1

Nation-Building in Latin America: The Andean Republics in

Comparative Perspective

Prof. José Luis Rénique

Hist. 77100
Th, 4:15-6:15 p.m., 3 credits
Office Hours: Th, 3:00-4:00

Course Description
This course examines the making of nations in the Andean region of South America. Particular emphasis will be
given to processes of integration of subaltern groups and to deal with other challenges from below. Grasping
Andean peculiarities as opposed to continental-wide generalizations is one of the main goals of this course.
Classes will follow a seminar format including weekly presentations.

Evaluation
(a) Class participation (70%): It includes weekly presentations, outlines and participation in class discussions and
(b) A historiographic balance on Nation-Building in the Andes (30%)

General Readings
Carlos De la Torre,
Populist seduction in Latin America: the Ecuadorian experience, Athens: Ohio University Center for
International Studies, 2000.
Paul W. Drake and Eric Hershberg, editors,
State and society in conflict: comparative perspectives on Andean crises, Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of
Pittsburgh Press, 2006.
Forrest Hylton and Sinclair Thomson.
Revolutionary Horizons: Past and Present in Bolivian Politics, London: Verso, 2007.
Peter F. Klarén,
Peru: Society and Nationhood in the Andes, New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Herbert S. Klein,
A Concise History of Bolivia, Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Cecilia Méndez,
The Plebeian Republic. The Huanta Rebellion and the Making of the Peruvian State, 1820-1850, Durham
and London: Duke University Press, 2005.
Brooke Larson,
Trials of Nation Making. Liberalism, Race, and Ethnicity in the Andes, 1810-1910, Cambridge and New
York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Magnus Mörner,
The Andean Past: Land, Societies, and Conflicts, New York: Columbia University Press, 1985.
David W. Schodt
Ecuador: An Andean Enigma , Boulder: Westview Press, 1987.
Frank MacDonald Spindler,
Nineteenth-Century Ecuador: An Historical Introduction, Fairfax, VA: George Mason University Press,
1987.
Steve Striffler,
In the shadows of state and capital: the United Fruit Company, popular struggle, and agrarian
restructuring in Ecuador, 1900-1995, Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2001.
Deborah J. Yashar,
Contesting Citizenship in Latin America. The Rise of Indigenous Movements and the Postliberal
Challenge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
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Topics
1. Introduction (Ago. 28)

2. The Andes: Context, Approaches and Perspectives (Sep. 4)

Required Readings
• Adelman, Jeremy. “Andean Impasses” in New Left Review 18, November-December, 2002.
• Jacobsen, Nils and Cristóbal Aljovín de Losada, “The Long and the Short of It. A pragmatic perspective
on political cultures, especially for the Modern History of the Andes” in Political Cultures in the Andes:
1750-1950. Edited by Nils Jacobsen and Cristóbal Aljovín de Losada. Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press,
2005, pp. 1-24.
• Mallon, Florencia. “Decoding the Parchments of the Latin American Nation-State: Peru, Mexico and Chile
in Comparative Perspective” in James Dunkerley, editor, Studies in the Formation of the Nation State in
Latin America, London: Institute of Latin American Studies, 2002, pp. 13-53 and “Indian communities,
political cultures, and the State in Latin America, 1780-1990” in Journal of Latin American Studies (JLAS),
24, quincentenary supplement 1992, pp. 35-53.
• Posada Carbó, Eduardo. “El Populismo Fallido y la Democracia Colombiana (Una respuesta al
historiador Jeremy Aldeman) http://www.ideaspaz.org/articulos/download/35el_populismo_fallido.pdf
Recommended Readings
• Adelman, Jeremy. “Unfinished States: Historical Perspectives on the Andes” in Paul W. Drake and Eric
Hershberg, editors, State and society in conflict: comparative perspectives on Andean crises.
th th
• Baud, Michiel. “Indigenous Politics and the State. The Andean Highlands in the 19 and 20 Centuries” in
Social Analysis, vol. 51, Issue 2, Summer 2007, pp. 19-42 and “Beyond Benedict Anderson: Nation-
Building and Popular Democracy in Latin America”, International Review of Social History 50, 2005, pp.
485-498.
• Brading, David A. “Nationalism and state-building in Latin American history” in Ibero-American Archives,
20:1/2, 1994, pp. 83-108.
• Carrión, Julio. “Authoritarianism and Democracy in the Andes. State Weakness, Hybrid Regimes, and
Societal Responses” in LARR, Volume 42, Number 3, 2007, pp. 222-234.
• Chatterjee, Partha. “Anderson's Utopia,” Diacritic, vol. 29(4), Winter 1999, pp. 128-134.
• Clark, Kim A. and Marc Becker. “Indigenous Peoples and State Formation in Modern Ecuador” in A. Kim
Clark and Marc Becker, eds., Highland Indians and the State in Modern Ecuador, Pittsburgh, PA.:
Pittsburgh University Press, 2007, pp. 1-21.
• Cotler, Julio. “State and Regime: Comparative Notes on the Southern Cone and “Enclave” Societies” in
David Collier, ed., The New Authoritarianism in Latin America, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,
1979, pp. 255-287.
• Dean, Carolyn. Inka Bodies and the Body of Christ: Corpus Christi in Colonial Cuzco, Peru , Durham, NC:
Duke University Press, 1999.
• Drake, Paul and Eric Hershberg. “The Crisis of State-Society Relations in the Post-Andes 1980s Andes”
in Drake, Paul and Eric Hershberg, eds., State and society in conflict: comparative perspectives on
Andean crises, 2006, pp. 1-40.
• Forment, Carlos. Democracy in Latin America 1760-1900, Volume 1: Civic Selfhood and Public Life in
Mexico and Peru, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003 and “Selfhood and Nationhood in Latin
America: From Colonial Subject to Democratic Citizen” in Joseph W. Esherick, Hasan Kayali, and Eric
Van Young. Empire to Nation. Historical Perspectives on the Making of the Nation in the Modern World,
New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2006, pp. 106-137.
• Irurozqui, Marta. “Sobre la confición ciudadana en los Andes: Propuesta y debate historiográfico” en La
Mirada Esquiva. Reflexiones históricas sobre la Interacción del Estado y la Ciudadanía en los Andes,
siglo XIX, Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 2005, pp 13-40.
• Itzigsohn, Jose and Mathias vom Hau. “Unfinished imagined communities: States, social movements, and
nationalism in Latin America” in Theory and Society, 35, 2006, pp. 193-212.
www.utoronto.ca/ethnicstudies/itzigsohn.pdf
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• Lomnitz, Claudio. “Nationalism as a practical system: Benedict Anderson’s theory of nationalism from the
vantage point of Spanish America” in M.A. Centeno and F. Lopez Alves, eds., The Other Mirror: Grand
Theory through the Lens of Latin America, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000, pp. 329-59.
• Mainwaring, Scott. “The Crisis of Representation in the Andes” in Journal of Democracy, vol. 17(3), July
2006, pp. 13-27.
• Palti, Elías. “De la historia de ‘ideas’ a la historia de los ‘lenguajes políticos.’ Las escuelas recientes de
análisis conceptual. El panorama latinoamericano” en
http://gupea.ub.gu.se/dspace/bitstream/2077/3275/1/anales_7-8_palti.pdf
• Piccato, Pablo. “Public Sphere in Latin America: A map of the historiography”
www.columbia.edu/~pp143/ps.pdf
• Rappaport, Joanne. “Between Sovereignty and Culture: Who is an Indigenous Intellectual in Colombia?”
in International Review of Social History (2004), 49: 111-132.
• Sábato, Hilda. “On Political Citizenship in Nineteenth-Century Latin America” in The American Historical
Review, vol. 106, no. 4, October 2001, pp. 290-315.
• Sheahan, John. “The Andean Economies: Questions of Poverty, Growth, and Equity” in Drake, Paul and
Eric Hershberg, eds., State and society in conflict: comparative perspectives on Andean crises, pp. 99-
133.
• Shifter, Michael. “Breakdown in the Andes” in Foreign Affairs, September/October 2004.
• Yashar, Deborah J. “Ethnic Politics and Political Instability in the Andes” in Drake, Paul and Eric
Hershberg, eds., State and society in conflict: comparative perspectives on Andean crises, pp. 189-219.

3. Colonial Legacies (Sept. 11)

Required Readings
• Beyers, Chris. “Directions in Ethnohistorical Research on the Inka State and Economy,” CERLAC
Occasional Papers, Feb. 2001. http://www.yorku.ca/cerlac/ documents/ Beyers.pdf
• Spalding, Karen. “The Crises and Transformations of Invaded Societies: Andean Area (1500-1580) in
Frank Salomon and Stuart B. Schwartz, editors, The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the
Americas, vol. III, South America, Part 1, pp. 904-972.
• Murra, John V. “The limits and limitations of the ‘vertical archipelago’ in the Andes” in Shozo Masuda,
Izumi Shimada, and Craig Morris, Andean ecology and civilization: an Interdisciplinary perspective on
Andean ecological complementarity, Tokyo: Univ. of Tokyo Press, 1985. pp. 15-20 and “El archipiélago
vertical revisited” in ibid., pp. 3-14.
Recommended Readings
• Andrien, Kenneth J. “Interdisciplinary perspectives on the Andean Past” in K. Andrien, ed. Andean
Worlds. Indigenous History, Culture, and Consciousness Under Spanish Rule, 1532-1825, Albuquerque:
University of New Mexico Press, 2001.
• Adorno, Rolena. "Early Peruvian recorded daily life under the rule of Spanish conquistadors" in The New
World, Spring 1990, No. 1.http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/art/ ADORNO01.ART
• Cahill, David. “Estimating Elites: The Inca Nobility of Peru under Colonial Rule” in Grimshaw, Patricia and
Russel McGregor, eds., Collisions of Cultures and Identities: Settlers and Indigenous Peoples,
Melbourne: University of Melbourne, Department of History, 2006, pp. 64-71.
• Campbell, Leon G. “The Historical Reconquest of ‘Peruvian Space’” in LARR, 21(3), 1986, pp. 192-205.
• Klarén, Peter F. Peru: Society and Nationhood in the Andes, chapters 1 to 3.
• Klein, Herbert S. A Concise History of Bolivia, chapters 1 to 3.
• Gade, Daniel W. “Landscape, System, and Identity in the Post-Conquest Andes” in Annals of the
Association of American Geographers, Vol. 82, No. 3, Sep., 1992, pp. 460-477.
• Larson, Brooke. Colonialism and Agrarian Transformation in Bolivia, Cochabamba, 1550-1900, Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 1988.
• Millones, Luis. “Ethnohistorians and Andean Ethnohistory: A difficult Task, a Heterodox Discipline” in
LARR, 17(1), 1982, pp. 200-216.
• Murra, John V. “Andean Societies” in Annual Review of Anthropology, vol. 13, 1984, pp. 119-141.
• Poloni-Simard, Jacques. “Historia de los indios en los Andes, los indígenas en la historiografía andina:
análisis y propuestas” in Anuario IEHS, 15, 2000, p. 87-100.
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• Powers, Karen Vieira. “Andeans and Spaniards in the Contact Zone: A Gendered Collision” in The
American Indian Quarterly, vol. 24(4), Fall 2000, pp. 511-536.
• Pratt, Mary Louise, “Arts of the Contact Zone” in Bartholomae, David and Anthony Petroksky, Ways of
Reading, 5th edition, ed., New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1999 and “Apocalypse in the Andes: Contact
Zones and the Struggles for Interpretive Power” in Américas 51(4):38–47.
• Rappaport, Joanne. “Imagining Andean Colonial Culture” in Etnohistory, 49(2), summer 2002.
• Rowe, John Howland. “An Interview with John V. Murra” in HAHR, 64(4), November, 1984, pp. 633-653.
• Spalding, Karen. Huarochiri: An Andean Society Under Inca and Spanish Rule, Stanford: Stanford
University Press, 1984.
• Stern, Steve J. Peru's Indian peoples and the challenge of Spanish conquest: Huamanga to 1640,
Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1982 and “The variety and ambiguity of native Andean
intervention in European colonial markets” in Brooke Larson and Olivia Harris, eds., Ethnicity, markets,
and migration in the Andes: at the crossroads of history and anthropology, Durham, N.C.: Duke Univ.
Press, 1995.
• Van Buren, Mary. “Rethinking the Vertical Archipelago: Ethnicity, Exchange, and History in the South
Central Andes” in American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 98, No. 2 (Jun., 1996), pp. 338-351.
• Wachtel, Nathan, “The Vision of the Vanquished: The Spanish Conquest of America Represented in
Indian Folklore” in Marc Ferro, ed., Social Historians in Contemporary France Essays from Annales, New
York: Harper and Row, 1972.

4. The Great Rebellion (Sept. 18)

Required Readings
• Garret, David T. "His Majesty's Most Loyal Vassals": The Indian Nobility and Tupac Amaru in HAHR,
84:4, November 2004, pp. 575-617.
• Glave, Luis Miguel. “The ‘Republic of Indians’ in Revolt, c. 1680-1790” in F. Salomon and S. Schwartz,
eds., Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas: South America, Cambridge, 1999, 3 vols,
III: 2, 507-57.
• Stern, Steve J. “New Approaches to the Study of Peasant Rebellion and Consciousness: Implications of
the Andean Experience” in Resistance, Rebellion, and Consciousness in the Andean peasant world: 18th
to 20th centuries. Edited by Steve J. Stern. Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1987, pp. 3-25 and “The
age of Andean insurrection, 1742-1782: a reappraisal” in Ibid., pp. 34-93.
Recommended Readings
• Cahill, David. “Popular Religion and Appropriation: the Example of Corpus Christi in Eighteenth-Century
Cuzco” in LARR, Vol. 31, 1996 and “The Virgin and the Inca: An Incaic Procession in the City of Cuzco in
1692” in Ethnohistory, vol. 49(3), Summer 2002, pp. 611-649 and “Nobleza, identidad y rebelión: los
incas nobles del Cuzco frente a Túpac Amaru (1778-1782)” en Histórica, vol XXVII, No 1, 2003. pp. 9-49.
• Robbins, Nicholas A. Genocide and Millennialism in Upper Peru: The Great Rebellion of 1780-82,
Westport: Praeger, 2002.
• Stavig, Ward. The World of Tupac Amaru: Conflict, Community, and Identity in Colonial Peru, Lincoln:
University of Nebraska Press, 1999.
• Thomson, Sinclair. We Alone Will Rule: Native Andean Politics in the Age of Insurgency, Madison:
University of Wisconsin Press. 2002.

5. The Birth of the Republic (Sept. 25)

Required Readings
• Fisher, John R. “The Royalist Regime in the Viceroyalty of Peru, 1820-1824” in JLAS, Vol. 32, No. 1,
Andean Issue (Feb., 2000), pp. 55-84
• Klarén, P. Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes, chapter 4.
• Klein, Herbert. S. A Concise History of Bolivia, chapter 4.
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• Anna, Timothy. “Chaos and the Military Solution: the Fall of Royalist Peru” in Christon I. Archer, The Wars
of Independence in Spanish America, Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Inc., 2000, pp. 259-
282.
Recommended Readings
• Anna, Timothy. “Economic causes of San Martín's failure in Lima” in HAHR, 54:4, Nov. 1974, p. 657-681
and “The last viceroys of New Spain and Peru: an appraisal” in American Historical Review, 81:1, Feb.
1976, p. 38-65.
• Davis, Roger P. “The local dynamics of national dissent: the Ecuadorian pronunciamientos of 1826” in
Historian/Honor Society, 55:2, Winter 1993, pp. 289-302.
• Earle, Rebecca. ‘Creole Patriotism and the Myth of the Loyal Indian’, Past & Present, vol. 172 (2001), pp.
125-45.
• Favre, Henri. “Bolívar and the Indians” in UNISA Latin American Report, 4:1, March 1988, pp. 4-16.
• Fisher, John. “La formación del Estado Peruano y Simón Bolívar” en Inge Buisson y otros, eds.,
Problemas de la Formación del Estado y de la Nación en Hispanoamérica, Bonn: Böhlau Verlag Koln
Wien, 1984, pp. 466-480.
• Flores Galindo, Alberto. “In Search for an Inca” in Steve Stern, ed. Resistance, Rebellion, and
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Consciousness in the Andean Peasant World: 18 to 20 Centuries, pp.
• Guerra, Francois-Xavier. “Forms of communication, political spaces, and cultural identities in the creation
of Spanish American nations” in Sara Castro Klaren and John C. Chasteen, eds., Beyond Imagined
Communities: Reading and Writing the Nation in Nineteenth-Century Latin America, Baltimore, MD and
London: W. Wilson Center Press/The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003, pp. 3-32 and “The implosion
of the Spanish Empire: Emerging Statehood and Collective Identities” in Luis Roniger and Tamar Hezog,
eds. The Collective and the Public in Latin America, Brighton & Portland: Sussex Academic Press, 2000,
pp. 71-94.
• Hensel, Silke. “Was there an Age of Revolution in Latin America. New Literature on Latin American
Independence” in LARR 38(3), October 2003.
• Lynch, John. “Bolívar and the Caudillos” in HAHR, vol. 63(1), Feb. 1983, pp. 3-35.
• Morelli, Federica. “La Revolución de Quito: el camino hacia el gobierno mixto” (18-5-2008)
http://nuevomundo.revues.org/index3419.html
• Platt, Tristan. “Simón Bolívar, the sun of justice and the Amerindian Virgin: Andean conceptions of the
Patria in nineteenth-century Potosí” in Journal of Latin American Studies, 25:1, Feb. 1993, p. 159-185.
• Rodríguez. Jaime E., “Ciudadanos de la Nación Española: los indígenas y las elecciones constitucionales
en el Reino de Quito” en en La Mirada Esquiva. Reflexiones históricas sobre la Interacción del Estado y
la Ciudadanía en los Andes, siglo XIX, 41-64.
• Sábato, Hilda. “La reacción de América: la construcción de las repúblicas en el siglo XIX,”
historiapolitica.com/datos/biblioteca/Sabato1.pdf
• Thibaud, Clément. “La Academia Carolina de Charcas: una ‘escuela de dirigentes’ para la
independencia” in Rossana Barragán, Dora Cajías and Seemin Qayum, eds., El Siglo XIX. Bolivia y
América Latina, La Paz: Muela del Diablo Editores, 1997, pp. 39-60.
• Uribe-Uran, Víctor M. “The Birth of a Public Sphere in Latin America During the Age of Revolution” in
Comparative Studies in Society and History (2000), 42: 425-457.
• Walker, Charles F. “The Patriotic Society: discussions and omissions about Indians in the Peruvian War
of Independence” in Americas /Washington, 55:2, Oct. 1998, p. 275-298.

6. The Early Republic: Caudillismo and Patronage Politics (Oct. 16)

Required Readings
• Klarén, P. Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes, chapter 5.
• Klein, H. S. A Concise History of Bolivia, chapter 5.
• Thiessen-Reily, Heather. “Caudillo Nationalism in Bolivia” in Don Harrison Doyle, Marco Antonio
Pamplona, eds., Nationalism in the New World, Athens, GA: The University of Georgia Press, 2006.
• Walker, Charles. Smoldering ashes: Cuzco and the creation of Republican Peru, 1780-1840, Durham,
N.C.: Duke Univ. Press, 1999, chapters 5 to 7.
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Recommended Readings
• Aljov́in de Losada, Cristóbal. Caudillos y constituciones: Perú, 1821-1845, Lima: Pontificia Univ.
Católica del Perú, Instituto Riva-Agüero; México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2000 and “A break with
the past?: Santa Cruz and the Constitution” in N. Jacobsen and C. Aljovin, Political cultures in the Andes:
1750-1950, Durham, N.C.: Duke Univ. Press, 2005, p. 96-115.
• Blanksten, George I. Ecuador: constitutions and caudillos, Berkeley, California: University of California
Press, 1951.
• Dunkerley, James. “Reassessing Caudillismo in Bolivia, 1825-79” in Bulletin of Latin American Research,
Vol. 1, No. 1 (Oct., 1981), pp. 13-25
• Brading, Celia Wu. Generals and diplomats: Great Britain and Peru, 1820-40. Translated and edited by
D.A. Brading, Cambridge: Centre of Latin American Studies, Univ. of Cambridge, 1991.
• Hamill, Hugh M., ed., Caudillos: dictators in Spanish America, Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 1992.
• Gootenberg, Paul. Between silver and guano: commercial policy and the state in post-independence
Peru, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1989.
• Guerra, Francois Xavier. "The Spanish American Tradition of Representation and Its European Roots" in
JLAS, 26, no.1 (1994): 1-35.
• Lynch, John. Caudillos in Spanish America, 1800-1850, Oxford, England: Clarendon Press; New York:
Oxford Univ. Press, 1992.
• Ortiz Mesa, Luis. “Poder y Sociedad en los Andes. Manuel Isidoro Belzú, un caudillo popular, Bolivia,
1848-1855” in Anuario Colombiano de Historia Social y Cultura, vol. 22, 1995, pp. 76-96.
• Peralta, Víctor. "Amordazar a la plebe. El lenguaje político del caudillismo en Bolivia, 1848-1874" in
Barragán, Rossana and Qayum, Seemin, eds. El siglo XIX: Bolivia y América Latina, La Paz: Institut
français d'études andines, 1997. pp. 635-649.
• Peralta, Víctor and Marta Irurozqui. Por la Concordia, la Fusión y el Unitarismo: Estado y caudillismo en
Bolivia, 1825-1880. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 2000.
• Pérez, Carlos. “Caudillos, comerciantes y el estado nacional en la Bolivia decimonovena” in
Anuario/Sucre, 1999, p. 331-350.
• Van Aken, Mark J. King of the Night: Juan José Flores and Ecuador, 1824-1864, Berkeley: University of
California Press, 1989.

7. The Early Republic: Nations and Rural Societies (October 23)

Required Readings
• Mendez, Cecilia. The Plebeian Republic. The Huanta Rebellion and the Making of the Peruvian State,
1820-1850.
Recommended Readings
• Brienen, Marten. “Los orígenes del caos educativo: el desarrollo del sistema educativo y el papel de las
comunidades indígenas en la construcción del Estado-Nación boliviano” en La Mirada Esquiva.
Reflexiones históricas sobre la Interacción del Estado y la Ciudadanía en los Andes, siglo XIX, pp 125-
146.
• Greishaber, Erwin P. “Survival of Indian Communities in Nineteenth- Century Bolivia: A Regional
Comparison” in JLAS, 12(2), 1980.
• Husson, Patrick. De la guerra a la rebelión (Huanta, siglo XIX), Cuzco: CERA Bartolomé de las Casas,
1992.
• Irurozqui, Marta. “The Sound of the Pututos: Politicisation and Indigenous Rebellions in Bolivia, 1826-
1921” in JLAS, 2000 32(1): 85-114.
• Méndez, Cecilia. “Tradiciones liberales en los Andes o la Ciudadanía por las armas: campesinos y
militares en la formación del Estado peruano” en La Mirada Esquiva. Reflexiones históricas sobre la
Interacción del Estado y la Ciudadanía en los Andes, siglo XIX, pp 125-146.
• Sattar, Aleeze. “¿Indígena o Ciudadano? Republican Laws and Highland Indian Communities in Ecuador,
1820-1857” in A. Kim Clark and Marc Becker, Highland Indians and the State in Modern Ecuador, pp. 22-
36.

8. The Liberal Republic: Citizenship and Nation (Oct. 30)

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Required Readings
• Larson, Brooke. Trials of Nation Making. Liberalism, Race, and Ethnicity in the Andes, 1810-1910.
Recommended Readings
• Baud, Michiel., “Liberalism, Indigenous, and Social Mobilization in late Nineteenth-Century Ecuador” in A.
Kim Clark and Marc Becker, eds., Highland Indians and the State in Modern Ecuador, pp. 72-88.
• Chiaramonti, Gabriella. Ciudadanía y representación en el Perú (1808-1860). Los itinerarios de la
soberanía, Lima: Fondo Editorial UNMSM, 2005.
• Irurozqui, Marta. “La guerra de civilización: la participación indígena en la Revolución de 1870 en Bolivia”
en Revista de Indias, 61:222, May/August 2001, pp. 407-432.
• Jacobsen, Nils. “Liberalism and Indian communities in Peru, 1821-1920” in Liberals, the Church, and
Indian peasants: corporate lands and the challenge of reform in nineteenth-century Spanish America.
Edited by Robert H. Jackson. Albuquerque: Univ. of New Mexico Press, 1997, pp. 123-170.
• Langer, Erick D., “Indian Trade and Ethnic Economies in the Andes 1780-1880” in Estudios
Interindisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe, vol. 15(1), 2004.
http://www.tau.ac.il/eial/XV_1/langer.html
• Langer, Erick D. and Robert H. Jackson. “Liberalism and the land question in Bolivia, 1825-1920” in
Liberals, the Church, and Indian peasants: corporate lands and the challenge of reform in nineteenth-
century Spanish America, pp. 171-192.
• Mallon, Florencia. Peasant and Nation. Peasant and Nation. The Making of Postcolonial Mexico and
Peru, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995.
• Manrique, Nelson. Las guerrillas indígenas en la Guerra con Chile, Lima: CIC, 1981.
• Méndez, Cecilia. “Tradiciones liberales en los Andes: militares y campesinos en la formación del estado
peruano” in Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe, vol. 15(1), 2004.
• Platt, Tristan. “The Andean experience of Bolivian liberalism, 1825-1900: roots of rebellion in 19th-
century Chayanta, Potosí” in Resistance, rebellion, and consciousness in the Andean peasant world: 18th
to 20th centuries, pp. 280-323.
• Soasti, Guadalupe. “La formación de los primeros ciudadanos ecuatorianos. Política y Educación en
Ecuador, 1835-1845” en La Mirada Esquiva. Reflexiones históricas sobre la Interacción del Estado y la
Ciudadanía en los Andes, siglo XIX, 155-163, pp. 155-162.
• Stein, William W. “Next to Nothing: More on Pedro Pablo Atusparia” HAHR, Vol. 78, No. 2 (May, 1998),
pp. 307-315
• Thurner, Mark. From two republics to one divided: contradictions of postcolonial nationmaking in Andean
Peru, Durham, N.C.; London: Duke Univ. Press, 1997; “Atusparia and Cáceres: rereading representations
of Peru's late nineteenth-century "national problem" in HAHR, 77:3, Aug. 1997, p. 409-441;
“Republicanos and la comunidad de Peruanos: unimagined political communities in postcolonial Andean
Peru” in JLAS, 27:2, May 1995, pp. 291-318 and “Less on Atusparia” in HAHR, 80(1), 2000.
• Van Aken, Mark J. “The lingering death of Indian tribute in Ecuador” in HAHR, 61(3), 1981, pp. 429-459.
• Williams, Derek. "Popular Liberalism and Indian Servitude: The Making and Unmaking of Ecuador's
Antilandlord State, 1845-1868" in HAHR, 83:4, November 2003, pp. 697-733.

9. Oligarchic Republics and Capitalist Transition (Nov. 6)

Required Readings
• Striffler, Steve. In the shadows of state and capital: the United Fruit Company, popular struggle, and
agrarian restructuring in Ecuador, 1900-1995
• Klarén, P. Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes, chapters 6 to 8.
• Klein, H. S. A Concise History of Bolivia, chapter 6.
Recommended Readings
• Assies, Willem. “From Rubber Estate to Simple Commodity Production: Agrarian Struggles in the
Northern Bolivian Amazon” in Journal of Peasant Studies [Great Britain] 2002 29(3-4): 83-130.
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• Clark, A. Kim. The redemptive work: railway and nation in Ecuador, 1895-1930, Wilmington, Del.: SR
Books, 1998 and “Shifting Paternalism in Indian-State Relations, 1895-1950” in Highland Indians and the
State in Modern Ecuador, pp. 89-104.
• Clark, Kim A. and, Marc Becker, "Indigenous Peoples and State Formation in Modern Ecuador" in A. Kim
Clark and Marc Becker, eds., Highland Indians and the State in Modern Ecuador, pp. 1-21.
• García Jordán, Pilar. Cruz y arado, fusiles y discursos: la construcción de los Orientes en el Perú y
Bolivia, 1820-1940, Lima: Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos; Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, 200 and
“En el corazón de las tinieblas del Putumayo, 1890-1932: fronteras, caucho, mano de obra indígena y
misiones católicas en la nacionalización de la Amazonía” in Revista de Indias [Spain] 2001 61(223): 591-
617.
• Guerrero, Andrés. “The Construction of a Ventriloquist’s Image: Liberal Discourse and the ‘Miserable
th
Indian Race’ in Late 19 Century Ecuador” in JLAS , 29, 1997, pp. 555-590.
• Irurozqui, Marta. “¿Ciudadanos armados o traidores a la patria? Participación indígena en las
revoluciones bolivianas de 1870 y 1899”
http://bibliotecavirtual.clacso.org.ar/ar/libros/ecuador/flacso/iconos/iconos26/irurozqui.pdf
• Larson, Brooke. “Redeemed Indians, barbarized cholos: crafting neocolonial modernity in liberal Bolivia,
1900-1910” in Nils Jacobsen and Cristóbal Aljovín de Losada, editors, Political cultures in the Andes:
1750-1950, Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press, 2005, pp. 230-252.
• Mallon, Florencia. The defense of community in Peru's central highlands: peasant struggle and capitalist
transition, 1860-1940, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1983.
• Nugent, David. Modernity at the edge of empire: state, individual, and nation in the northern Peruvian
Andes, 1885-1935, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1997.
• Taylor, Lewis. Society and politics in late nineteenth century Peru: Contumazá, 1876-1900, Liverpool,
England: Institute of Latin American Studies, Univ. of Liverpool, 1990.
• Thurner, Marc. “Peasant Politics and Andean Haciendas in the Transition to Capitalism. An Etnographic
History” in LARR, vol. 28, 1993.
• Vila de Prado, Roberto. “Liberal thought and Bolivian political culture (1899-1934) in
socialsciences.scielo.org/pdf/s_rhcs/v1nse/scs_a03.pdf

10. The Intellectual Critique: Indians and Indigenistas (Nov. 13)

Required Readings
• Becker, Marc. “Indigenous Nationalities in Ecuadorean Marxist Thought” in A Contracorriente, vol. 5, no.
2, Winter 2008, pp. 1-46. http://www.ncsu.edu/project/ acontracorriente/winter_08/Becker.pdf
• Becker, Marc. "Mariátegui, the Comintern, and the Indigenous Question in Latin America," Science &
Society 70, no. 4 (October 2006): 450-79.
• Beigel, Fernanda. “Mariátegui y las antinomias del indigenismo” en
http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/pdf/279/27901303.pdf
• Irurozqui, Marta. “¿Qué hacer con el indio?: un análisis de las obras de Franz Tamayo y Alcides
Arguedas” in Revista de Indias, 52:195/196, May/December 1992, p. 559-587.
Recommended Readings
• Clark, Kim. “La medida de la diferencia: las imágenes indigenistas de los indios serranos en el Ecuador,
1920-1940” in www.flacso.org.ec/docs/sfracclark.pdf
• Becker, Marc. “Indigenismo and Indian Movements in Twentieth-Century Ecuador” Prepared for delivery
at the 1995 meeting of the Latin American Studies Association, The Sheraton Washington, September
28-30, 1995.
• Colloredo-Mansfeld, Rudolf Josef. "Dirty Indians," radical indígenas, and the political economy of social
difference in modern Ecuador” in Bulletin of Latin American Research, 17:2, May 1998, p. 185-205.
• De la Cadena, Marisol. Indigenous mestizos: the politics of race and culture in Cuzco, Peru, 1919-
1991, Durham, N.C.: Duke Univ. Press, 2000.
• Flores Galindo, Alberto. Buscando un inca: identidad y utopía en los Andes, Lima: Instituto de Apoyo
Agrario, 1987.
• Ibarra, Hernán. “Intelectuales indígenas, neoindigenismo e indianismo en el Ecuador” in Ecuador Debate,
48, dic. 1999, p. 71-94.
 9

• Irurozqui, Marta. “La narrativa anti-chola en la literatura boliviana, 1880-1940: sobre caudillos,
demagogos y otros ‘males étnicos” in Jahrbuch für Geschichte Lateinamerikas [Anuario de Historia de
América Latina], 35, 1998 , pags. 189-218.
• Klarén, P. Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes, chapters 9.
• Leibner, Gerardo. El mito del socialismo indígena en Mariátegui, Lima: Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia
Universidad Católica del Perú, 1999.
• Mariátegui, José Carlos. Seven interpretive essays on Peruvian reality. Austin, Texas, University of Texas
Press, 1971. Introduction by Jorge Basadre and pp. 3-76.
• Miller, Nicola. “Intellectuals and the state in Spanish America: a comparative perspective” in Ideologues
and ideologies in Latin America, Edited by Will Fowler. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1997, p. 45-
64 and In the shadow of the state: intellectuals and the quest for national identity in twentieth-century
Spanish America, London; New York: Verso, 1999.
• Muratorio, Blanca. “Discursos y Silencios sobre el indio en la conciencia nacional” en B. Juratorio,
Imágenes e Imagineros. Representaciones de los indígenas ecuatorianos, siglos XIX y XX, Quito:
FLACSO, 1994, pp. 9-24.
• Nalewajko, Malgorzata. “La imagen del indio en el Perú durante los años veinte de nuestro siglo: la
discusión sobre la integración nacional” in Jahrbuch für Geschichte von Staat, Wirtschaft und
Gesellschaft Lateinamerikas, 26, 1989, p. 229-259.
• Poole, Deborah. Vision, Race and Modernity. A Visual Economy of the Andean Image World, Princeton,
N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997.
• Vargas Llosa, Mario. La Utopia Arcaica, Lima/México: FCE, 1998 and “Questions of Conquest and
Culture”

11. Populists and Revolutionaries (Nov. 20)

Required Readings
• Klarén, P. Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes, chapters 10 and 11.
• Klein, H. S. A Concise History of Bolivia, chapter 7 and 8.
• De la Torre, Carlos. Populist seduction in Latin America: the Ecuadorian experience, 2000.
Recommended Readings
• Arízaga Vega, Rafael. Velasco Ibarra, el rostro del caudillo, Quito: Ediciones Culturales, 1985.
• De la Torre, Carlos. “Ethnic Movements and Citizenship in Ecuador” in LARR, vol. 41(2), June 2006.
• Conniff, Michael, ed. Populism in Latin America, Tuscaloosa and London: University of Alabama Press,
1999.
• Dunkerley, James. “The origins of the Bolivian Revolution in the twentieth century: some reflections” in
Proclaiming revolution: Bolivia in comparative perspective, pp. 135-163.
• Gotkowitz, Laura. “Revisiting the rural roots of the Revolution” in Proclaiming revolution: Bolivia in
comparative perspective, pp. 164-182.
• Khol, James V. “Peasant and revolution in Bolivia: April 9, 1952-August 2, 1953” in HAHR, 58:2, May
1978, p. 239-259.
• Knight, Alan. “The Domestic Dynamics of the Mexican and Bolivian Revolutions” in Merilee S. Grindle and
Pilar Domingo, eds., Proclaiming Revolution: Bolivia in Comparative Perspective, Cambridge and
London, 2003, pp. 54-90.
• Leaman, David. “Changing Faces of Populism in Latin America: Masks, Makeovers, and Enduring
Features” in LARR, vol. 39(3), October 2004.
• Grindle, Merilee S. “1952 and All That: The Bolivian Revolution in Comparative Perspective” in Merilee S.
Grindle and Pilar Domingo, eds., Proclaiming Revolution: Bolivia in Comparative Perspective, Cambridge
and London, 2003, pp. 25-53
• Quintero, Rafael. El mito del populismo en el Ecuador: análisis de los fundamentos del estado
ecuatoriano moderno, 1895-1934, Quito: FLASCO, 1980.
• Stein, Steve. “Populism in Peru: APRA, the formative years” in Latin American populism in comparative
perspective. Edited by Michael Coniff , 113-134.

12. Political Violence and Rural Society: the case of Shining Path (Dec. 4)
 10

Required Readings
• Various authors, “The Shining Path” in The Peru Reader. History, Culture, Politics, Durham and London:
Duke University Press, 1995, chapter VI.
• Stern, Steve, editor. Shining and other paths: war and society in Peru, 1980-1995, Duke University Press,
1998, 1-345 and 470-476.
• Rénique, José Luis. La Voluntad Encarcelada: Las 'Luminosas Trincheras de Combate' de Sendero
Luminoso del Perú, Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Lima, Perú, 2003
http://www.iep.org.pe/textos/DDT/voluntadencarcelada.pdf
Recommended Readings
• Degregori, Carlos Iván. “How difficult it is to be God” in Critical Anthropology, 11:3, 1991, p. 233-250 and
“After the fall of Abimael Guzmán: the limits of Sendero Luminoso” in The Peruvian labyrinth: polity,
society, economy. Edited by Maxwell A. Cameron and Philip Mauceri, University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania
State Universuty Press, 1997, p. 79-91.
• Fumerton, Mario. “Rondas campesinas in the Peruvian Civil War: Peasant Self-defence Organisations in
Ayacucho” in Bulletin of Latin American Research [Great Britain] 2001 20(4): 470-497.
• Gorriti Ellenbogen, Gustavo. The Shining Path: a history of the millenarian war in Peru. Translated and
with introduction by Robin Kirk. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1999.
• Klarén, P. Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes, chapters 12 and 13.
• Mendez, Cecilia. “Las paradojas del autoritarismo: ejército, campesinado y etnicidad en los siglos XIX y
XX” in http://www.flacso.org.ec/docs/i26_mendez2.pdf
• Rénique, José Luis. La batalla por Puno : conflicto agrario y nación en los Andes peruanos 1866-1995,
Lima : IEP Ediciones; SUR Casa de Estudios del Socialismo; CEPES Centro Peruano de Estudios
Sociales, 2004.
• Starn, Orin. “Maoism in the Andes: The Communist Party of Peru-Shining Path and the Refusal of
History” in JLAS, vol. 27, may 1995, pp. 399-421.
• Thorp, Rosemary. “Inequality, Ethnicity, Political Mobilisation and Political Violence in Latin America: The
cases of Bolivia, Guatemala and Peru” in Bulletin of Latin American Research, 25(4), October 2006, pp.
453-480.
• Vargas Llosa, Mario. La utopía arcaica, Lima: FCE, 1996.
• Wilson, Fiona. “Transcending Race? Schoolteachers and Political Militancy in Andean Peru, 1970-2000”
in JLAS, 39, pp. 719-746.

13. Contemporary Indigenous Movements (Dec. 11)

Required Readings
• Yashar, Deborah J., Contesting Citizenship in Latin America. The Rise of Indigenous Movements and the
Postliberal Challenge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Recommended Readings
• Albó, Xavier. “Ethnic Identity and Politics in the Central Andes: The Cases of Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru”
in Politics in the Andes: identity, conflict, reform. Edited by Jo-Marie Burt and Philip Mauceri. Pittsburgh,
Pa.: Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, 2004.
• Almeida Vinueza, José. “The Ecuadorian Indigenous Movement and the Gutiérrez regime” in PoLAR:
Political and Legal Anthropology Review May 2005, Vol. 28, No. 1: 93-111.
• Andolina, Robert. "The Sovereign and Its Shadow: Constituent Assembly and Indigenous Movement in
Ecuador" in JLAS, v35, 4 (2003): 721-750.
• Clark, Kim A. and Marc Becker. “Indigenous Peoples and State Formation in Modern Ecuador” in A. Kim
Clark and Marc Becker, eds. Highland Indians and the State in Modern Ecuador, pp. 1-23.
• Becker, Marc. "Pachakutik and Indigenous Political Party Politics in Ecuador," in Latin American Social
Movements in the Twenty-First Century: Resistance, Power, and Democracy, ed. Richard Stahler-Sholk,
Vanden, Harry E. and Glen Kuecker, Lanham MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2008, pp. 165-80.
• Botero Villegas, Luis Fernando. “Aunque me cueste la vida. Movilización india, etnicidad, liderazgo
comunitario en Ecuador” in Revista Nueva Antropología, vol XVII, no. 056, November 1999, pp. 63-79.
redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/pdf/159/15905605.pdf
 11

• Korovkin, Tanya. “Reinventing the Communal Tradition: Indigenous Peoples, Civil Society, and
Democratization in Andean Ecuador” in LARR, 2001 36(3): 37-67.
• Gerlach, Allen. Indians, Oil, and Politics: A Recent History of Ecuador, Wilmington, DE.: Scholarly
Resources, 2003; Greene, Shane. “Incas, Indios and Indigenism in Peru” in NACLA, vol. 38, January
2005, no. 4 and Shane Green, “Getting over the Andes: The Geo-Eco-Politics of Indigenous Movements
in Peru's Twenty-First Century Inca Empire” in JLAS, 38, 2006, pp. 327-354.
• Lucero, José Antonio, “Representing “Real Indians”. The Challenges of Indigenous Authenticity and
Strategic Constructivism in Ecuador and Bolivia” in Latin American Research Review, vol. 41(2), 2006
and “Barricades and Articulations: Comparing Ecuadorian and Bolivian Indigenous Politics” in A. Kim
Clark and Marc Becker, eds. Highland Indians and the State in Modern Ecuador, pp. 209-233.
• Lucero, José Antonio and María Elena García. “In the Shadows of Success. Indigenous Politics in Peru
and Ecuador” in A. Kim Clark and Marc Becker, eds. Highland Indians and the State in Modern Ecuador,
pp. 235-247.
• Méndez, Cecilia. “Las paradojas del autoritarismo: ejército, campesinado y etnicidad, siglos XIX al XX” en
http://www.flacso.org.ec/docs/i26_mendez2.pdf
• Rojas Ortuste, Gonzalo. “El movimiento étnico-campesino en el 2000 boliviano,”
http://www.revistadesarrollohumano.org/Biblioteca/0050.pdf
• Pajuelo, Ramón. Participación política indígena en la sierra peruana. Una aproximación desde las
dinámicas nacionales y locales, Lima: Konrad Adenauer Stifung/IEP, 2006.
• Pallares, Amalia. From peasant struggles to Indian resistance: the Ecuadorian Andes in the late twentieth
century, Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2002.
• Paredes, Maritza. “Weak Indigenous Politics in Peru,” CRISE Working Paper no. 22, 2008.
http://209.85.215.104/search?q=cache:23R53cQSnDUJ:www.crise.ox.ac.uk/
• Rice, Roberta. “The Emergence and Performance of Indigenous Peoples’ Parties in South America” in
Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 39, No. 6, 2006, pp. 709-732.
• Sawyer, Suzane. Indigenous Politics, Multinational Oil, and Neoliberalism in Ecuador, Durham NC: Duke
University Press, 2004.
• Van Cott, Donna Lee. “Radical Democracy in the Andes. Indigenous Parties and the Quality of
Democracy in Latin America,” December 2006,
http://kellogg.nd.edu/publications/workingpapers/WPS/333.pdf and From Movements to Parties in Latin
America: The Evolution of Ethnic Politics
• Webber, Jeffery. “Indigenous Struggle in Latin America: The Perilous Invisibility of Capital and Class” in
Latin American Politics and Society, Fall 2007
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4000/is_200710/ai_n21033377/pg_1

14. Bolivia: Unmaking of a Nation? (Dec. 18)

Required Readings:
• Hylton, Forrest and Sinclair Thomson. Revolutionary Horizons: Past and Present in Bolivian Politics
Recommended Readings:
• Assies, Willem. “A Gasified Democracy” in European Review of Latin America & Caribbean Studies,
2004, no. 76, pp. 25-43.
• Barr, Robert R. “Bolivia: Another Uncompleted Revolution” in Latin American Politics and Society , Fall
2005.
th
• Brienen, Martin. “Impossible Revolution. Populism and Frustration in 20 Century Bolivia” in
http://weber.ucsd.edu/~dsilva/ETHN%20119/Martin%20Brienen%20-
%20Interminable%20Revolution_%20Populism%20and%20Frustration%20in%2020th%20Century%20B
olivia%20-%20SAIS%20Review%2027_1.pdf
• Eaton, Kent.“Backlash in Bolivia: Regional Autonomy as a Reaction against Indigenous Mobilization” in
Politics & Society, Vol. 35, 2007, No. 1, pp. 71-102.
• Hylton, Forrest. “The Ghost of Gonismo: "Popular Participation" in Bolivia's Gas Referendum” in
Counterpunch, http://www.counterpunch.org/hylton07202004.html
• Hylton, Forrest and Sinclair Thomson 2005 “The chequered rainbow.” New Left Review 35: 40–64.
 12

• Irurozqui, Marta. “La ciudadanía clandestine: Democracia y educación indígena en Bolivia, 1826-1952”
en Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe, vol. 10(1), 1999.
http://www.tau.ac.il/eial/X_1/irurozqui.html
• Kohl, Benjamin and Linda Farthing. Impasse in Bolivia: Neoliberal Hegemony and Popular Resistance.
London and New York: Zed Books, 2006.
• La Serna, Roberto. “El Caudillismo Fragmentado” en http://www.nuso.org/upload/articulos/3432_1.pdf
• Olivera, Oscar. Cochabamba!: Water Rebellion in Bolivia, London: South End Press,U.S., 2004.
• Perreault, Thomas. “From the Guerra del Agua to the Guerra del Gas: Resource Governance
Neoliberalism and Popular Protest in Bolivia” in Antipode, 2006, 38(1): pp. 150-172.
• Spronk, Susan and Jeffery Webber, “Struggles against accumulation by dispossession in Bolivia: the
Political Economy of Natural Resource Contention” in Latin American Perspectives, 2007, 34(2), pp. 31-
47.
• Ticona Alejo, Esteban. “Pueblos indígenas y Estado boliviano. La larga historia de conflictos”
http://www.ugr.es/~pwlac/G19_10Esteban_Ticona_Alejo.html
• Webber, Jeffery. “Left-indigenous struggles in Bolivia: Searching for revolutionary democracy.” Monthly
Review 57, 2005, pp. 34–48 and “Bolivian Horizons: an Interview with Historian Sinclair Thomson” in
http://boliviarising.blogspot.com/2007/11/bolivian-horizons-interview-with.html