castro 2001). A line transect of 30m length was used in each of the sites. 5.1.6.2 Photo transect analysis Photo transect coral reef survey method was used to quantify the data of coral r eef benthic communities i.e. live corals and their types, other benthos, dead corals and oth er reef substrate. This method was used to support the LIT surveys. A series of photographs were ta en a long the transect line (30 m each) using an underwater camera. These photographs were combined to form a photocomposite. Photo-composite of the mapped area of the reef were analysed using computer soft ware. It provided a detail record of individual corals, sandy or rubble area and other benthos to a mapped area. The photographs not only allowed speedy collection of data in the field, b ut also provided a permanent record of the transect line, which is useful for long-term monitoring of growth, mortality and recruitment. The photographs were then used to compare the data and results with the LIT. 5.1.6.3 Reef fish Visual Census Under water counts of reef fishes or underwater visual census (UVC) method was u sed to assess the fish population at the surveyed sites. Visual counts appear to give reasonably r eliable results provided that they are applied to fish that are non-cryptic and either diurnally active or at least evident by day. In this method, the surveyor swims along the transect paths abov e the reef, counting fish that were observed within 5m either side of the transect and above up to the water column. The same transects line for the photo transect were utilized to carry ou t the fish census. Fish was counted along the 30 m transect path (that is in a belt of 5 m on either sid e and up to the water surface). To count the fish, the surveyor swam slowly along, counting fishes tha t was seen within the defined band transect, 30m long by 10m wide (i.e. one with a total area of 3 00m). Each individual fish or group of fish was noted on the underwater slate immediately a fter it was seen, and the totals obtained by adding up these figures following the end of the swim . Counting any fish more than once was avoided by training and experience. Only the families belongi ng to one or two closely similar families and groups were counted at any one time. This improved accuracy, because on most reefs there were far too many for all to be counted at the same time. Me asures were ta en to improve the accuracy. Speed at which the path was swum was controlled so as to s tandardize the efficiency of search. Experience shows that the slower the surveyor swims, more fish that is recorded up to a point. However, the highest number recorded by moving along ver y slowly may
actually be an over estimate of fish density. Hence it is necessary to standardi ze swimming speed to
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 43 a slow but not too slow pace. The standard speed of swimming practiced was at a mean rate of 10m a minute. 5 . 1 .7 S ta eho ld er consu l t a t ion Consultations were held with the various sta eholders including the government m inistries, staff and management of Bolifushi and project engineer and among EIA consultants. The scoping meeting was considered as the avenue for consultation with the ERC and the Touri sm Ministry. Discussions with Bolifushi staff were underta en during field surveys. Discussio ns with the management of Bolifushi and the Proponent were underta en during field visits an d in separate meetings held in SPH office in Mal. The alternative designs were finalised throug h comprehensive consultations between the EIA consultants and the Proponent.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 44 6 Existing Environment 6. 1 Exi s t ing Coastal and Mar ine Envi ronment 6 . 1 .1 I sland Format ion and Geo log i c a l S et t ing Bolifushi is located on its own reef system on the northwestern rim of South Mal Atoll at about 7254 E, 4o6'N. It has an oval shaped reef with the island situated on the southeast ern corner of the reef system. The original island also had an oval shape which was later changed with several modifications in the process of protecting the shoreline. Encircled by the reef system there is a fairly large protected lagoon with approximate depth of 1.5-2m on average. The northeas t to southeastern corner of the island does not have a reef but sandy lagoon floor saturated with the deeper atoll lagoon. Comparisons of 1969 and recent aerial photos show that the island had gr own towards the east or has been reclaimed in part or whole. The evidence of sand deposition on the eastern reef flat (see aerial photo below ) is a strong evidence to prove that there has been and is growth towards the east. This also shows tha t sediment deposition occurs mainly from the west to the east and during the southwest mons oon and there is sediment redistribution during the northeast monsoon. This eeps the island beac hes in a dynamic equilibrium ma ing it necessary to provide coastal protection around the island. The island has also lost a large volume of sand through the permeable rubble-mound brea water on the northern side. Plate 6-1: Aerial photo, January 1999 showing the island system at the time
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 45 6 .2 Gener a l Meteorological con d i tions in t he Mal d ive s 6 . 2 .1 Cl i mat e and weathe r The Maldives has a warm and humid tropical climate. The weather is dominated by two monsoon periods: the South-West (SW) monsoon from May to November (rainy period) and the north-east (NE) monsoon from January to March (dry period), when winds blow predominantly f rom either of these two directions. The relative humidity ranges from 73% to 85%. Daily temperatures in the country vary very little throughout the year with a mean annual temperature of 28C. Annual average rainfall in Maldives is about 1900mm. There is a mar ed variation in rainfall across Maldives with an increasing trend towards south. The annual average rainfall in north is 1977mm and for south is 2470mm. The southwest monsoon is nown as the wet season with m onthly average rainfall ranging from 125-250mm. The northeast monsoon is nown as the d ry season with average monthly rainfall of 50-75mm. Rainfall records indicate an average annual rainfall of 2500mm. The intensity of rainfall is a concern in the Maldives since intensity is high with low frequency. However, excessive r ainfall is not a concern for Bolifushi since the island does not cup towards the middle but rathe r diverts the runoff towards the shore on all sides especially the western side. The island extension will consider this important feature and ensure appropriate drainage. 6 . 2 .2 Wind condi t ions Winds affect sedimentation process both during the formation and development of islands. Winds help regenerate waves that are wea ened by travelling over reefs and also cause locally generated waves over lagoons. Figure 6-1 shows the wind direction pattern for Mal Internati onal Airport from National Meteorological Centre. Winds from the north-east and the east-nort h-east are predominant during December to February. During March to April the direction var ies with the general direction being westerly. Strong winds are associated with the southwest monsoon season. Gales are uncommon, and cyclones very rare in the Maldives. The stormiest months are typically May, June and July. Storms and squalls producing wind gusts of 50-60 nots have been recorded at Mal.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 46 0 5 10 15 2 0 N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW Figure 6-1: Percentage of average wind direction for Mal (1980-2006) 6 . 2 .3 S ea l e v e l 6.2.3.1 Seasonal fluctuation Regional mean sea level is affected by a seasonal fluctuation of 0.2 m: .. increase of about 0.1 m from February to April, .. decrease of 0.1 m from September to November. 6 . 2 .4 T i d e l eve l s The tidal regime is semi-diurnal with diurnal inequalities (twice daily). That m eans 2 high tides and 2 low tides per day, with different heights. Typical spring and neap tidal range s are approximately 1.0 m and 0.3 m, respectively. Tidal levels given by the Admiralty Tables (2007) are presented in the following table. Table 6-1: Maldives tidal levels in mCD (Admiralty tide tables, 2007) Coordinates LAT MLLW MHLW MSL (ML) MLHW MHHW HAT Lat. (N) Long. (E) Islands 9 58' 76 16' -0.2 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.2 Ihavandhoo 6 57' 72 55' 0.3 0.6 0.68 0.9 1.0 Goidhoo 4 51' 72 55' 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 Girifushi 4 19' 73 55' 0.3 0.4 0.58 0.7 0.9 Mal 4 11' 73 31' 0.3 0.5 0.65 0.8 0.9 Vattaru 3 15' 73 24' - - 0.7 0.9 1.0 The above chart has the following definitions:
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 47 .. LAT: Lowest Astronomical Tide, MLLW: Mean Lower Low Water, MHLW: Mean Higher Low Water, MLHW: Mean Lower High Water, MHHW: Mean Higher High Water, HAT: Highest Astronomical Tide 6 . 2 .5 S torm s u r g e Storm surge may increase the water level due to: .. the effect of atmospheric pressure variations. A water level variation of 10 cm occurs with a pressure variation of 10 HPa, .. wind effects, especially in shallow water areas. 6 . 2 .6 Wav e s e tup In the wave brea ing zone, the water level is locally increased. As a first roug h assessment, an increase corresponding to 10% of the deep water wave height can usually be consi dered. 6 . 2 .7 S ea l e v e l r i s e Analysis of data from tide gauges measuring sea levels at Mal and Gan meteorologi cal stations shows that the Maldives coastal sea level is rising in the range between 3.9 (Ga n) and 4.1 (Mal) mm/year (Khan et al, 2002). According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its 4th rep ort (2007), the global sea level rose by 1.8 mm/year between 1961 and 2003 and 3.1 mm/year betwe en 1993 and 2003. The latest predictions for the global sea level rise in the next century, provid ed by IPCC (2007), are in the range between 0.18 m and 0.59 m depending on the scenario modelled. 6 . 2 .8 Cur r en t s 6.2.8.1 General currents Currents tend to be monsoonal in origin, generally setting W during the NE Monso on (January to March) and E during the SW monsoon (May to October). During the transition month s, the currents are variable. Ocean currents flowing through channels between the atolls are dri ven by the monsoon winds. Current speeds of 1 to 1.5 nots are reported in the Admiralty pi lot. However, the current in the E/W channels of the Maldives may attain 5 nots.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 48 6.2.8.2 Tidal currents Generally, the tidal currents are eastward in flood and westward in ebb. Current measurements have not been ta en at regular, meaningful intervals; however, current flow patt erns have been studied using the hydrodynamic module of MIKE 21. These are discussed in section 6.3.3. 6 . 2 .9 O f f s hor e wave condi t ions ( in d eep wat e r ) 6.2.9.1 General information The swells and wind waves experienced by the Maldives are conditioned by the pre vailing biannual monsoon and are typically strongest during April and July in the SW monsoon peri od. During this season, swells generated north of the equator with heights of 2-3m and periods o f 18-20 seconds have been reported in the region. However swells originating from cyclones and s torm events occurring well south of the equator may occur. Local wave periods are generally in the range 2 to 4 s and are easily distinguished from the swell waves. An analysis of the wave climate was performed by using the sea state database de veloped by CREOCEAN. The simulated sea state cover in the Indian ocean with a 3x3 resolution, every 3 hours in the time period 1993-2004. 6.2.9.2 Annual wave climate Figure 6-2 present the joint distributions of the wave parameters; correspond to wave conditions in deep water .. wave height (Hs) /Direction (Dir), wave height (Hs) /Pea period (Tp).
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 49 SIGNIFICANT WAVE HEIGHT/DIRECTION TABLE Hs(m) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Dirp() 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 345 0.001 0.412 0.087 0.50 15 0.001 0.185 0.164 0.007 0.36 45 0.006 0.881 1.946 0.877 0.217 0.001 3.93 75 0.019 0.742 0.652 0.120 0.016 1.55 105 0.006 0.580 0.415 0.030 0.001 1.03 135 0.123 9.493 10.196 6.507 2.316 0.351 0.014 29.00 165 0.088 3.794 5.836 4.833 3.593 0.773 0.057 18.97 195 0.070 10.371 14.201 7.810 3.913 0.914 0.080 37.36 225 0.023 0.366 1.001 1.047 0.359 0.044 0.020 2.86 255 0.047 0.510 1.330 0.995 0.304 0.073 0.024 3.28 285 0.013 0.138 0.321 0.157 0.061 0.69 315 0.355 0.098 0.013 0.47 345 0.31 26.90 34.61 22.85 12.26 2.76 0.27 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 .00 0.00 100.00 Annual wave climate (Globocean database from 1993 t Figure 6-2 : Maldive Islands o 2004) Figure 6-2 also presents the following information, the annual wave directional distribution, the distribution of wave heights (for all directions), the wave height exceedance fr equency (for all directions), while figure 4 presents the distribution and exceedance frequency o f the pea periods. The results of the analysis are the following: .. Prevailing wave directions in the annual wave climate are: .. SSE (N135 to N165), .. S (N165 to N 195), .. SSW (N195 to N225). .. 85% of the total number of sea states in the database are included in these p receding sectors. Maximum wave heights in these sectors are in the range 3.0 -3.5 m. .. Waves from the sector N15-N105 represent only 5.8% of the sea states. Maximum w ave heights in this sector are in the range 2.5 -3.0 m. .. Waves from the sector N225-N315 represent only 6.8% of the sea states. .. Maximum wave heights are in the range 3.5 to 4 m with an occurrence frequency of 0.04%. These waves come from the directional sector N225-N285. .. Wave heights greater than .. 2 m represent 15% of the annual sea states, .. 3 m only represent 0.3% of the annual sea states.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 50 Table 6-2: Significant wave height / Pea period table Hs(m) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Tp(s) 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 0 0.00 2 0.211 0.113 0.32 4 0.004 1.489 2.584 1.563 0.277 0.007 5.92 6 0.123 3.529 2.080 1.162 0.672 0.201 0.043 0.006 7.82 8 0.054 8.298 9.776 8.507 3.578 0.369 0.021 0.019 30.62 10 0.087 5.230 6.682 4.399 4.255 1.362 0.150 0.014 22.18 12 0.031 6.015 9.175 4.432 1.502 0.344 0.019 0.006 21.52 14 0.007 1.815 3.669 2.304 1.628 0.355 0.031 9.81 16 0.006 0.295 0.519 0.472 0.328 0.116 0.004 1.74 18 0.001 0.014 0.013 0.009 0.016 0.010 0.06 20 0.00 22 0.00 24 0.00 26 0.31 26.90 34.61 22.85 12.26 2.76 0.27 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 .00 0.00 100.0 .. Concerning the pea period parameter, about 75% of the sea states are in the range from 8 s to 14 s. .. Pea periods greater than 14 s are exceeded more than 10% of the time. Examin ation of the Hs/Tp tables per directional sector also shows that: .. 9.96% of waves with a pea period greater than 14 s come from the N195-N225 dir ectional sector, .. 1.64% of waves with a pea period greater than 14 s come from the N165-N195 dir ectional sector. These correspond to swells coming from the Austral seas. 6.2.9.3 Seasonal wave climate The next table presents the seasonal distribution of the wave statistics. These results are graphically presented in Table 6-3. The following periods were defined: .. December to March, corresponding to the NE Monsoon, .. April: transitional season No 1, .. May to October: SW monsoon, .. November: transitional season No 2. The results are presented for the same directional sectors as defined for the wi nd seasonal statistics.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 51 Table 6-3: Maldive Islands -Seasonal wind statistics (Globocean database from 19 93 to 2004) WAVE OCCURRENCE FREQUENCY PER DIRECTIONAL SECTORS (%) Season > NE Monsoon Transitional season 1 SW Monsoon Transitional season 2 Wave directional sectors Dec. to March April May to Oct. November S1 N15-N105 17.17 0.38 0.00 1.23 S2 N105-N225 79.69 96.23 87.92 93.96 S3 N225-N315 0.30 3.09 12.08 4.81 S4 N315-N15 2.84 0.30 0.00 0.00 The conclusions concerning the seasonal wave climate are the following: .. In all seasons (even during the monsoons), the prevailing wave directional se ctor is N105N225 and more specifically N135-N225 (the directional sector N105-N135 represents less than 2% of the sea-states in each season). The following can be observed: .. the effect of NE winds during the NE monsoon, when waves coming from the dire ctional sector N15-N105 represent 17.1% of the sea-states during this period, .. the effect of SW to NW winds during the SW monsoon, when waves coming from th e directional sector N225-N315 represent 12.1% of the sea-state during this period. .. The most severe wave conditions appear during the SW monsoon, when wave heigh ts greater than 2 m are the most frequent (30% of the sea-states during this season ). 6 . 2 .1 0 Extreme s e a s tat e con d it io n s i n deep wat e r 6.2.10.1 Assessment of extreme wave heights A first determination of the extreme wave conditions in deep water was performed by using the Pea Over Threshold (POT) method. The results are presented in Table 6-4. Pea p eriods and directional wave sectors are associated with the wave heights assessed for the g iven return period. Table 6-4: Extreme wave heights in deep water Return Period (year) Hs (m) 90% confidence interval (m) Tp (s) Directional sector (N) 1 3.2 3.1 3.3 8 to 15 180 200 and 240 280 10 3.8 3.5 4.3 8 to 13 240 - 280 20 3.9 3.6 4.5 8 to 13 240 - 280 50 4.1 3.7 4.7 8 to 13 240 - 280 100 4.2 3.8 4.9 8 to 13 240 - 280
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 52 It can be observed that the extreme wave heights appear to be associated with pe a periods between 8 and 13 s and appear to come from the N 240-N280 directional sector. The wave hei ght for the 100-year return period is estimated at 4.2 m. Examples of exceptional storm events 1987 The exceptional flooding of 1987 was due to high water levels which swept over t he Maldives, inundated much of Mal and other islands. Flooding appears to have resulted from l ong distance swell propagation due to a storm located west of Australia (Goda, 1987). High wa ves of about 2.5 m height with a period of about 15 s hit the coast in association with high spring tides and SW wind. May 2007 As a recent example of an exceptional storm event, the large swell waves that re ached the Republic of Maldives in May 2007 originated from two subsequent storms initiated south of South Africa, propagating across the Indian Ocean north-east, away from the storm area, causin g serious flooding in the exposed islands of the Republic of Maldives. A series of large swell wave s estimated at 3-4.5 metres swamped some 68 islands in 16 atolls. This event caused damage in Runion I sland as well. 6. 3 Coast a l Envi ronment o f Bol i fushi The island of Bolifushi has exceptionally beautiful beach around it, which is ma intained by providing shore protection structures namely brea waters and groynes. The shores of the island or the island itself has changed morphologically over time. Comparison of aerial ph otos and recent survey map shows that the island has changed in terms of size and shape. A numbe r of coastal modifications to protect the island beaches from erosion has ta en place in the not-too-distant past. The main jetty of the island, which was initially a completely solid structure, was later changed to a semi-solid structure, where the base of the jetty is solid, acting as a groyne a nd trapping sand in its lee and eroding on the other depending on the monsoon. The water villa jetty and the service jetty are also made in this way, thereby acting as groynes. In addition to these, ther e are 7 groynes around the island. The groyne structures help to maintain white sandy beaches an d are seen to be quite effective. This is because there is no strong on-shore wave action even du ring the rough southwest monsoon except on the northern side, where a brea water has been setup .
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 53 The brea water on the northern side is approximately 90m and helps gather sand i n its lee. The formation of a tombolo behind the brea water causes net loss of sand from the is land shore leading to complete smothering of corals in front of the brea water. However, the tombol o formed behind the brea water gives the island a unique character. Therefore, this character ne eds to be preserved too. Therefore, one of the suggestions during the detailed design stage would be to redesign this structure to minimize or stop net sand loss through the brea water without alter ing the character of the beach for which the structure is responsible. The new design would create a salient that does not touch the brea water structure forming a tombolo. 6 . 3 .1 Lagoon The island has clear lagoon around it. The lagoon on the eastern side is entirel y sand while the lagoon on the western side has dead coral and coral rubble. The lagoon has excel lent water quality with very low levels of turbidity. 6 . 3 .2 Bea ch es The beach around Bolifushi moves with the monsoon. During the northeast monsoon, the beach material on the eastern side moves towards the west. Accumulation in the water v illa area is a concern during this period. However, the net movement during northeast as well a s southwest is small due to the harboured nature of the location of the island. Beach is most s table in the southwest side where the effect of the waves and currents even during the southwest monsoo n is small. This is one of the reasons why the recommended alternative option has considered more be ach front area on the southwest side. 6 . 3 .3 S ed imen t T ranspo rt Sediment transport is dictated mainly by wind and waves. The modelling results s hown below are for the most dominant wind and wave direction, based on Table 6-3, at a bearing of about 135. This was also augmented by actual drogue measurements on a day when the wind was in s uch a direction. The results illustrate that during the southwest monsoon, there is a strong longshore current along the southwestern shoreline and a loose longshore current on the no rtheast and eastern side, which is in the lee of the island during this period. Therefore, net erosi onon the southwest deu to wave-induced longshore currents. The groynes on the southwest are therefore q uite effective in minimising erosion. During the northeast monsoon, the reverse occurs, however, t he impact is less due to calmer conditions prevailing in the northeast monsoon.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 54 BM 2 BM 1 K.BOLIFUSHI 0 10 25 50 100m 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 13 12 11 7 5 1 3 2 4 6 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 15 15 15
0.15m/s 0.18m/s 0.23m/s 0.1m/s 0.16m/s Site conditions on the day of the survey: Wind: 18-25 m/h Temp: 27 C o Figure 6-3: Wave and wind-induced currents during the SW monsoon (wind direction : 090-135) 6 . 3 .4 Bea ch Prof i l e s Beach profiles were ta en from four different locations around Bolifushi. The pu rpose of ta ing the beach profiles was to meet the requirements of the TOR. Since the proposed new c oastline would be very much different from the existing, it would be better to ta e the baseline u pon completion of the beach nourishment wor s as indicated in the Monitoring Programme. The existing p rofiles are shown in Figure 6-15.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 55 6.4 Mar ine Envi ronment Marine environment of Bolifushi consists of the shallow lagoon, reef flat and re ef slope. Quantitative marine environmental survey was conducted in 2 locations and qualitative surveys were underta en from 4 locations along the periphery of the reef as outlined in Figur e 6-4. Figure 6-4: Map of Bolifushi showing marine survey sites and potential impact ar eas 6 . 4 .1 Mar ine wat e r qual i ty The primary objective of the marine water quality sampling was to determine the baseline conditions of the marine water quality of the lagoon around Bolifushi. Qualitati ve and quantitative assessments were made on sea water. As the proposed new water bungalows are will be developed in the western lagoon, sampling was underta en in this area. For comparison, wat er quality was tested from another control point where development will not ta e place. Samples were ta en from 1 m below sea level using a clean bottle from the designated sites. The geograph ical coordinates were also recorded using a handheld GPS. The qualitative assessment indicates th at the sea water is clean and clear and free from any foul odour. To confirm this, water quality tes ts were done at the
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 56 National Health laboratory. The results indicate no pollution from any human act ivities nor any other source. Table 6-5: Results of the marine water quality tests underta en in May 2008 Parameters Sample 1 Sample 2 GPS coordinates 4 5'52.25"N 7323'55.04"E 4 5'42.17"N, 7324'8.70"E Suspended solids 2.9 mg/L 3.5 mg/L pH 7.5 7.6 Temp 28 C 27.0 COD (mg/L) 590 654 BOD (mg/L)* Salinity (ppt) 55 55 Turbidity (NTU) 0 0 Nitrates (mg/L) 0 0 Phosphates (mg/L) 0 0 * Test not available from National Health Laboratory All parameters identified in the TOR were tested except BOD. BOD levels could no t be tested at the Public Health Laboratory during the time of preparing this EIA report. A copy of the letter from the National Health Laboratory indicating this is attached as an annex. 6 . 4 .2 Abi o t i c envi r onment The marine environment of Bolifushi consisted of a very large coral reef system and a lagoon system, and the various habitats and processes within these systems which collec tively function as a small island system. Bolifushi island system is located on the western rim of so uth male atoll. The coral reef system of Bolifushi is oriented in an east to west direction. The isl and is formed on the eastern side of the lagoon. 6.4.2.1 Coral reef system The width of the reef system from the northern to south is 460m and the length o f the system from east to west is 1567m. The perimeter of the reef system was estimated to be appr oximately 3827m. The total reef area of the system including the reef-flat, reef slope and the la goon was estimated to be approximately 671,299m. The total area of the reef (reef slope and reef flat w as estimated as 158,460m2. The following figure shows proportions of the environmental attribute s of the island system in terms of area.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 57 Figure 6-5: Proportion of marine environmental attributes of the island system The coral reef system of Bolifushi can be considered very healthy with good perc entage of live coral cover and plenty of new coral growth at the surveyed locations. During the surve y, the LIT s were placed on the reef flat as it was not possible to underta e LIT on the slope due to greater depths. Hence, the results of the qualitative survey may have some errors. However, an e stimate has also been done for the reef slope at each surveyed site. The reef slope at the surveyed sites varied along different sections of the reef varying from steep slope to a gentle reef slope with very high live coral cover on the reef slope a nd also abundant fish population. There were also areas of the reef which has sandy slopes. The visibility at site 1 was roughly 20 meters at the time of the survey. The re ef flat and the reef slope on the southern side was observed to be more alive with higher percentage of live coral cover. Site 1 had more mature and large corals such as large Massive colonies where as the northern side was showing abundant new growth with some varieties of corals ranging from Acrop ora tabular, Acropora Digitate, blue coral, small coral massive heads and occasional colonies of Acropora Branching type corals. 6.4.2.2 Lagoon system The lagoon system has been considered as the area from the shore line up to the reef flat. Distinguishing the exact boundary of a reef flat is very difficult as there are no guidelines and criteria s developed for this. Hence, the surveys together with aerial photos were used to determine this. The total area of the lagoon was estimated as 322,636m. A large lagoon area is found on the
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 58 north-western side of the island. The bottom substrate of the lagoon consisted o f mainly fine sand and occasional patches of dead corals. The lagoon also contains isolated small p atches of live corals, which gradually increase in numbers towards the reef flat. The photo below illus trates the overall condition of the reef and lagoon as seen from above. Figure 6-6: Aerial photo of Bolifushi showing the various marine environments. 6 . 4 .3 B iot i c mar ine env i ronment The biotic marine environment of the system was assessed for the lagoon and cora l reef system, as this was the area that will have the greatest impact. In addition, the entire co ral reef system was also assessed qualitatively to provide baseline status from which monitoring will be done. The two major habitats within the reef system include the reef slope and the reef-flats having distinct biotic marine environments. The major habitat within the lagoon is the lagoon bottom. Q uantitative Marine surveys were underta en from three sites, two from the coral reef and one in the lagoon. The survey was designed to study the coral reef near the proposed new development an d also one location away from the development. 6.4.3.1 Coral reef system and amount of live corals Amount of different categories of live corals and other benthos in the reef slop e/reef edge was quantitatively estimated by LIT method complimented by photo-Quadrate (PQ) surve y described in the methodology section. Two representative sites of the reef were assessed usin g LIT and photoQuadrate method. Site 1 is the southern side and Site 2 is the north side and si te 3 is the lagoon. See Figure 6-4 for the locations of marine survey sites.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 59 The coral reef system of Bolifushi can be considered healthy as the percentage o f live coral coverage is generally good, especially the reef slope at site 1. The reef was observed to be covered with large mature corals and new emerging and young corals were observed indicating that th e reef is in a well mature state and the abundance of fish species indicates that the reef is v ery healthy, mainly the slope. Site 1: The following figure shows the results of the LIT survey at site 1. Figure 6-7: Percentage benthic cover and attributes of the reef at site 1 The LIT reef survey showed that the coral reef at site 1 had 7.5% live coral cov er. The survey showed that site 1 consisted of 4.7 % massive corals, 2.24 % digitate coral and 0.6% branching corals (Acropora Branching). This area is dominated by dead corals accounting for 49%, 10% coral rubble
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 60 and 31% sand. The transect was concentrated on the reef flat. A detail assessmen t of the condition of the reef slope will be discussed in the next section. Standard error for these e stimates is within 10%. An estimate of the percentage of live coral cover at the reef slope was also und erta en at this site. The following figure illustrates the results of the assessment. An estimated 42 percent live coral cover was estimated on the reef slope with a very high percentage of sand. It ha s to be noted here that the coral reef will vary greatly in their total live cover composition alon g different sections. Hence, the random selection of the location may lead to selection of an area wit h very high percentage coral cover whereas the actual coral cover may vary. This is the reas on why qualitative surveys were done, and that is to supplement the quantitative survey. Figure 6-8 Composition and attributes of the reef slope at site 1
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 61 Figure 6-9: Cross section of the reef slope at the 2 surveyed sites The above figure illustrates the cross section of the reef at the two surveyed l ocations. This illustrates that the two locations have different topography and composition. St ructural complexity was minimal in both sites. Site 2: The following figure shows the results of the LIT survey at site 2.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 62 Figure 6-10: Percentage benthic cover and attributes of the reef at site2 The LIT reef survey showed that the coral reef at site 2 had 5.2% live coral cov er consisting of corals mainly belonging to the Acropora group. The survey showed that site 2 consisted of 2 % massive corals, 2% digitate coral, 1.3% table corals and 0.3% coral branching. This area is dominated by dead corals accounting for 65%. Coral rubble and sand are also present. The transect was concentrated on the reef flat, slightly towards the lagoon side and hence the low percentage of live coral coverage. However, the PQ survey that was underta en towards the reef slope area at site 2 indicates that the actual percentage of live corals to be higher than the survey result. However, i t has to be noted that the survey is only an indication and in order to statistically provide a realist ic value, the transect was done slightly towards the lagoon side in order to assess the condition of th e reef flat towards the lagoon side. A detail assessment of the condition of the reef slope is outli ned in the next section. Standard error for these estimates is within 10%. The following figure shows the results of the survey at site 2 reef slope
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 63 Figure 6-11 Composition and attributes of the reef slope at site 2 6.4.3.2 Coral reef system and fish communities Types and number of fish population structure can be used as an indicator of tus of the marine environment. Increases grazers is generally a sign of increased nutrients in area thus decreased coral and other increased algae. The result of 10 minute swim for fish count the survey reveals that the abundance and diversity of fish is generally high at all the sites. er to Table 6-6 and Table 6-8 for details of the fish structure and results.
sta the on Ref
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 64 Table 6-6: Fish population structure Family Species name Scientific name Site 1 Site 2 Angelfishes (Pomacanthidae) Regal angel fish Pygoplites diacanthus R Batfishes (Ephippidae) Circular Batfish Platax Orbicularis - R Bigeyes (Priancanthidae) Bigeye Bream Monotaxis grandoculiz R Bigeyes (Priancanthidae) Cresent-tail big eye Priacanthus hamrur - R Butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) Blac pyramid butterflyfish Hemitaurichthys zos ter R Butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) Chevron butterflyfish Chaeton trifascialis - R Butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) Double saddled butterfly fish Chaeton falcula C R Butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) Schooling banner fish henochus acuminatus C Butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) Teardrop butterfly fish Chaeton unimaculatus C R Damselfishes (Pomacentridae) Blac axil Chromis Chromis atripectoralis C Damselfishes (Pomacentridae) Humbug Dascyllus Dascyllus aruanus C R Damselfishes (Pomacentridae) Sergent Major Abdudefdut vaigiensis C Damselfishes (Pomacentridae) Blue-green chromis Chromis viridis A C Emperors (Lethrinidae) Orange-stripped emperor lethrinus obsoletus R R Fusiliers (Caesionidae) Striped fusilier Pterocaesio trilineata C Lethrinidae (Emperors) Gold-striped emperor Gnathodentex aureolineatus C R Moorish idol (Zanclidae) Moorish Idol Zanclus cornutus C R Parrotfishes (Scaridae) Bicolor parrotfish Cetoscarus bicolor C C Parrotfishes (Scaridae) Bridled Parrotfish Scavus Frenatus C C Parrotfishes (Scaridae) Tricolour parrotfish Scarus tricolor R C Snappers (Lutjanidae) Blac and white snaper Macolor niger R Snappers (Lutjanidae) Kashmir Snapper Lutjanus Kasmira R R Squirrelfishes (Holocentridae) Sabre Squirrel fish Sargocentron spiniferum R Surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae) Convict surgeon fish Acanthurus triostegus C C Surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae) Eye-striped surgeonfish Acanthurus Nigricauda C C Surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae) Lined surgeon fish Acanthurus lineatus C C Surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae) Powder-blue surgeonfish Acanthurus leucosternon C C Surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae) Spotted unicorn fish Naso brevirostris C C Surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae) Vlamings Unicornfish Naso Vlamingii C C Sweetlips (Haemulidae) Oriental Sweetlips Plechtorhinchus vittatus R Triggerfishes (Balistidae) Titan triggerfish Balistoides Viridescens R R Wrasses (Labridae) Barred thic lip wrasse Hemigymnus fasciatus R R Wrasses (Labridae) Chec erboard Wrasse Halichoeres hortulanus C C R-Observed, but the numbers were rare; C-Observed and the numbers were more; A-O bserved in abundance. 6 . 4 .4 Qu a li t a t ive su r v ey r e sul t s 6.4.4.1 Baseline conditions of marine environment Refer Figure 6-4 for the qualitative survey locations. The surveys showed that the aesthetic status of the marine environment of the co ral reef around Bolifushi was average to very good. This is a value judgment based on relative m erits of the reef system as a whole and experience of qualitative long-term observations of simila r reef system. This
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 65 value judgment incorporated live coral cover, diversity of life forms, fish popu lation structure, reef structure and general appeal. This judgment is also subjective and subjected to factors such as visibility, availability of sunlight and tidal changes. These factors will influ ence how the reef is judged qualitatively. The reef and the lagoon system of Bolifushi were found to be structurally simple as is the case with many of the reef and lagoon systems in Maldives. The structural complexity of th e system was assessed based on various natural structures and attributes including overhangs, reef terraces, caves, depressions in the reef slope and various habitat types within the coral reef and the lagoon system. None of these features were attributed to this system during the survey. It has to be noted that the survey was limited to surface snor elling. Coral recruitment on the entire surveyed areas of the reef-flat and the reef slo pe was found to be high and the reef can be considered to be in a healthy state of growth. Fish pop ulations of the reef system was found to be diverse and abundant. Many species belonging to several f amilies were found. These mainly included surgeonfishes and parrotfishes, anthias, wrasses, c oral and plan ton feeding butterflyfishes, rabbitfishes, emperors, goatfishes and jac s. Overall t he diversity of fishes was high compared. Table 6-7: Various ecological and other characteristics of the marine environmen t of Bolifushi Survey Attribute Status Causes Management Options Coral reef aesthetics Average to good on the western side, poor on the eastern side due to lac of corals (sandy bottom) Natural Minimize anthropogenic disturbances such as sand pumping. Structural Complexity No caves, overhangs or reef terraces found Natural None Average live coral cover 10 to 15 % Coral bleaching in 1998 Minimize activities that stress reefs Coral recruitment Very few (5 recruits/m2) Natural Minimize any possible dredging activities, nutrient input Fish population structure Diverse and abundant Reef system recovering Minimize nutrient input and activities that stress reefs
Littering Not observed -
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 66 Table 6-8: Result of the fish count survey Family Species name Scientific name Site 1 Site 2 Angelfishes (Pomacanthidae) Regal angel fish Pygoplites diacanthus - R Batfishes (Ephippidae) Circular Batfish Platax Orbicularis R Bigeyes (Priancanthidae) Cresent-tail big eye Priacanthus hamrur R R Butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) Blac pyramid butterflyfish Hemitaurichthys zoster - Butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) Chevron butterflyfish Chaeton trifascialis A Butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) Double saddled butterfly fish Chaeton falcula - C Butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) Schooling banner fish Henochus acuminatus C Butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) Teardrop butterfly fish Chaeton unimaculatus C C Damselfishes (Pomacentridae) Blac axil Chromis Chromis atripectoralis - Damselfishes (Pomacentridae) Humbug Dascyllus Dascyllus aruanus C R Damselfishes (Pomacentridae) Sergent Major Abdudefdut vaigiensis - C Damselfishes (Pomacentridae) White-belly damselfish Amblyglyphidodon Leucogaster A C Fusiliers (Caesionidae) Striped fusilier Pterocaesio trilineata A A Lethrinidae (Emperors) Gold-striped emperor Gnathodentex aureolineatus C C Moorish idol (Zanclidae) Moorish Idol Zanclus cornutus C R Parrotfishes (Scaridae) Bicolor parrotfish Cetoscarus bicolor R C Parrotfishes (Scaridae) Bridled Parrotfish Scavus Frenatus R C Parrotfishes (Scaridae) Palenuse Parrotfish Scarus psittacus R Parrotfishes (Scaridae) Palenuse Parrotfish Scarus psittacus R C Rudderfishes (Kyphosidae) Highfin Rudderfish Khyphosus Cinerascens - Snappers (Lutjanidae) Blac and white snaper Macolor niger - Snappers (Lutjanidae) Kashmir Snapper Lutjanus Kasmira C Squirrelfishes (Holocentridae) Sabre Squirrel fish Sargocentron spiniferum - Surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae) Convict surgeon fish Acanthurus triostegus C C Surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae) Eye-striped surgeonfish Acanthurus Nigricauda A Surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae) Lined surgeon fish Acanthurus lineatus C C Surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae) Powder-blue surgeonfish Acanthurus leucosternon C R Surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae) Spotted unicorn fish Naso brevirostris C Surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae) Vlamings Unicornfish Naso Vlamingii R C Triggerfishes (Balistidae) Titan triggerfish Balistoides Viridescens - Wrasses (Labridae) Barred thic lip wrasse Hemigymnus fasciatus Wrasses (Labridae) Blunthead wrasse Thalassoma amblycephalum R Wrasses (Labridae) Chec erboard Wrasse Halichoeres hortulanus R -
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 67 6.4.4.2 Lagoon System The lagoon survey was concentrated on the wider north-west lagoon. In order to s tudy the lagoon, the survey was concentrated on the inside of the reef flat and concentrating on the areas where water villa construction would ta e place. These are the areas that is going to have the greatest impact. The western side lagoon contains mostly sandy bottom, but as can be seen from the aerial photo, the lagoon also contains patches of dead corals and isolated colonies of live corals. W N The eastern side lagoon is entirely sandy bottom without any corals. Figure 6-12: Features of the lagoon system The lagoon survey showed that lagoon bottom consisted of mainly fine sand with i solated patches of coral, mostly dead and colonies of live coral. The lagoon had a high percenta ge of sand and rubble which combined with elevated levels of turbidity (1 NTU) ma es the propos ed site very unfavourable for coral recruitment as coral spat need a hard substrate to settle and grow. Absence of live corals in this area is a good indication of the absence of suitable substra te in this area. In this area, 70 % were sand and 24% dead corals and rubble and the rest is isolated col onies of live corals. In-fauna of the lagoon bottom was not assessed; however lagoon bottom infauna su rveys and assessments conducted in similar environments showed that the lagoon bottom envi ronment consisted of mainly burrowing polychaete worms, copepods, amphipods, bivalves an d other crustaceans. The fish life in the lagoon is considered poor as no fishes were en countered during the
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 68 survey. However, fish were observed around colonies of live corals. There were a lso few fish species observed in the lagoon that were mostly close to the reef flat area. Grazers namely, Powder Blue surgeonfishes were observed at site 1. This images shows an area of dead corals Surgeonfishes grazing on dead corals and also a colony of live coral, Acropora Digitate (site 1) Abundant fish life in the reef slope at site 1. A large colony of coral massive on a sandy bottom Lined surgeon fishes were common in site 1 Parrot fishes were common in site 2 A colony of table corals and branching coral s at site 2 Figure 6-13: Photos from the surveyed sites
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 69 6 .5 Terrest r ial Environme n t The landscape of Bolifushi is not mature but not young and cannot be considered diverse. There are limited varieties of plant species. There are also no terrestrial landscapes of significance nor any threatened species of plants. Cocos nucifera, (coconut palms), Thespesia populnea (Hirundhu), Hibiscus tiliace us (Dhiggaa) and Kaani (Cordia subcordata) were the commonly found species amongst the mature vegetatio n. Some mature Casaurina equisetifolia (Fithuroanu), Guettarda speciosa (Uni) and Cordia subcor data (Kaani) were also found. Shrub level vegetation consisted mainly of Scaevola taccada (Magoo), Guettarda speciosa (Uni), Suriana maritime (Halaveli) and Tournefortia argentea (Boashi). Creepers such as Ipomoea biloba (Thanburu) and Wedelia calendulacea (Mirihi) are also common. Som e orientals li e Hibiscus, Kalhu allha, Kinbi, Frangipani and Farudhaabageecha were found in the middle areas. Farudhaabageechaa was quite common. A summary vegetation map is provided below. Ruh 2m Hirundhu 4m Hirundhu 4m Dhiggaa 4m Magoo & Ruh Cluster of Dhiggaa & Ruh Magoo& Boashi Uni 1.5m Dhigga 6m Magoo Cluster of Hirundhu Uni Cluster of Ruh & Dhiggaa cluster of Magoo & Dhigaa Boashi 2m Cluster of Funa Mixture of Magoo, Ruh and Uni Cluster of Uni Mixture of Ruh,Magoo & Dhiggaa Isolated coconut palms, Dhggaa and magoo Halaveli cluster Cluster of Fithroanu Mixture of Dhiggaa & Magoo
Cluster of Emboo Kashi eyo 2m A row of young coconut palms Figure 6-14: Main vegetation cover of the island There are few faunal species on the island and these include a handful of Maa an aa (Grey heron) and Kanbili (Maldivian Water Hen). An Asian Koel (Koveli) was also heard during the visit.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 70 6 . 5 .1 Groundwat e r Qual i ty Groundwater samples were ta en from the mid areas of the island in the staff are a. The results of the groundwater tests (both in-situ measurements and tests at the National Healt h Laboratory) are presented in Table 6-9. Table 6-9: Groundwater quality results Parameters Unit Result GPS coordinates 4 5'45.6"N 7324'05.47"E pH 7.9 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 1875 Electrical Conductivity uS/cm 3748 Temp oC 28 Turbidity NTU 1.2 Nitrates mg/l 20 Phosphates mg/l 0.75 Faecal coliforms MPN/100ml 0
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. Live coral cover is very good, approx 42%. Mostly table corals. Fish life also very good. Live coral cover is very good, approx 25%. Mostly table corals. Fish life also good, but poor than site 1.. Sandy bottom/no reef Tombolo formed in this area due to brea water Emerged brea water Sand filters through brea water to settle on reef slope Large volume of sand accretion on this side during NE monsoon, remains trapped in SW monsoon These long groynes do not serve a purpose The natural brea er here is quite effective in minimizing wave action in the lagoon Lagoon with dead coral rubble and mainly sand (1.8-2.5m deep) This lagoon area is mainly sandy Spotless lagoon (0.7 to 1.5m depth) Spotless lagoon (0.5-0.7m depth) Sand is retained in this area Figure 6-15: Illustrated summary of the existing conditions of Bolifushi Environ ment 71
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 72 7 Environmental Impacts and Mitigation measures 7.1 Int roduct ion This section will loo at the impacts of the proposed project on the terrestrial , marine and coastal environment of Bolifushi. Furthermore, measures to mitigate impacts would be sug gested so that overall environmental improvements and damage could be minimized. Impact before and after mitigation are summarised. The impacts have been identified for both the constru ction and operational stage. Analysis of environmental issues within the lifecycle of the project identifies the major issues and concerns that are li ely to evolve over the life of a project. For the proposed project, these issues include location and design, construction and life span of different project com ponents and their impacts on the environment and that of the environment of the components. As suc h, the proposed project would impact upon the following resources or elements of the environment . Live coral reef surrounding Bolifushi island Lagoon (seabed), beaches and beach quality Marine water quality Soil and groundwater Terrestrial flora and fauna Impacts on the project components from the environment are also considered. Impa cts on the environment from the proposed redevelopment have been predicted through analysis of the proposed project, discussions with the project proponent, field surveys, observa tions and assessment as well as based on field experience of similar wor s in the country. Data collected from field wor were analyzed to predict the extent and significance of the impacts t hat may arise from the proposed project activities. 7 .2 Uncer t a i n t ies i n Impac t s I de n ti f icat ion Environmental impact prediction involves a certain degree of uncertainty as the natural and anthropogenic impacts can vary from place to place due to even slight difference s in ecological, geomorphological or social conditions in a particular place. There is also limit ed data and information regarding the particular site under consideration, which ma es it di fficult to predict impacts.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 73 However, the level of uncertainty, in the case of Bolifushi is expected to be lo w as many similar projects have been underta en elsewhere in the Maldives. In the marine environme nt, there is slightly elevated degree of uncertainty as the marine environment is more sensit ive in extreme cases such as severe weather conditions. Water villas have already been developed on t he island and therefore, the impact of constructing additional water villas can be fairly accu rately predicted. However, the new development is quite large and covers a wider area and hence, t he impacts on the marine environment is going to be more. But again, such developments have been u nderta en in other parts of the Maldives and their impacts are well nown and have been well documented. Therefore, there is very little uncertainty involved in this project with regard to the construction of water villas. Therefore, there is a high degree of accuracy in prediction of the impacts. 7 .3 Impac t I de n ti f icat ion Since the project components are specific to the coastal zone of the resort, the project would have impacts on the coastal and marine environment. These impacts are either short te rm reversible or long term irreversible damage or alteration to the marine environment. The impac ts identified here will be according its location and magnitude. The intensity or severity of the i mpacts is further grouped into negligible, minor, moderate and major. This will help in identifyin g and carrying out remedial and mitigation measures. A description of the impact categories are pre sented below. .. Negligible: no significant impact on environment .. Minor: the impact is short term and cause little impact on the environment wh ich may be reversible on the long run. .. Moderate: Impacts significant, may cause long term environmental concerns but are li ely short term, acceptable and justifiable .. Major: long term impact, large scale environmental alterations 7.4 Wat e r V i l las 7 . 4 .1 Impac t s The proposed construction of water villas and jetties would impact the coral ree f directly if the project were to proceed as indicated in the original concept approved by the Min istry of Tourism. However, it shall be noted that the original concept did not ta e such details i nto consideration. In fact, the proposed water villas are not expected to affect the reef directly as none of the structures would be placed directly on the reef flat. Dead reef flat areas, however, may be in the way of the water villas. Yet, direct impacts would not occur.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 74 The construction of water villas may have indirect negative impacts on the reef. These will be spreading of sediment fines on the coral reef during the construction stage when the footings of the jetty and overwater structures will be placed, thus creating sedimentation. This indirect impact will be felt on an estimated 54% of the coral reef system. The duration of the impact will be very shortterm and expected to be limited to months. Direct impact on lagoon will be disturbance to the lagoon bottom in laying the f ootings of the overwater structures. This direct impact will be felt on an estimated 17% of the lagoon. I ndirect impact on the lagoon will be spreading of low level of sediment in the lagoon water col umn. This impact will be felt on an estimated 70% of the lagoon. Estimated error of these predict ions is 10%.Without appropriate mitigation measures, i.e. if the footings and piles/columns were pla ced by excavation, the impact significance of water villa development may be considered moderate. 7 . 4 .2 M i t i g at ion Measur e s The main mitigation measure proposed for the water villas is the use of prefabri cated columns/piles and foundations. No in-situ (excavation) wor s will be carried out. Such practic es will minimize the negative impacts identified above by over 90%. Other general good environmental practices such as wor supervision and appropriate timing of wor s would be employed. With these m itigation measures in place, the impact potential from water villa development would be co nsidered minor. 7. 5 Spa Complex and Other Coastal S t ructur e s In addition to the water villas, there are a few structures that fall in the coa stal or marine environment, which would have impacts similar to those explained above for water villas as well as additional impacts on the shoreline. These structures are: .. Spa Complex including treatment rooms and Fitness Center .. Main Restaurant .. Swimming Pool attached to the Hub The spa treatment rooms are located on the reef flat area on the north side. The spa rooms do not directly fall onto live corals here. Therefore, there will not be any direct imp act on corals as no structures would be built on live corals or no live corals would be moved. Furth ermore, excavator will not move on the reef flat area with corals but on the extended island area. Since the spa treatment rooms are close to the shoreline, there may be some sand accretion at the base of the jetty as the shore connects with the first few beams or footings, wh ich would act as
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 75 nearshore brea waters forming a salient which would result in a tombolo at the l ee of the beam structure. This may be a desirable impact for the management. If this were to be avoided, the preferred alternative provides a more suitable location for the water villas, in which this is not expected to occur. The Spa Reception and Fitness Center will be located on the foreshore. Although the structure would be on piles/columns, there would be the effect of the columns on the longs hore sediment transport. Since the structures are shore connected, there will be some degree o f disruption of natural sediment transport patterns at the base of the jetties. This impact woul d be greater in the proposed area due to the dynamic nature of the area. However, since longshore pr ocesses and the natural dynamic equilibrium would have been affected by the entire development p roposed and a new equilibrium achieved, the proposed structures are not expected to affect lon gshore transport dramatcially. The impact will be considered minor negative or positive given tha t there may be some accretion below the structures, which may be desirable from a management pe rspective. The construction of proposed restaurant s over-water dec standing on piles would have a lesser degree of impact on the longshore transport and littoral regime of the island si nce this area already has a tombolo formed in the wa e of the existing brea water here. Therefore, thi s activity may also be considered to have a low impact on the sediment distribution around the north ern coastline. The construction of the Swimming Pool ta es place on the northwestern end at the foreshore between the vegetation line and low tide line. Therefore, this structure is expe cted to have some degree of influence on the longshore sediment transport patterns. Of the structu res on the shoreline, this structure will have the greatest impact on the shoreline and it may be nece ssary to consider redesigning the structure to match with the shoreline such that erosion on the d own drift side will be minimized. The impact of this structure on the shoreline is considered to be moderate adverse. 7 . 5 .1 M i t i g at ion Measur e s The main mitigation measure proposed for the structures in the water and foresho re area is the use of prefabricated columns/piles and foundations. No in-situ (excavation) wor s sh all be carried out. Other general good environmental practices such as wor supervision and appropri ate timing of wor s shall be employed. For the swimming pool, a redesign with a circular shape to align with the beach contours would be necessary. With these mitigation measures in place, the impact potential for all these structures can be considered minor or negligible.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 76 7.6 Underwa ter Theme 7 . 6 .1 Impac t s The underwater theme area shown on the northwest end of the extended island will be a unique mar eting tool for the new Bolifushi resort. The main impact of the structure wo uld be the changes to hydrodynamics around the island, especially the northern end. The structure w ill act as a submerged terminal groyne reaching closer to the reef edge. Therefore, the impac t on longshore currents and sediment transport regime would be considerable. It may cause exten sive erosion and accretion on its lee, especially severe erosion on the new northeastern beaches during the northeast monsoon. The impact of the structure on the reef also would be quite considerable if it w ere a solid structure throughout, i.e. from the beach to the reef. A solid structure would cause sedim ent/sand to move around the structure and get deposited on the reef slope and edge in the same wa y as the existing brea water behind the existing restaurant. This will cause extensive erosion of the extended island as well as extensive smothering of corals. 7 . 6 .2 M i t i g at ion Measur e s It is expected that the proposed structure will be on concrete piles allowing se diment flow beneath the structure. Therefore, the impacts identified above would be greatly minimize d. It is also best to redesign the structure to ensure that the shore-parallel section is not elongate d. A shape similar to that shown below would be more suitable. Spa Rooms Underwater theme Day Rooms Kids Play Area Swimming Pool Hub Spa Reception and Sports Center
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 77 In order to minimize the overall effect of the submerged structure on the net lo ngshore sediment transport around the main island, it is also best to separate the entertainment hub with the underwater theme from the main island. Therefore, adopting the preferred alterna tive given in Section 3.2.3 would be worthwhile. 7 .7 Island Extensi on 7 . 7 .1 Impac t s The main environmental impacts of the proposed island extension would be sedimen tation. Without the proposed mitigation measures, namely use of sediment screens around the proposed sand pumping location and creation of geotextile bund around the island area tha t would be extended, significant impacts on the marine environment are expected to arise fr om the proposed sand pumping and island extension activity as a result of sedimentation or incre ase in local turbidity levels. The impact significance of this activity without mitigation me asures would be classified as moderate. There would be moderate levels of sediment movement and settling on the western reef flat, slope and possibly reef edge. These levels would be less comp ared to several other projects such as harbour development projects in inhabited islands, where excava tors are used and sedimentation levels are higher. The use of sand pumps has considerably low leve ls of siltation compared to excavation or dredging. In fact, sand pumps are used in several reso rts for regular beach maintenance activities. 7 . 7 .2 M i t i g at ion Measur e s The main mitigation measures proposed for the proposed project are: 1. Sand pumps of adequate size (preferably 10-inch and 4-inch) shall be used. 2. Sand that will be pumped for the additional beach nourishment for the forebea ch in front of the geotextile tube and soil cover above the tube will be pumped into the bunded area from the same borrow area identified but using a smaller (4-inch) pump. This is to en sure finer sand minimising the need for sieving. The Consultants as well as the proponent h ave experience of this from other projects, especially Halaveli island extension pro ject. The finer sand will then be manually placed using dump truc s, hand carts and other manual tools and methods.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 78 3. Enclosing the proposed borrow/pumping area with sediment curtains, ensuring m inimal sedimentation out of the borrow area. Plate 7-1: Sediment curtains are quite effective is trapping silt or sediments 4. Enclosing the fill area with geotextile tubes ma ing sure that the structure is about 0.2m above high tide. Plate 7-2: Geotextile tubes help to contain pumped sand and protect from erosion The proposed mitigation measures will ensure minimal sedimentation out of the pu mping and filling areas. With the proposed mitigation measures in place, the impact signif icance would be considerably low. Comparing the proposed project with similar projects such as H alaveli (Ari Atoll) and Olhuveli (Kaafu Atoll) projects, in which the same environmental consultants have been involved, the proposed project in Bolifushi would have considerably low environm ental impact because the proposed mitigation measures are over 80% more effective that in the other projects. This is a result of increasing nowledge and experience gained by the environmen tal consultants in this area of consultancy. Sediment curtains may be used if turbidity levels at the periphery of the propos ed borrow area reaches above 10NTU during sand pumping. Therefore, turbidity must be regularly monitored.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 79 7 .8 Jett ies and Access 7 . 8 .1 Impac t s As has been described in Section 2.4.5, the island jetties will be constructed o n concrete piles (precast) thereby allowing free flow of coastal waters and sediments. These stru ctures will have very low impact on sand and sediment transport around the island. The proposed brea water for safe harbourage or safe access will be placed on the sandy bottom at the proposed Service Jetty area. Unli e harbours, the proposed Safe Access Area would be designed in such a way that its impact on sediment transport is minimized and no dead zon es resulting in poor water quality would be formed. There are no additional impacts other than t hat of the service jetty such as fuel handling and waste management, which are not considered to be significant given that there are no such issues at present. Owing to the reasons described above, the Safe Access Area would not offer the s ame level of protection as a harbour. Yet, guests would be able to safely disembar or embar during rough weather, which is one of the main reasons for creating the mooring area. Hence, additional mooring may have to be provided for some of the vessels in the lee of the island. Deepening is not required for entrance channel into the Safe Access Area, theref ore, no impacts related to entrance channel creation. Also, the entrance channel directly leads vessels into the Service Jetty or Safe Access Area, thereby, ma ing it easier to manoeuvre within the entrance channel even during night and minimizing accidents or incidents. An important impact during offloading of roc boulders that has been observed is the fine dusty sand that comes with the boulders. This dar humus sand is purposely ept on bar ges to minimize slipping of the boulders. However, when boulders are offloaded using excavator, the excavator arm ta es this humus material with the boulders and dumps it into the marine environ ment. This degrades the quality of the sand in the area and water quality too, especially i f it is an enclosed harbour. In some harbours, this has been seen to remain for months due to low ra te of flushing. This is one of the reasons why geotextile containers are better suited than roc boul ders.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 80 7 . 8 .2 M i t i g at ion Measur e s The following mitigation measures may be considered. .. Dredging of the safe access area shall be to the minimum possible depth (2.5 or 3m) and the shoreward end should be profiled according to beach contours. .. A minimum distance of 10m shall be left between the shoreline of the island a nd the dredged area. .. The top of the smaller barge used for placing boulders in the proposed brea w ater area will be covered with white coralline sand to minimize humus soil from the large barge getting into the water column. .. Current good practices in operational management of the service area such as fuel and waste handling must continue and be improved. 7 .9 Groyne f ie l d 7 . 9 .1 Impac t s Groynes are coastal structures built approximately normal to the shoreline. Thei r purpose is to trap sand and thereby increase the width of the beach. For groynes to be effective, t here must be a supply of sand from either longshore transport or from beach nourishment. In a longshor e transport situation, sand is trapped on the updrift side of the groyne. As the groyne emba yment fills, the alignment of the shoreline changes to become more normal to the wave direction. During this filling process, there is a consequent reduction in sand supply downdrift of the groyne. This results in shoreline erosion at downdrift locations. trapping sand in the lee of the groyne (USACE 19 Figure 7-1: Function of groynes 95)
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 81 Groynes are useful in maintaining sand in a particular area. However, as describ ed above, the sand accumulates in the lee of the groyne and the windward or driftward side of the g royne gets eroded. Therefore, this may become an eye-sore in case of exposure due to erosion. Also, groynes do not significantly affect onshore/offshore movement during storms and are therefore n ot usually effective as a means of managing short term erosion. However, in Bolifushi, ther e is a net longshore component, as a result of which groynes has and would be useful in Bolifushi, es pecially on the western shoreline. The main impact of groynes is an improved shoreline. However, if they are not pr operly designed and located, they may not be more than an eyesore to the tourists. The aesthetic impact of groynes needs to be considered when designing groyne fields. Short and closeby or long a nd distant groynes shall have to be determined to overcome the aesthetic impact. 7 . 9 .2 M i t i g at ion Measur e s In order to mitigate the visual impacts of groynes, they may be constructed low and using appropriate material that suits the natural beach conditions. Use of geotextile bags or tubes or vegetated groynes may reduce the aesthetic impact. Where groynes are used, it is essential that their effect on the downdrift coast line and the consequences of a changed shoreline alignment be closely examined. Downdrift ero sion can be reduced by artificially filling the groyne embayment under a beach nourishment p rogram. This minimises disruption to the longshore transport process as the embayment fills. Groyne fields must also be designed in such a way that the number and length of groynes are ept to a minimum so as to reduce visual impacts. Groyne fields have greater visual i mpacts than submerged brea waters. Therefore, submerged groynes or submerging the seaward en d of the groyne may be considered. For the selection of construction materials, there are a number of alternatives to the predominant use of coral rubble or coral detached from the housereefs. The option that is co nsidered most suitable for Bolifushi is geotextile bags. It may also be possible to use geotex tile tubes instead. The use of geotextile groynes can be an advantage since they can also be easily vege tated, thereby minimizing visual impact.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 82 Plate 7-3: Geotextile bags provide a durable and more aesthetic structure for a groyne field 7 .10 Mo b il i z a ti o n 7 . 1 0 . 1 Impac t s One of the main impacts of site mobilisation would be storage of materials such as river sand, gravel, stones and pipes/columns. In some construction sites, it has been observ ed that shall be ept on the foreshore areas as it would disrupt natural sand movement patterns Plate 7-4: GI pipes ept on the foreshore of an island contribute to shoreline m anagement problems The transport and supply of construction material and machinery to the project s ite is not expected to have significant negative impact on the marine environment since all material s and machinery will be brought on to the island from the reefless eastern end of the island. The barge on which boulders will be imported would be ept on site at a distance from the reef and boulders will be placed using excavator and smaller barge. Boulders would not be offloaded to sit e. This method was considered because the impact of offloading the boulders in a particular area wo uld be greater, as there may be disruption to sediment transport patterns if the material were to b e ept on shore for a
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 83 long time. Also, the dar humus sand is purposely ept on barges to minimize sli pping of the boulders may degrade the quality of the sand in the area and water quality of th e nearshore environment. Hence, placing boulders on the shore is not encouraged. 7 . 1 0 . 2 M i t i g at ion Measur e s The following mitigation measures shall be considered during mobilisation. 1. Construction material should be ept in designated sites and properly stored (if storage is required). No material, including roc boulders and GI pipes or columns, shall b e ept on the foreshore areas as it would disrupt natural sand movement patterns. 2. Any ris of barge or excavator toppling due to waves or strong wind shall be minimized by safely securing the barge to the seabed using adequate anchors. 7.11 Mat e r i a l handl i ng 7 . 1 1 . 1 Impac t s Materials such as fuel for excavators, barges and truc s have the potential to d amage to the marine environment. Since fuelling is required for the machinery and fuel will be obtai ned from the island in barrels, spillage would be a possibility. Therefore, appropriate care has to be ta en in handling fuel. 7 . 1 1 . 2 M i t i g at ion Measur e s Following mitigation measures shall be respected. 1. Fuel will be handled with care at all times 2. No waste fuel will be disposed into the marine environment 3. Fuel handling area will be ept free from spills and every effort must be mad e to minimize spills.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 84 7 .12 Waste Managemen t 7 . 1 2 . 1 Impac t s During construction phase, similar levels of general waste as the existing Bolif ushi resort will be generated. In addition, a considerable amount of constructional waste including demolition waste would be generated. Constructional waste (including general and food waste) woul d be a source of contamination if they are not properly managed and disposed off. Waste can give rise to various environmental problems such as insect and rodent (vector) problems and related i ll-health. It is mainly during the construction stage that waste management in a resort setting c an be carelessly managed leading to deterioration of environmental quality and future vector cont rol and management problems. 7 . 1 2 . 2 M i t i g at ion Measur e s During construction, the existing waste management system on Bolifushi will be u tilized. In addition, under contractual obligations, contractors would be required to dispos e off construction debris and demolition waste to Thilafushi on a regular basis. Therefore, the imp act of constructional waste would be of minor significance. In preparation for the operational phase, the existing solid waste management se tup will be improved by providing extra facilities. The management side of waste management would also be improved and function more efficiently with the new management and upgraded serv ices. Therefore, the footprint of waste generated on renovated Bolifushi on the enviro nment would be minimized. 7. 1 3 Sewage and Wastewa t e r 7 . 1 3 . 1 Impac t s During the construction stage, there will be a considerable wor force on the isl and. Sewage and wastewater would be of concern and all preparations would have to be made prior to site mobilisation. The existing sewerage system in Bolifushi would undergo redevelopm ent. Existing septic tan s and manholes would be removed. Therefore, additional sewage disposa l infrastructure needs to be put in place to ensure that wor ers would not use the beach areas fo r defaecation/urination, which would result in increased nutrients in the coastal waters causing algal
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 85 formation and water quality deterioration. One thing that is observed in resort renovation projects is the use of short piped systems from temporary shelters disposing sewage into the nearshore or lagoon. However, this is not common, yet needs caution. The main impact of a sewerage system during the operational phase would be smell during the early stages of the sewage treatment plant. Also, the location of the outfall is an important factor. Since sewage is required to be treated, according to the Tourism Regulations, ef fluent disposal via sea outfalls is not a concern at present. Use of treated effluent for gardening and landscaping as well as toilet flushing is also acceptable. However, there can be smell in toilets if treated effluent was to be used, especially during the initial stages. This would not cause health probl ems but discomfort to tourists. 7 . 1 3 . 2 M i t i g at ion Measur e s Since the existing sewerage system on Bolifushi would be used during part of the constructional phase, no further mitigation measures would be necessary for mobilisation. Howev er, additional temporary facilities shall be provided as wor progresses and parts of the exist ing sewerage system would be replaced. For the operational phase, it is important to install the sewage treatment plant during the later stages of construction and bring it to operation to minimize smell by the time o perations begin. 7. 1 4 Signi f icance o f t h e Impact s The significance of the negative impacts of proposed redevelopment activities in Bolifushi is considered low given that the mitigation measures proposed are quite effective a nd that the overall objective of the project involves socio-economic benefits, both direct and secon dary. The most significant negative impacts would be siltation from island extension and beach replenishment activities. The most significant positive impacts of the development would be in creased revenue (both for the operator as well as the national economy). The project improves th e quality of service and infrastructure as well as coastal aesthetics of the resort in terms of impro ved beaches while the resort would lose an important attribute or character, namely the vast expanse o f lagoon on the western side. The positive socio-economic and environmental impacts of the proje ct ma e the few negative impacts insignificant given that the proposed, effective mitigation mea sures are ta en. Direct geographic range of negative impacts will be the immediate proposed pump location, water villas, beach nourishment areas and indirect impacts will be felt on an area of about 50m radius
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 86 from the proposed borrow and fill areas due spreading of fine sediment. Duration of the impact would be short-term for the negative impacts whereas the expected positive outco me of the project would be long term. Estimated error of these predictions may vary due to uncerta in weather conditions. However, the error is expected to be small. In summary, the negative impacts as well as the positive impacts of the project are quite significant. The significance of the negative impacts would be considered major to moderate i f no mitigation measures were in place. However, with the proposed mitigation measures the signi ficance of the negative impacts of the project activities would be considered minor to negligib le. This is summarised in Table 7-1.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 87 Table 7-1: Summary of negative impacts of proposed Bolifushi redevelopment Activity Negative Impacts Geographic Extent Type of impact Duration Reversibilit y Significance Island extension (fill) Smothering of bottom biota Loss of lagoon area 56,500m2 Direct Short term Irreversible Major Sedimentation on the reef flat Re-suspension of fine sediments 132,000m2 Indirect Short to Medium term Irreversible Moderate Island extension (borrow) Sedimentation Poor water quality 41500m2 Direct Short term Irreversible Major Altered bathymetry 41500m2 Direct Long term Irreversible Major Sediment deposition on reef 31000m2 Indirect Long term Irreversible Major Safe Access at Service Jetty - Some excavation - Brea water Brea water partially bloc s the view from SE corner of the island 40m of brea water Direct Long term Reversible Minor Altered bathymetry 600-800m2 Direct Long term Reversible Minor Poor water quality/siltation 1000-1500m2 Direct Short term Reversible Minor Construction of piled jetties Affects sediment transport Small Direct Long term Irreversible Minor Construction of piles and columns for water villas Sedimentation 45,000m2 Direct Long term Reversible Minor Affects sediment transport Western end Indirect Long term Irreversible Minor Proposed underwater theme Affects sediment transport Northwest end Direct Long t erm Irreversible Moderate Affects live corals North central of reef Direct Short term Irreversible Moderat e Swimming Pool Affects sediment transport Northwest end Direct Long term Irrevers ible Moderate Possible beach erosion down drift and accretion updrift Northside and northwest end Direct Long term Irreversible Moderate Groynes Possible beach erosion down drift and accretion updrift At the groynes Direct Long term Reversible Moderate Aesthetically unpleasant At the groynes Direct Long term Reversible Moderate Site mobilization Impacts of wor force Entire wor area Direct Short term Revers ible Moderate Impacts of machinery (noise, etc) Wor site only Direct Short term Reversible Mod erate Lighting for wor ing at night Velassaru and vessels passing by Indirect Short term Reversible Minor Impact on existing infrastructure Bolifushi only Direct Short term Reversible Mo derate Fuel consumption (construction & operations)
Global warming and climate change Global Indirect Long term Irreversible Moderat e Spillage into environment Bolifushi Direct Long term Irreversible Moderate Desalination and sewerage Contribution to climate change Global Indirect Long te rm Irreversible Minor Impacts of sewage and brine Bolifushi Direct Long term Irreversible Minor Solid waste Accumulation in the environment Bolifushi Direct Long term Irreversi ble Moderate
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 88 Table 7-2: Summary of positive impacts of proposed Bolifushi redevelopment Activity Positive Impacts Beneficiaries/Geographic Extent Type of impact Island extension Improved facilities (the hub) Tourists, staff Cumulative Increased revenue Operator, Government Cumulative Safe Access at Service Jetty Safe access Tourists, staff Cumulative Mooring at jetty Vessel operators Cumulative Improved service .. customer satisfaction Tourists Direct Construction of piled structures Allows good circulation and minimal disturbance to sediment regime Shoreline of Bolifushi Indirect Better aesthetically .. tourist satisfaction Tourists/operator/tourism industry Indirect Proposed underwater theme Product diversification .. tourist satisfaction Touris ts/operator/tourism industry Direct Generates revenue Operator/tourism industry Direct Swimming Pool Product diversification .. tourist satisfaction Tourists/operator/ tourism industry Direct Generates revenue Operator/tourism industry Direct Groynes proposed geotextile Helps maintain replenished beach Shoreline of Bolifu shi Direct Better aesthetically than roc /rubble Tourists/operator/tourism industry Direct Fuel efficient technology, possible deep sea cooling and energy conservation Contributes to carbon neutral tourism Maldives tourism industry Indirect Minimizes fuel use .. increased profits Environment/operator/industry Direct Increased profits Operator Direct Desalination and sewerage Preserve and protect groundwater aquifer Groundwater l ens of Bolifushi Direct Sewage treatment minimizes impact on environment Groundwater lens and marine environment of Bolifushi Direct Solid waste management Protects the environment (appropriate incineration reduces carcinogens in the environment, appropriate disposal helps minimize vectors, etc) Maldives environment in general Cumulative benefits
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 89 Table 7-3: Mitigation measures for negative impacts and impact significance afte r mitigation measures Activity Negative Impacts Mitigation Measures Cost of Mitigation (US$) Impact Significance before mitigation Impact Significance after mitigation Island extension (fill) Smothering of bottom biota Loss of lagoon area Install a geotextile bund around the periphery of the fill area 500,000 Major Minor Sedimentation on the reef flat Re-suspension of fine sediments Moderate Negligible Island extension (borrow) Sedimentation Poor water quality Provide turbidity screen (silt screen) around the periphery of borrow area 150,000 Major Minor Altered bathymetry The above applies Same as above Major Minor Sediment deposition on reef The above applies Same as above Major Negligible Safe Access at Service Jetty - Some excavation - Brea water Brea water partially bloc s the view from SE corner of the island Altered bathymetry & poor water quality No special mitigation measures required due to low impact. General procedural mitigation measures will be followed - Minor N/A Proposed underwater theme Affects sediment transport Affects live corals Piled structure allowing free flow beneath the structure No additional cost Moderate Minor Affects live corals Live corals would be transplanted Same as above Moderate Min or Swimming Pool Affects sediment transport Possible beach erosion down drift and accretion updrift Redesign to a shape closer to beach contour No additional cost Moderate Minor Groynes Possible beach erosion down drift and accretion updrift
Design after carefully studying site conditions during construction phase No additional cost Moderate Minor Aesthetically unpleasant Use white geotextile structures Moderate Minor Site mobilization Impacts of wor force Appropriate supervision No additional cost Moderate Minor Impacts of machinery (noise, etc) Env conservation signs Moderate Minor Lighting for wor ing at night Avoid wor ing at night Minor Negligible Impact on existing infrastructure Provide additional services Moderate Minor Fuel consumption (construction & operations) Global warming and climate change Energy conservation measures Renewable energy (deep sea cooling, solar water heating, etc) 500,000+ Moderate Minor Spillage into environment Bunding for fuel tan s 20,000 Moderate Minor Desalination and sewerage Contribution to climate change No special measures for RO plants - Moderate N/A Impacts of sewage and brine Sewage treatment plants 60,000+ Moderate Minor Solid waste Accumulation in the environment Incinerator, compactor, crusher and other waste management technologies 90,000+ Moderate Minor
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 90 8 Sta eholder Consultations This project involves various sta eholders at different levels. From the initial project planning stage, sta eholder consultations have ta en place at various levels. For this EIA, sta eholder consultations were underta en with the Proponent, project engineer and the staff of Bolifushi, especially dive school and general management. During the consultations with the Proponent, thei r plans and expectations were ta en into consideration in proposing alternative concepts for the project. Alternative concepts were also based on discussions with and concepts provided b y designers/engineers at Te ton Design. Discussions with Fisheries, Environment an d Planning Ministries have also revealed important information. No specific consultations h ave been made with the Tourism Ministry, however, the Ministry has been involved in the approval of the original concept (based on which this EIA has been prepared) and scoping meeting for the EIA. 8 .1 The Proponen t Gateway Maldives had sub-leased Bolifushi to SPH Pvt. Ltd. It was leased for a p eriod of 25 years. Bolifushi is currently operated by SPH Private Limited, who has signed up with J umeirah International to manage it on redevelopment. Therefore, the redevelopment will f ocus on additional bed capacity and improved product and service for a high-end mar et. The original concept that was submitted to Tourism Ministry was discussed with t he proponent mainly because the proposed island extensions as well as the water villas fall i nto reef flat areas where there would be live corals. This was assessed using aerial photography. In addition, the environmental consultants also proposed to separate the hub from the main island to ma e sure that the impact of the proposed swimming pool and underwater theme area has little im pact on the northern shoreline. The separation would also improve water circulation. The dis cussions were very useful in finalising an appropriate alternative. 8 .2 M i n is t ry o f P lanning and N a tiona l Developme n t A meeting has been requested with the Planning Ministry on 19 July 2008. The pur pose of meeting the Planning Ministry is to inform them of the development and consider their co ncerns into the planning of the resort, especially with regard to island extension. Basically, t he Ministry needs to now the exact final limits of the island after project completion as they are r esponsible for eeping up to date spatial information.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 91 8 .3 Mi n i s t ry o f Fisher ies, Agr i cul ture and Mar i ne Resources Discussions were also held with officials from Ministry of Fisheries, Agricultur e and Marine Resources in a meeting held at the Ministry on 14 July 2008 at 13:15 hrs. The fo llowing are the main points discussed in the meeting. .. Details were given to Fisheries Ministry regarding the project and estimated quantities of sand required for mining. .. The officials clarified all the issues and informed that the Ministry is in t he process of finalizing a policy document regarding sand mining and from where sand mining ca n be underta en, not only with regard to Bolifushi, but in other areas as well. .. The officials could not provide any conclusive information regarding the prop osed project in Bolifushi. .. The consultants requested whether the reef south of Bolifushi could be used f or sand mining in case of sand shortage from Bolifushi, but not been able to give any co nclusive information. Therefore, this location has not been considered as an alternative. 8. 4 Discussions in t h e Scoping Meet i n g As part of the EIA process, a scoping meeting was held with Environment Research Centre (representing Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water) and Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation. The environmental consultants and the Proponent participated in the me eting. This meeting was used as a basis to obtain their views and underta e consultations. During the meetings, discussions were held regarding the island extension issue. ERC informed the consultants that the island extension shall be informed to the Planning Ministry as the Planning Ministry needs to now the additional land area. So, the consultants decided to discuss the project with the Planning Ministry and additionally provide a conceptual as well as an a s-built drawing to Planning as they need to now the island extents after proposed extension wor s. It was emphasised that the EIA report should focus on sand borrowing areas and v olumes of sand required including a detail marine assessment of the sand borrowing area and ext ension areas. The officials also advised to underta e a detail fish assessment surveys and also id entify all the impacts including positive and negative during the project phase. ERC also advised the c onsultant to specifically focus on the construction period where the impacts are going to be felt the greatest and
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 92 to focus on sediment control measures and reef protection measures. Discussions were also held to trim the TOR so that it will be focused only on the required aspects of the proj ect. With regard to the issues from Tourism Ministry, the official confirmed that the project concept has been approved by the ministry and at this stage they have no further issues. All the relevant aspects of the project concept have already been considered and there are no related iss ues. Hence, once the EIA is approved, then the project can go ahead. 8 .5 Consu l tat ions among t he P r o ject Consu l tan ts As environmental consultants, Water Solutions also undertoo consultations with the project s engineering and architectural consultant to discuss environmental issues related to the project. It was agreed that the architects would focus the plans around a concept that would be finalised based on the results of the EIA report. Therefore, all possible options were considere d and adjustments to structures were made either because they are falling into coral reef areas or ba sed on sediment transport regime and wave climate. The design alternatives were based on consult ation with the coastal engineer and the environment consultants at Water Solutions. 8 .6 Consu l tat ions w i th Bol i fushi s t a f f Discussions with Bolifushi manager revealed important information regarding exis ting sediment transport patterns and how coastal protection measures have evolved. Furthermore , discussions were held with staff at the Dive School to get information regarding the housere ef and wrec s. L i s t o f persons consul t e d The following are the list of persons who had participated in scoping and consul tations held for the purpose of this EIA report. Name Designation Office Mr. Abdulla Saeed Assistant Director General Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture and Marine resources Mariyam Saara Resource Officer, Trainee Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture and M arine resources Mohamed Anees Agriculture Officer Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture and Marine resources Hussain Faisal Assistant Agriculture Officer Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture and Marine resources Ahmed Murthaza Assistant Director Environment Research Center Moosa Ibrahim Environment Analyst Environment Research Center Fathimath Shifa Assistant Env Officer Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation Salil Panigrahi Director SPH Pvt. Ltd./Jumeirah Maldives Jason Panesar Project Director SPH Pvt. Ltd./Jumeirah Maldives Lenny Varduyn Project Manager SPH Pvt. Ltd./Jumeirah Maldives Azee General Manager Bolifushi Resort Mohamed Shamin Director Te ton Design Amjad Abdulla Senior Consultant Water Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 93 9 Environmental Monitoring 9.1 Int roduct ion Environmental monitoring is essential to ensure that potential impacts are minim ized and to mitigate unanticipated impacts. The parameters that are most relevant for monito ring the impacts that may arise from the proposed project are included in the monitoring plan. Th ese include groundwater (pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, total oil (hydrocarb on) and faecal coliforms), water quality (turbidity, dissolved oxygen, phosphates, nitrates and BOD), sediment deposition, beach profiles and coral cover and ne tonic fauna. In addition, qual ity of desalinated water and swimming pool water, incidents/accidents, tourist comments, fuel, soli d waste management and landscaping as well as shoreline management data would be regular ly collected by the resort management. The purpose of the monitoring is to provide information that will aid impact man agement, and secondarily to achieve a better understanding of cause-effect relationship and t o improve impact prediction and mitigation methods. The proposed monitoring programme will yield beneficial results if it is underta en for a longer period. Therefore, the proposed monitor ing programme is recommended for at least five years from the onset of the proposed project. Long er term monitoring would also be useful. Therefore, the annual monitoring report will cover the following aspects of the proposed project: .. coral cover and ne tonic fauna .. marine water quality .. beach and hydrodynamic changes .. groundwater quality .. Regular quality of desalinated water including swimming pool .. Incidents/accidents, fuel management and solidwaste management data on a dail y basis .. tourist satisfaction and staff opinions through records ept at resort Figure 9-1 shows the monitoring locations for monitoring of the environment of B olifushi following the island extension. These locations would be changed if the Alternative recomm ended in this EIA were to be adopted.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 94 BM 2 BM 1 6 6 25 29 10 9 30 Observatory 22 41 41 41 41 41 SW SW SW SW SW SW SW GW GW KEY: SW GW SW SW Groundwater Sea water LIT/fish census Beach profile Currents using drogue Figure 9-1: Monitoring locations based on the approved initial concept 9 .2 Monitor ing Progr amme Outlined here are project specific monitoring requirements that the Proponent sh all include in their annual monitoring programme. This monitoring programme for the proposed project includes at least monthly monitoring and covers the three stages of the project implementati on up to two years after the opening of the renovated Bolifushi. Stage 1: Immediately before starting wor s Stage 2: During construction Stage 3: Operational period The monitoring needs of each stage are discussed in detail below. All data will be ta en at the locations shown in Figure 9-1. A detailed monitoring programme will be prepared for the operational phase at a later stage.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 95 Table 9-1: Monitoring requirements of the three stages of proposed project Stage 1 Parameter Frequency Underta en by Seawater pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, chlorophyll-A and nitrates 5 days prior to start of wor Environmental consultants Longshore currents 5 days prior to start of wor s Environmental consultants Marine transects 5 days prior to start of wor s Environmental consultants Stage 2 Parameter Frequency Underta en by Seawater pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity and nitrates Once every two wee s Environmental consultants Seawater chlorophyll-A After 6 months Environmental consultants Longshore currents using drogue Once a month Environmental consultants Beach profiles At the end of island extension wor s/construction period Environmental consultants Marine transects Every six months Environmental consultants Groundwater At the end of island extension wor s/construction period Environmental consultants Stage 3 Parameter Frequency Underta en by Seawater pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity and nitrates Once in three months Environmental consultants Seawater chlorophyll-A Every six months Environmental consultants Longshore currents Once a month Environmental consultants Marine transects Every six months Environmental consultants Potable water quality Wee ly Responsible staff at resort Fuel consumption Daily Responsible staff at resort Incidents/accidents Daily Responsible staff at resort Solid waste management Daily Responsible staff at resort Desalinated water production Daily Responsible staff at resort Occupancy (including staff) Daily Responsible staff at resort 9 .3 Cos t o f Moni tor ing The total cost of the monitoring programme at the prevailing rates is estimated to be between 20,000 24,000 US Dollars. The proponent has committed fully for the monitoring programm e outlined in this report for two years from now. 9 .4 Monitor ing r esponsi b i l i ty Monitoring responsibility will be with the client. A commitment from the propone nt has been attached to this report. Water Solutions has been hired by the Proponent to unde rta e monitoring for the resort for the first two years.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 96 9 .5 Monitor ing Repor t A detailed monitoring report will be compiled after the completion of the constr uction period based on the data collected for monitoring the parameters included in the monitoring p rogramme. This report will be submitted to the Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation. Annual m onitoring reports will be provided at the end of every monitoring year in order to adhere to Sched ule M of the EIA Regulations, 2007. The report will include details of the site, data collection and analysis, quali ty control measures, sampling frequency and monitoring analysis and details of methodologies and prot ocols followed.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 99 Appendix 1 Terms of Reference for Environmental Impact Assessment The following is the TOR is based on the points discussed in the scoping meeting held on the 26th of May 2008, for underta ing the EIA of the proposed redevelopment of Bolifushi Resort, S. Mal Atoll, Maldives. 1. Introduction - Identify the development project to be assessed and explain th e executing arrangements for the environmental assessment. Describe the rationale for the development and its objectives 2. Study Area - Specify the boundaries of the study area for the assessment. 3. Scope of Wor - The following tas s will be performed: Tas 1. Description of the Proposed Project Provide a full description of the re levant part and nature of the project, using maps at appropriate scales where necessary. Thi s is to include: brief description of the proponent, justification of the proposed proje ct, a clearly labelled site plan and architectural drawings, a detailed description of how the project activities will be underta en including wor method for constructing structures, how wastes and emissions will be managed during the project, including a waste management p lan for construction phase, a matrix of project inputs and outputs during the constructi on and operation phase, details of coastal modifications, a detailed project schedule a nd life span. Specify the boundaries of the study area for the EIA. Tas 2. Description of the Environment include a description of the existing environmental conditions of the project site with photos of the site where relev ant. Consideration of li ely monitoring requirements should be borne in mind during s urvey planning, so that data collected is suitable for use as a baseline. As such all baseline data must be presented in such a way that they may be usefully applied to future moni toring. Specific emphasis should be placed on the following environmental aspects of the project: - Coastal protection wor s, harbour or mooring area and beach nourishment - Development of over-water structures including water villas - Development of underwater structures - Development of structures in the foreshore (from vegetation line to low tide l ine) - Waste management including fuel handling areas - Atmospheric pollution including noise - Landscaping and gardening needs - Marine-based activities including snor eling and diving
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 100 As such the following field investigations must be considered for baseline data collection: - Longshore sediment transport patterns - Longshore currents in the region - Climatic and oceanographic conditions in the sea - Bathymetry of the island lagoon, especially in areas where developments are proposed - Sea water quality parameters shall specifically include; dissolved oxygen, sal inity, pH, temperature, turbidity, nitrates, phosphates, BOD and COD. - Groundwater quality parameters shall specifically include; dissolved oxygen, E Conductivity, TDS, pH, temperature, nitrates, phosphates, faecal and total coliforms. - Mature vegetation types on the island with their diversity and abundance. No o f trees that may have to be removed shall be identified - Turtle nesting areas (if any) - Condition of the house reef using qualitative and quantitative methods. At lea st one Line Intercept Transect or quadrat at each potential impact area must be underta en. A fish survey shall also be underta en at these transect or quadrat locations All survey locations shall be referenced with Geographic Positioning System (GPS ). All water samples shall be ta en at a depth of 1m from mean sea level or mid water d epth for shallow areas. The report should outline the detailed methodology of data collec tion utilized to describe the existing environment. Tas 3. Legislative and Regulatory Considerations - Describe the pertinent natio nal and international legislation, regulations and standards, and environmental policies that are relevant and applicable to the proposed project, and identify the appropriate au thority jurisdictions that will specifically apply to the project. Tas 4. Impacts provide an assessment of the impacts including the constructiona l and operational impacts. During the operational phase noise, water supply , sewerage , waste disposal and electricity needs to be considered while during the constructional phase land clearing, land recovery or beach replenishment, drainage, harbour, coastal wor s , siting and location, constructional (demolition) waste, etc. needs to be considered. Im pacts of coastal wor s and proposed water villas are of specific relevance. In addition to negative impacts, positive socio-economic impacts and enhancement to natural environment such as positive changes to hydrodynamics and aesthetics due to improved coastal infrastructure shall be considered. Tas 5. Mitigation measures - Identify possible measures to prevent or reduce si gnificant negative impacts to acceptable levels with particular attention paid to construc tional waste management, sediment control during construction of coastal structures including
water villas , and construction methods and materials that would minimize impact on th e environment. Discuss the feasibility and cost effectiveness of each mitigation m easure and provide the costs of mitigation and the commitment to it. Tas 6. Alternatives - This section must include the proposed development scenar io evaluated against the no-project option and other alternatives. These include al ternative construction methods, alternative technologies and materials, alternative arrang ements of water villas, alternatives to island extension and alternative coastal protectio n measures.
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 101 Alternatives to obtaining fill material for beach replenishment and other coasta l wor s needs to be assessed. The report should discuss how the recommended alternative was selected. Tas 7. Environmental Monitoring Plan A reasonable timeframe should be outlined for monitoring during construction and operational phase. Identify the critical issu es requiring monitoring to ensure compliance to mitigation measures. An environmental managem ent plan highlighting water supply, sewerage, waste disposal and energy management i ssues must be provided. The report should also provide a detailed cost brea down for implementing the monitoring plan. Provide commitment of the Proponent to conduct the monitoring programme. Tas 8. Sta eholder Consultation Major sta eholder consultation to include Minis try of Tourism and Civil Aviation, Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water, Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture and Marine Resources, Ministry of Planning and National Development, staff who has been on the island for a long time and the project engineers/designers. Presentation - The environmental impact assessment report, to be presented in pr int and digital format, will be concise and focus on significant environmental issues. I t will contain the findings, conclusions and recommended actions supported by summaries of the data collected and citations for any references used in interpreting those data. The environmental assessment report will be organized according to, but not necessar ily limited by, the outline given in the Environmental Impact Assessment Report, 2007. . 26 June 2008
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 102 Appendix 2: Letter Regarding registered land area
Iurnelrah ::Al'dl I. :Jj :f Y'" cl SPH Prtvate LId 2n d Floor (Easl Wing), Aage, 12 Bodutha urufaanu Magu, Hen veiru, Male 20094, Maldive Islands Telephon e" ('-960) 3339992 Fax: (+960) 333 9998 E-mail: intiy a)eonreso rls.com Thursday, Ji " August 2008 Ref sph/jm/eiai Minister, Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water, Ameenee Magu, Male Maldives, Respected Sir, Re: Commitment for Environmental Protection We Commit to underta e the proposed project in a manner that has least impact on the environment from the project and that on the project from the environment. W e will ensure that all activities underta en under this project confmn to relevant ellvironmental legislation as set out in this ElA and commit to underta e mitiga tion measures and environmental monitoring as set out in this EIA report and subseque nt Decision Statement issued by th eMinistry of Environment, Energy and Water. Yours sincerely, phrtl Salil Panigrahi Director Maldives Company Registration No, C-63012007
EIA for the Redevelopment of K. Bolifushi Proposed by SPH Pvt. Ltd. 2008 viii Declaration of the Consultant I certify that the statements in this Environmental Impact Assessment study are true, complete and correct to the best of my nowledge and abilities. Ahmed Zahid (EIA 08/07)

Redevelopment at K.bolifushi

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the Redevelopment of Bolifushi, Kaafu Atoll, Maldives Proponent: SPH Pvt. Ltd.

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