EXPERIMENT NO: 01

DATE: 25-07-12

COMBINED RADIATION AND CONVECTION

AIM To determine the heat transfer due to radiation and convection from cylinder. To find emissivity at different temperatures. To find natural convection coefficient.

APPARATUS REQUIRED Thermometer Heater Stopwatch Sand paper

THEORY If a surface, at a temperature above that of its surroundings, is located in stationary air at the same temperature as the surroundings then heat will be transferred from the surface to the air and surroundings. This transfer of heat will be a combination of natural convection to the air (air heated by contact with the surface becomes less dense and rises) and radiation to the surroundings. A horizontal cylinder is used in this exercise to provide a simple shape from which the heat transfer can be calculated. Note: Heat loss due to conduction is minimised by the design of the equipment and measurements mid way along the heated section of the cylinder can be assumed to be unaffected by conduction at the ends of the cylinder. Heat loss by conduction would normally be included in the analysis of a real application.

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In the case of natural (free) convection the Nusselt number Nu depends on the Grashof and Prandtl numbers and the heat transfer correlation can be expressed in the form: Nusselt number, Nu = f (Gr, Pr) Rayleigh number, Ra = (Gr Pr) The average heat transfer coefficient for radiation Hrm can be calculated using the following relationship:

The average heat transfer coefficient for natural convection Hcm can be calculated using the following relationship:

Rad = (Grd Pr) Num = b(Rad)n, (c and n can be obtained from the table below)

Note: k, Pr, and n are physical properties of the air taken at the film temperature Tfilm. The actual power supplied to the heated cylinder, Qin = VI Table for c and n values for natural convection on horizontal cylinder. Rad 10-9 to 10-2 10-2 to 102 102 to 104 104 to 107 107 to 1012 c 0.675 1.02 0.850 0.480 0.125 N 0.058 0.148 0.188 0.250 0.333

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Alternatively a simplified equation may be used to calculate the heat transfer coefficient for free convection : The value for Hcm should be calculated using both the original and simplified equations and the values compared.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The surface of the cylindrical brass specimen is polished using the sand paper. The dimensions of the cylinder are noted down. Now with the help of thermometer the room temperature is noted. C Now with the help of tongs the cylinder is taken out of the heater and thermometer is inserted into the space in the centre of it. 9 C

OBSERVATIONS Minutes 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Fall in temperature temperature 200 197 190 184 176 169 162 155 148 142 135 Minutes 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 19.40 Fall in temperature temperature 128 121 114 110 106 102 98 95 92 90

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Weight of cylinder

= 0.995 kg

Diameter of cylinder = 4 cm Length of cylinder = 125 cm

MODEL CALCULATION = Properties of air at Tfilm, Cp = 0.0294103 J/kg = 13.7 Pas k = 0.03227 W/m2K = 0.03314103 mol/m3 = 2.583910-3 K-1 = 0.05 = 12.48106 Nubottom = 0.27(NgrNpr)0.25 = 7.591 Nutop = 0.54(NgrNpr)0.25 = 14.177 Nulateral = 0.59(NgrNpr)0.25 = 15.489 = 12.248 W/m2K = 6.124 W/m2K = 3.998 W/m2K Qcon = ((htopAtop) + (hbottomAbottom) + (hlateralAlateral)) = ((12.2480.001256) + (6.1240.001256) + (3.9980.000157)) = 14.75 W = 46.25 W Qrad = Qtotal Qcon = 46.25 14.75 = 31.25 W = 10.66 W\m2K = 387 K

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RESULT Natural Convection coefficient = 10.66 W/m2K

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EXPERIMENT NO: 02

DATE: 01-08-12

SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

AIM To study of heat transfer in shell and tube heat exchanger.

INTRODUCTION To Heat exchanger is deviced in which heat is transferred from one fluid to another. The necessity for doing this arises in a multitude of industrial applications. Common examples of heat exchangers are the radiator of a car, the condenser at the back of a domestic refrigerator and the steam boiler of a thermal power plant. Heat exchangers are classified in three categories: Transfer Type Storage Type Direct Contact Type

THEORY A transfer type of heat exchanger is one on which both fluids pass simultaneously trough the device and heat is transferred through separating walls. In practice, most of the heat exchangers used are transfer type ones. The transfer type heat exchangers are further classified according to flow arrangements as Single pass Multiple pass

A sample example of transfer type heat exchanger can be in the form of a tube type arrangement in which one of the fluids is flowing through the inner tube and the other through the annulus surrounding it. The heat transfer takesplace across the walls of the inner tube.
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The heat lost by the hot fluid can be calculated qh = Heat transfer rate to the hot water. qh = mh Cph (Thi Tho)

Heat taken by the cold fluid can also be calculated qc = Heat transfer rate to the cold water qc
=

mc Cpc (Tco Tci )

Qavg =

qc + qh 2

Uo =

Qavg Ao Tm

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DESCRIPTION The apparatus consists of 1- 2 pass Shell and Tube heat exchanger. The hot fluid is hot water, which is attained from an insulating water bath using a magnetic drive pump and it flow through the inner tube while the cold water flowing through the annuals. For flow measurement rotameters are provided at inlet of cold water and outlet of hot water line. The hot water bath is of recycled type with digital temperature controller.

UTILITIES REQUIRED Water supply 20 lit/min (approx.) Drain. Electricity supply: 1 phase, 220 V AC, and 4 Kw. Floor area of 1.5 m 0.75 m

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE STARTING PROCEDURE Clean the apparatus and make water bath free from dust. Close all the drain valves provided. Fill water bath with clean water and ensure that no foreign particles are there. Connect cold water supply to the inlet of cold water rotameter line. Connect outlet of cold water from Shell to Drain. Ensure that all On/Off switches given on the panel are at OFF position. Now switch on the main power supply. Switch on heater by operating rotary switch given on the panel. Set temperature of the water bath with the help of digital temperature controller. Open flow control valve and by-pass valve for hot water supply. Switch on magnetic pump for hot water supply. Adjust hot water flow rate with the help of flow control valve and rotameter. Record the temperatures of hot and cold water inlet & outlet when steady state is achieved.

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CLOSING PROCEDURE When experiment is over, switch off heater first. Switch of magnetic pump for hot water supply. Switch off power supply to panel. Stop cold water supply with the help of flow control valve. Drain cold and hot water from the shell with the help of given drain valves. Drain water bath with the help of drain valve.

SPECIFICATIONS Water Shell. Material = S.S. Dia. = 220 mm Length = 500 mm 25% cut baffles at 100 mm distance 4 Nos.

Tube material =S.S. OD = 16 mm ID = 13 mm Length of tubes = 500 mm Nos. of tubes = 24

Temperature Controller = Digital 0- 199.90 C Temperature Sensors = RTD PT- 100 type (5 nos.) Temperature Indicator = Digital 0 to 199.90 C with multi-channel switch. Electric Heater = 2 kW (2 Nos.) Flow measurement = Rotameter (2 Nos.) Water bath = Material: SS insulated with ceramic wool and powder coated MS outer shell fitted with heating element. Pump = FHP magnetic drive pump (max. operating temp. 850 C).

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FORMULAE Rate of heat transfer from hot water Qh Mh = MhCph(Thi Tho ), Watt = , Watt

Rate of heat transfer from hot water Qc Mc = McCpc(Tco Tci ), Watt = , Watt

Average heat transfer Q = , Watt

LMTD W A , ,
m

=
i o

Thi - Tc

= Tho - Tci k g = o. In this case LMTD is g

Note that in a special case of counter flow exchanger exists when the heat capacity rates Cc and Ch are equal, then Thi Tco = Tho Tci / exchanger, hence
m i

B = =

Overall Heat Transfer coefficient Ui = , W/m2C , W/m2C

Uo =

OBSERVATIONS Ai = 3.18710-3 m2 Ao = 4.82710-3 m2

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Sl NO Fh (LPH) 1 2 3 155 155 115

Hot Water Side Thi C 50.2 50.8 50.5 Tho C 40 39 37 Fc (LPH) 115 165 165

Cold Water side Tci C 28 28 28 Tco C 35 34 33

CALCULATION Mh Qh Mc Qc Q Ai Ao Ui
i o m

= = = = (0.042 4180.5 (310-301)) = = Thi Tco = Tho- Tci = = 0.49m2 = 0.603 m2 = = = 176.89 W/ m2C W/m2C

= 0.034 kg/sec. = 1493.44 W = 0.042 kg/sec. = 1580.23 W = 1536.8345 W = 12.5 = 11 = 17.73K

Uo

= =

W/m2C

= 143 W/m2C

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NOMENCLATURE

Ai =inside area of heat transfer,m2 Ao=outside area of heat transfer,m2 Cpc=specific heat of cold fluid at mean temp. ,J/kgoc Cph=specific heat of hot fluid at mean temp.,J/kgoc Do=outer dia.of S.S tube,m FC=flow rate of cold water,LPH Fh=flow rate of hot water,LPH L=length of the tube,m MC=cold water flow rate,kg/s Mh=hot water flow rate,kg/s Ph=thermal conductivity of hot fluid,W/moC Q=average heat transfer,W QC=heat gained by cold water,W Qh=heat lost by hot water,W Rh=density of hot fluid, kg/m3 Tc=mean temp. of cold water oC Tci=cold water inlet temp.
o

Tco=cold water outlet temp. oC Th=mean temp. of hot water. . oC Thi=hot water inlet temp. oC Tho=hot water outlet temp. oC Ui=inside overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 Uo=outside overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 oC c=density of cold water at mean temp.kg/m3 h=density of hot water at mean temp.kg/m3 Tm=logarithm mean temp. difference, oC

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PRECAUTIONS Never switch on main power supply before ensuring that all the on/off switches given on the panel are at off positions. Never switch on heaters before filling water bath with clean water. It may damage heaters Never run the pump at voltage less than 180 & above 230 volts Never fully close the delivery and by-pass line valves simultaneously. Always keep apparatus free from dust. To prevent cloggig of moving parts, run pump at least onces in a fortnight.

RESULT The total heat transfer coefficient for fc: Lph is, Ui = 176.89 W/m2K Uo = 143.00 W/m2K

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EXPERIMENT NO: 03

DATE: 08-08-12

PARALLEL AND COUNTERFLOW HEAT EXCHANGER

OBJECTIVE To study the heat transfer phenomena in parallel / counter flow arrangements.

AIM

To To calculate rate of heat transfer, LMTD and overall heat transfer coefficient for both
type of heat exchanger.

To compare the performance of parallel and counter current flow heat exchanger.
INTRODUCTION To Heat exchanger is deviced in which heat is transferred from one fluid to another. The necessity for doing this arises in a multitude of industrial applications. Common examples of heat exchangers are the radiator of a car, the condenser at the back of a domestic refrigerator and the steam boiler of a thermal power plant. Heat exchangers are classified in three categories: Transfer Type Storage Type Direct Contact Type

THEORY A transfer type of heat exchanger is on which both fluids pass simultaneously through the device and heat is transferred through separating walls. In practice most of the heat exchangers used are transfer type ones. The transfer type exchangers are further classified according to flow arrangement as25 | P a g e

Parallel flow in which fluids flow in the same direction. Counter flow in which they flow in opposite direction and Cross flow in which they flow at right angles to each other.

A simple example of transfer type of heat exchanger in the form of a tube type arrangement in which one of the fluids is flowing through the inner tube and the other through the annulus surroundings it. The heat transfer takes place across the walls of the inner tube.

DESCRIPTION The apparatus consists of a tube in tube type concentric tube heat exchanger. The hot fluid is hot water which is obtained from an insulated water bath using a magnetic drive pump and it flow through the inner tube while the cold fluid is cold water flowing through the annuals. The hot water flows always in one direction and the flow rate of which is controlled by means of a valve. The coid water can be admitted at one of the end enabling the heat exchanger to run as a parallel flow apparatus or a counter flow apparatus. This is done by valve operations. For flow measurement rotameters are provided at inlet of cold water and outlet of hot water line. A magnetic drive pump is used to calculate the hot water from a recycled type water tank, which is fitted with heaters and digital temperature controller.

UTILITIES REQUIRED Electricity supply: single phase, 220 VAC, 50Hz, 5-15Amp socket with earth connection. Water supply: 10 lit/min (approx.) Drain Bench area required: 2m x 0.6 m

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Put water in bath and switch on the heaters. Adjust the required the temp. of hot water using DTC. Adjust the valve. Allow hot water to recycle in bath through by-pass by switching on the magnetic pump.
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Start the flow through annulus and run the exchanger either as parallel flow or counter flow unit. Adjust the flow rate on cold water side by rotameter. Adjust the flow rate on hot water side by rotameter. Keeping the flow rates same, wait till the steady state conditions are reached. Record the temperatures on hot water and cold water side and also the flow rates accurately. Repeat the experiment with a counter flow under identical flow conditions.

NOMENCLATURE Ai = inside heat transfer area, m2 Ao = outside heat transfer area, m2 Cph= specific heat of hot fluid at mean temp., kJ /kg 0C Cpc = specific heat of cold fluid at mean temp., kJ/kg 0C Do = outer diameter of tube , m Di = inner diameter of tube, m Fh = flow rate of hot water, LPH Fc = flow rate of cold water, LPH L = length of tube , m Mh = mass flow rate of the hot water, kg/s Mc = mass flow rate of the cold water, kg/s Q = average heat transfer from the system, W Qc = heat gained by the cold water,W Qh = heat loss by the hot water, W Th = mean temp. of hot water, 0C Tc = mean temp. of cold water, 0C Tho = outlet temp. of the hot water, 0C Thi = inlet temp. of the hot water, 0C Tco = outlet temp. of the cold water, 0C Tci = inlet temp. of the cold water, 0C
m

= log mean temp. difference, 0C

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Ui = inside overall heat transfer coefficient,W/m2 0C Uo = outside overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 0C c = density of cold water at mean temp., kg/m3 h = density of hot water at mean temp., kg/m3

OBSERVATIONS Sl. No: Flow Counter Parallel 2 Counter Parallel 3 Counter Parallel Fh LPH 115 115 165 165 165 165 Thi 0C 53.8 53.6 53.3 53.2 53.3 52.3 Tho
0

Flow Counter Parallel Counter Parallel Counter Parallel

Fc LPH 135 135 135 135 165 165

Tci 0C 30.1 29.2 29.5 29.2 29.5 29.3

Tco 0C 34.8 33.8 34.7 34.1 34.2 33.7

48.2 47.9 48.5 48.5 47.6 48.1

CALCULATIONS Find the properties of water at Th = = = 49.2 C Tc =( = = 30 C Parallel flow, Cpc = 4.184 KJ/kg C c = 995 kg/m3
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h Mh

= 988.6 kg/m3 = = = 0.026 kg/s

Qh

= Mh Cph (Thi-Tho) = 0.0264.180*103(52.4-46.1) = 684.68 W

Mc

= = = .0276

Qc

= Mc Cpc (Tci-Tco) = 0.02764.184103(33 - 27.1) = 681.3

= = 683 W

m =

= 19.2 C
1

= Thi-Tci = 46.1- 27.1 = 19 C

= Tho-Tci = 52.4 33 =19.4 C

Ai Ao Ui

= 0.048 m2 = 0.064 m2 =
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= = 741.1 W/m2 oC

Uo

= = = 554.1 W/m2 oC

Similarly for the counter current flow, Ui = = 775 W/m2 oC = 579 W/m2 oC

Uo = RESULT For Parallel flow,

Ui = 741.1 W/m2K Uo = 554.1 W/m2K For Counter flow, Ui = 775.0 W/m2K Uo = 579.0 W/m2K

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EXPERIMENT NO: 04

DATE: 05-09-12

HEAT TRANSFER IN FORCED CONVECTION

AIM To study the heat transfer in forced convection

INTRODUCTION Whenever a fluid is being forced, over the heated surface, forced convection heat transfer occurs. The Dynamic apparatus consists of a circular pipe, through which cold fluid ie air is forced. Pipe is heated by a band heater outside the pipe. Temperature of pipe is measured with thermocouples attached to pipe surface. Heater input is measured by a voltmeter and ammeter. Thus, heat transfer rate and heat transfer coefficient can be calculated.

SPECIFICATION Test pipe-33mm ,1.0 ,500mm long Band heater for pipe Multichannel digital temperature indicator 0-3000C using chromel /alumel Thermocouples. Dimmerstat 2amps,240volts for heater input control. Volt meter 0-200V Ammeter 0-2A

Blower to force the air through test pipe. Orifice meter with water manometer.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Put on mains supply. Adjust the heater input with the help of dimmerstat.

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Start the blower and adjust the air flow with valve. Wait till steady state is reached and note down the reading in observation table.

NOTE: The calculated values and actual values may differ appreciably because of heat losses. The heat loss through natural convection, conduction and heat losses through insulation over the heater is not considered, but they are present.

OBSERVATION

Sl.NO.
1. 2. 3.

Volt(V)
90 98 118

I(A)
0.40 0.44 0.53 32 33 34 42 43 50

Temperature 0c Temperature C T2 T2 T2 T2 T2 T2 T2
45 46 54 48 39 34 35 49 39 36 36 58 43 38 39

Manometer difference,hw(cm of water) 6.5 6.5 6.5

CALCULATION Air inlet temperature, T 1 Air outlet temperature, T7 D , a = 33 0C = 36 0C = = 1.149 Kg/m3 Diameter of orifice Manometer difference Air head , ha = 33 mm = Water head = 0.041 m of water = hw( ) =

= 35.68 m of air Air volume flow rate, Q = Cd a0 g = 64 /4 ( 33)2 ( 9 8 35 68) = 1.4 10-2 m3/s

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Mass flow rate of air , ma

= Q a = 1.4 10-2 1.149 = 1.66 10-2 kg/m3

Velocity of air, V

= = = 16.37 m/sec

Heat gained by air , q

= ma Cp a(T7 T1 ) = 1.66 10-2 1.047 = 52.14 Watt 103 (36-33)

TS

= = 43.80C

Tm

= = 34.50C

Heat loss by radiation

= q1 = 0.4 A (TS4- Tm4) , A = 0.518m2 , = 13.29 Watt = 5 67x

-8

= 0.4 0.518 5.67 10-8 (316.84 307.54) = q q1 = 16.408 Watt = q-q /A X (TS Tm) = 38.85 W/m2 k = = = 11289.65 For turbulent flow , Nu = 0.23(Re)0.8 (Pr)n = 0.23 11289.65 0.8 0.7010.4 = 34.42, n = 0.4 for heating fluid hth = 1.865 Watt/m2k

Actual heat loss hexp Reynolds no: , NRe

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RESULT Heat transfer in forced convection has been studied. Experimental and theoretical values of heat transfer coefficient have been calculated.

Sl.NO.
1. 2. 3.

Voltage (V)
90 98 118

Hexp w/m2k
3.911 3.858 4.17

Hthe. W/m2k
2.827 2.8201 3.15

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EXPERIMENT NO: 05

DATE: 12-09-12

COMPOSITE WALL APPARATUS

AIM To determine the total thermal resistance of composite wall and to plot the temperature gradient along composite wall surface

INTRODUCTION The apparatus consists of plates of different materials sandwiched between two aluminum plates. Three types of slabs are provided on both sides of heater which forms a composite structure. A small hand press frame is provided to ensure the perfect contact between the slabs. A dimmer stat is provided for varying the input to the heater and measurement of input is carried out by a voltmeter and ammeter. Thermocouples are embedded between interfaces of input slabs, to read the temperature at the surface. The experiment can be conducted at various values of input and calculation can be made accordingly.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Arrange the plates properly (symmetrical) on both side of heater plate. See that plates are symmetrically arranged on both sides of heater plate (arranged normally). Operate the hand press properly to ensure perfect contact between the plates. Close the box by cover sheet to achieve steady environmental conditions. Start the supply of heater. By varying the dimmerstat, adjust the input (range 30-70 watts) and water supply. Take readings of all the thermocouples at an interval of 10 minutes until steady state is reached. Note down the steady state readings in the observation table.

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OBSERVATIONS WALL THICKNESS M.S. = 2.5 cm CONDUCTIVITY 0.46 w/m K 0.12 w/ m K 110 w/m K

Bakelite = 1.0 cm Brass = 1.0 cm

Heat supplied (W) Sl. no. Voltmeter (V) 120 129 140 Ammeter (A) 0.43 0.46 0.50 T1 44 49 54 T2 44 49 54

Temperature (C) T3 43 48 53 T4 43 48 53 T5 32 33 32 T6 32 33 32 T7 31 32 31 T8 31 32 31

1 2 3

CALCULATION For Sl. No. 2: Mean Readings = = = = Rate of heat supplied, Q Heat flux, q Total thermal resistance of composite slab, R = 54 C = 53 C = 32 C = 31 C

= VI = 1400.5 = 70 W = 5737.70 N/m2 = = = 410-3 m2K/W = 11.22 W/mK

Thermal conductivity of composite slab, K composite =

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RESULT Thermal Conductivity of composite slab Total thermal resistance of composite slab = 11.22 W/mK = 410-3 m2K/W

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EXPERIMENT NO: 06

DATE: 21-09-12

STEFAN BOLTZMAN APPARATUS

AIM To determine and verify the value of the Stefan Boltzmann constant. THEORY All substances emit thermal radiation. When heat radiation is incident over a body, part of radiation is absorbed, transmitted through and reflected by the body. A surface which absorbs all thermal radiation incident over it, is called black surface. For black surface, transmissivity and reflectivity are zero and absorptivity is unity. Stefan Boltzmann Law states that emissivity of a surface is proportional to fourth power of absolute surface temperature ie; T4 e = T4 Where, e = emissive power of surface. T = absolute temperature. = Stefan Boltzmann constant = Emissivity of the surface = 5 667 For a black body, = 1, hence above equation reduces to = T4 10-8 W/m2K4

APPARATUS The dynamic apparatus consists of a water heated jacket of hemispherical shape. A copper test disc is fitted at the center of jacket. The hot water is obtained from a hot water tank, fitted to the panel, in which water is heated by an electric immersion heater. The hot water is taken around
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the hemisphere, so that hemisphere temperature rises. The test disc is then inserted at the center. Thermocouples are fitted inside hemisphere to average out hemisphere temperature. Another thermocouple fitted at the center of test disc measures the temperature of the test disc. A timer with a small buzzer is provided to note down the disc temperatures at the time intervals of 5 seconds.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE See that water inlet cock of water jacket is closed and fill up sufficient water in the heater tank. Put ON the heater. Blacken the test disc with the help of lamp black & let it cool Put the thermometer and check water temperature. Boil the water and switch OFF the heater. See that drain cock of water jacket is closed and open water inlet cock See that there is sufficient water above the top of hemisphere( A piezometer tube is fitted to indicate water level ) Note down the hemisphere temperatures (i.e up to channel 1 to 4) Note down the test disc temperature (i.e channel No.5) Start the timer, Buzzer will start ringing. At the start of timer cycle, insert test disc into the hole at the bottom of hemisphere. Note down the temperature of disc, every time the buzzer rings. Take atleast 4-5 readings.

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OBSERVATIONS

Hemisphere temperature(0C) T1 = 67.9 T2 = 67.8 T3 = 67.7 T4 = 68.2

Time interval (s) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150

Test disc temperature (0C) 29.0 29.2 29.4 29.5 29.7 29.9 30.1 30.3 30.5 30.6 30.7 30.8 30.9 31.0 31.1 31.3 31.4 31.5 31.7 31.9 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 32.6 32.7 32.8 32.9 33.1
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CALCULATION Weight of test disc = 5.210-3 kg Hemisphere temperature, = = 67.9 C = 341.05 K

Initial test disc temperature, TD = T5 = 31.725 C = 304.875 K As area of hemisphere is very large as compared to that of test disc, we can put, qexp = A(Th4 Tb4) = 5.5510-8 Js-1 qcal = me = 5.210-3381 = 5 667 10-8 W/m2 K = 0.07294 Js-1 = 5.1410-8 W/m2K

In the experiment, this value may deviate due to reasons like convection, temperature drop of hemisphere, heat losses, etc. From graph, (dT/dt) = 0.4 Ks-1

PRECAUTIONS O OFF g g k k

Drain the water after completion of experiment. Operate all the switches and controls gently.

RESULT The value of the Stefan Boltzmann constant is determined = 5.1410-8 W/m2K

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EXPERIMENT NO: 07

DATE: 19-08-12

HEAT TRANSFER NATURAL CONVECTION

AIM To determine the surface H.T coefficient for a vertical tube losing heat by natural convection. INTRODUCTION In contrast to the forced convection, natural convection phenomenon is due to the temp. between the surface and the fluid and is not created by any external agency. The present experiment set up is designed and fabricated to study the natural convection phenomenon from a vertical cylinder in terms of the variation of local heat transfer coefficient along the length and also the average heat transfer coefficient and its comparison with the value obtained by using an appropriate correlation.

APPARATUS The apparatus consists of a brass tube fitted in a rectangular vertical duct. The duct is open at the top and bottom and forms an enclosure and serves the purpose of undisturbed surrounding. One side of the duct is made up of Perspex for visualization. An heating element is kept in the vertical tube which in turn heats the tube surface. The heat is lost from the tube to the surrounding air by natural convection. The temp. of the vertical tube is measured by seven thermocouples. the heat input to the heater is measured by an ammeter and voltmeter and is varied by a dimmestat. The vertical cylinder with the thermocouple is shown in fig 2. while the possible flow pattern and also the expected variation of local heat transfer coefficient is shown in fig 3. the tube surface is polished to minimize the radiation losses. SPECIFICATIONS Diameter of the tube (d) = 38 mm.

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length of tube (L)

= 500mm.

multichannel digital temp. indicator 0-300oc using chromel/ alumel thermocouple. ammeter 0-2 Amp. And voltmeter 0-200 volts. dimmersat 2 Amp. 240 volts.

THEORY When a hot body is kept in still atmosphere , heat is transferred to the surrounding fluid by natural convection. The fluid layer in contact with the hot body get heated , rises up due to the decrease in its density and the cold fluid rushes in to take place. The process is continuous and the heat transfer takes place due to the relative motion of hot and cold fluid particles. The heat transfer coefficient is given by : h= (q q1) / As * (Ts Ta) where, h= average surface heat transfer coefficient (W/ m2 o C) q= heat transfer rate (watts) As= g = TS= average surface temp = (T1+T2+T3+T4+T5+T6+T7) / 7 OC Ta= ambient temp in the duct = T8 o C q1 = H Where, = S z = 5 667
-8

= A

4 S

TS4) W/ m2. k4

A= surface area of pipe. = 0.0597 m 2 e= emissivity of pipe material Ts & Ta = surface and ambient temperatures in o K respectively. The surface heat transfer coefficient, of a system transferring heat by natural convection depends on the shape, dimensions and orientation of the fluid and the temp. difference between heat transferring surface and the fluid. The dependence of h on all the above mentioned parameters is generally expressed in terms of non-dimensional groups as follow :

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h L / k = A [g.L3 / where,

C / k]

h L / K ----------is called the Nusselt no: g . L3 /

3

------is called to Grashof no:

/ k -------is the prandtl no: A and n are constant depending on the shape and orientation of the heat transferring surface. Where, L = a characteristic dimension of the surface. K= thermal conductivity of fluid. V = kinematic viscocity of fluid. = dynamic viscosity of fluid. Cp= specific heat pf fluid. = =[ For gases , = /(
f

x Ta] /O K

g = acceleration due to gravity.

+ 273)

Tf= (Ts +Ta) / 2 For a vertical cylinder losing heat by natural convection, the constants A and n of equation (2) have determined and the following empirical correlations obtained. h L / K =0.59 (Gr.Pr.) 0.25 for 104 < Gr.Pr. <108 -------(3) h L / K =0.13 (Gr.Pr) <1017 L = length of the cylinder. All the properties of the fluid are determined at the mean film temp.(Tf) ---------(4)

PROCEDURE put ON the supply and adjust the dimmerstat to obtain the required heat input (say 40W, 60W, 70W, etc) wait till the steady state is reached , which is confirmed from temp. readings.- (T1-T2) measure surface temp. at the various points i.e T1 T7
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note the ambient temp. i.e T8 repeat the experiment at different heat inputs (do not exceed 80W)

OBSERVATION O.D. cylinder = 38 mm. length of cylinder = 500 mm input to heater = V I watts Volt Sl No (V) 1 1. 2. 106 91 100 (A) 0.9 0.7 0.8 T1 155 127 140 T2 159 130 144 T3 164 134 148 T4 167 136 151 T5 172 136 150 T6 164 132 146 T7 165 130 142 T8 39 38 39 Amp TEMPERATURE,C

PROPERTIES OF AIR T( C) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140

(kgm/m3) 1.293 1.247 1.205 1.165 1.128 1.093 1.060 1.029 1.000 0.972 0.946 0.898 0.854

Cp (kJ/kgm.K) 1.005 1.005 1.005 1.005 1.005 1.005 1.005 1.009 1.009 1.009 1.009 1.009 1.013

-3

(N-

sec /m2) 17.2 17.7 18.1 18.6 19.1 19.6 20.1 20.6 21.1 21.5 21.9 22.9 23.7

k (w/ m.K) 0.0244 0.0251 0.0259 0.0267 0.0276 0.0283 0.0290 0.0297 0.0305 0.0313 0.0321 0.0334 0.0349

Pr 0.707 0.705 0.703 0.701 0.699 0.698 0.696 0.694 0.692 0.690 0.688 0.686 0.684

V10-6 (m2/ sec) 13.28 14.16 15.06 16.00 16.96 17.95 18.97 20.02 21.09 22.10 23.13 25.45 27.80

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CALCULATION Model calculation for Sl No. 1: q = VI = 95.4 W As Ts = = = 163.71 0C Ta q1 = T8 = 39C = 312.15 K = A (

4 s

= 106 = 3 4 38 5
-6

= 5.969 10-2 m2

Ta4)

= 5.667 10-8 5.969 10-2 0.4 (436.434 312.154) = 36.2W hexp = = = 7.964 W/m2 K Tf = = = 374.5 = = 0.00267 K-1 = Ta = 441.86 314.15 = 127.71 K
0

According to correlation, = A [( Gr = = = 785.456 106 Pr Gr.Pr = 0.690 = 0.690 785.456 106 = 541.96
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) (Cp / k)]n

hcorr

=[ = 6.32 W/m2.K

Local heat transfer coefficient H h1 = = = 8.97 Similarly, h2 h3 h4 h5 h6 h7 = 8.78 W/m2.K = 8.32 W/m2.K = 8.02 W/m2.K = 7.98 W/m2.K = 8.46 W/m2.K = 8.41 W/m2.K

PRECAUTIONS Proper earthing is necessary for the equipment. keep dimmerstat to zero volt position before putting on main switch and increase it slowly. keep at least 200 mm . space behind the equipment. operate the change over switch of temp. indicator gently from one position to another , i.e from 1 to 8 positions. never exceed input above 80 watts.

RESULT The heat transfer coefficient is having a maximum value at the beginning as expected because of the just starting of the building of the boundary layer and it decreases as expected in the upward direction due to thickening of layer and which is laminar one. This trend is maintained up to half of the lengths (approx.) and beyond that there is little variation in the value of local heat transfer coefficient because of the transition and turbulent boundary layers. The last point shows
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somewhat increase in the value of heat transfer coefficient which is attributed to end loss causing a temperature drop. The comparison of average heat transfer coefficient is also made with predicted values are somewhat less than experimental values due to the heat loss by radiation. Case 1: hexp= 7.097W/m2.K hcorr= 5.86 W/m2.K Case 2: hexp= 8.017 W/m2.K hcorr= 6.067 W/m2.K Case 3: hexp= 8.94 W/m2.K hcorr= 6.94 W/m2.K

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EXPERIMENT NO: 08

DATE: 10-10-12

HEAT PIPE DEMONSTRATOR

AIM To plot the graph of heat sink water temperature raise upto 30 mins. To plot longitudinal temperature distribution for pipes

INTRODUCTION Heat pipe is an interesting device, which is used to transfer heat from one location to another. It works with the help evaporation and condensation of liquid, which is filled inside the heat pipe as a working medium. Heat pipe basically consist of a stainless steel pipe, sealed at both the ends. It is evacuated and filled partially with distilled water. Stainless mesh is provided at inside periphery of the pipe. When heat is applied at lower end of heat pipe, water inside it evaporates and vapour passes to upper end of pipe. The heat is taken by the medium surrounding upper portion of heat pipe. The vapour condenses giving its latent heat of evaporation to surrounding medium. The condensed vapour returns to bottom through the mesh packing thus because circulation of vapor, hat pipe operates at near to isothermal operation and conducts much heat than conventional conductors. The dynamic apparatus consist of three pipes, viz, a heat pipe, copper pipe, and a stainless steel pipe. All the pipes have same physical dimensions. Copper and stainless steel pipes serve the purpose of comparison of heat pipe performance with copper pipe as good conductor of heat and with stainless steel pipe as same material of construction. All pipes are mounted vertically with a band heater at lower end and water filled heat sink at upper end. When heaters starts heating, the pipes , begin to transfer the heat to heat sink. Rapid rise of temp .of water in the heat pipe heat sink demonstrates high (apparent) thermal conductivity of heat pipe.

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SPECIFICATIONS Heat pipe stainless pipe, 25 mm O.D., 400 mm long at both ends , evacuated and filled partially with distilled water 1 no. copper and stainless steel pipes of same size as that of heat pipe- 1 each. equal capacity heater at bottom end of each pipe water filled heat sinks at upper end of each pipe measurements and controls dimmerstat to control heat input to all the heaters.-1no. a volt meter and an ammeter to measure input to heaters one each. Multichannel digital temperature indicator to measure temp. along length of pipes five thermo couples are provided on each pipe. Thermometers to note down water temperatures in heat sinks- 3 nos.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Fill up sufficient water in each sinks. Ensure proper earthing to the unit put the thermometers at the top of heat sinks. Keep dimmarstat zero position and start the electric supply to the unit. Slowly increase the dimmer so that power is supplied to heaters. As same dimmerstsat supplies power to all heaters and heaters are of same capacity, power input to all the heaters remains same. This makes the comparison simpler. Go on noting down the temperatures of water in heat sinks every 5 minutes(stir the water before noting down the temp. After around 30 minutes note down the longitudinal temp. of the pipes, from the temperatures indicator. repeat the procedure at different heat inputs, but each time it is necessary to replace the water. Replace the water when pipes become cool lower than 45 oC , otherwise removing water at high temp. of pipe may burn the seals at the bottom of heat sinks.

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If experiments is conducted for more time, it is merely to raise the water temp. & ultimately evaporation of water. Hence it is recommended to conduct the experiment for more times than 30 minutes.

OBSERVATION Heat Sink Water Temperature Time (min) 5 10 15 20 25 30 Stainless steel sink (C) 28 28 29 29 30 30 Cu heat sink 28 30 33 34 36 37 Heat pipe sink 28 29 30 31 31 32

Longitudinal Temperature Distribution Stainless steel (C) T6 = 22 T7 = 21 T8 = 21 T9 = 20 T10 = 20 Cu pipe (C) T11 = 123 T12 = 115 T13 = 93 T14 = 76 T15 = 65 Heat pipe (C) T1 = 81 T2 = 82 T3 = 82 T4 = 82 T5 = 83

CALCULATION Voltage, V Current, I Length of pipe, x Area of crossHeat, q

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= 130 V = 1.25 A = 0.4 m , A = 2 = 3.14(1.2510-3)2 4.9110-4m2

For Stainless steel, thermal conductivity, k1 = For Copper, thermal conductivity, k2 For Heat pipe, thermal conductivity, k1 = =

= = =

= 66191.4 W/m2K = 2282.4 W/m2K = 66191.4 W/m2K

PRECAUTIONS Proper earthing is necessary. Stir the water before noting the water temp. In heat sink. Do not remove water from heat sinks till the pipes become cool. Operate only one meter selector switch at a time in upward position. Other two switches must be in down ward position.

RESULT The graph between temperature of heat sink and time was plotted. The longitudinal temperature distribution for pipes is plotted. The thermal conductivity values calculated for pipes are: For Stainless Steel, k = 66191.4 W/m2K For Copper, k For Heat pipe, k = 2282.4 W/m2K = 66191.4 W/m2K

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