Active and Passive Voice

English 8th level 12 ano
Active and passive voice

Use of Passive Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known however, who or what is performing the action. Example: My bike was stolen. Form of Passive Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (-ED or 3rd column of irregular verbs) Example: A letter was written. When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)
Isabelle Valente, adaptado
We have listed active and passive forms in the following table. We used the phrase I drive and have put this phrase into most common tenses. Active (Simple Forms) Simple Present Simple Past Present Perfect Past Perfect will-future Future Perfect Conditional I Conditional II I drive I drove I have driven I had driven I will drive I will have driven I would drive I would have driven Passive (Simple Forms) Simple Present Simple Past Present Perfect Past Perfect will-future Future Perfect Conditional I Conditional II I am driven I was driven I have been driven I had been driven I will be driven I will have been driven I would be driven I would have been driven
Active (Progressive/Continuous Forms) Simple Present Simple Past Present Perfect Past Perfect will-future Future Perfect Conditional I Conditional II I am driving I was driving I have been driving I had been driving I will be driving I will have been driving I would be driving I would have been driving Passive (Progressive/Continuous Forms) Present Past Present Perfect Tenses which are rarely used in everyday conversation. Past Perfect Future Future Perfect Conditional I I am being driven I was being driven I have been being driven I had been being driven I will be being driven I will have been being driven
Isabelle Valente, adaptado I would be being driven

I would have been being driven
Conditional II
Here you will find some examples of how to form the passive depending on the tense. tense Simple Present Simple Past Present Perfect Past Perfect will-future going to-future active Peter builds a house. Peter built a house. Peter has built a house. Peter had built a house. Peter will build a house. Peter is going to build a house in summer. passive A house is built by Peter. A house was built by Peter. A house has been built by Peter. A house had been built by Peter. A house will be built by Peter. A house is going to be built in summer by Peter.
1) Active sentences with two objects in passive: Personal or idiomatic Passive

When there are two objects in an active sentence, there are two possible active sentences and two possible passive sentences. When we put an object of an active sentence into passive, it becomes subject of the passive sentence.
Active voice:
The professor explained THE STUDENTS the exercise. The professor explained THE EXERCISE to the students. CI CD
Passive voice:
CI + VERB PASSIVE + CD + REST CD+ VERB PASSIVE + TO + CI+ REST THE STUDENTS were explained the exercise. THE EXERCISE was explained to the students.

We sometimes use a pronoun for "the students" or "the exercise" in its subject form (here: they/it). We very often leave out the byagent in the passive sentence (here: by the professor).
Passive voice:
They were explained the exercise. It was explained to the students.
Each of the objects (direct and indirect) can be the subject in the passive sentence. active sentence - possibility 1 subject The professor verb explained indirect object the students direct object the exercise.
passive sentence - possibility 1 subject The students verb were explained object the exercise. (by-agent) (by the professor).
active sentence - possibility 2

subject The professor verb explained direct object the exercise indirect object to the students.
passive sentence - possibility 2 subject The exercise verb was explained object to the students (by-agent) (by the professor).
2) Passive sentences with by

We are normally not interested in the "doer" of an action in a passive sentence. When we want to mention the "doer", we use the preposition by. The whole phrase is called by-agent in English. Active sentence Mr Brown built the house. Passive sentence The house was built by Mr Brown.
When we do not know, who was the "doer" of the action, we use someone or somebody in the active sentence. We leave out these words in the passive sentence. Active sentence Passive sentence My bike was stolen.
Someone stole my bike.
3) Passive of Reporting Verbs / Impersonal Passive It is said ...

Verbs that refer to saying or thinking ( think, believe, say, report, know, consider, presume, hope) are often followed by a toinfinitive form in the passive.
Example: The police think he is in Argentina. He is thought to be in Argentina.
The phrase It is said ... is an impersonal passive construction. We often use it in news.
Passive sentence - version 1:

It is said that children are afraid of ghosts.
Passive sentence - version 2:

Children are said to be afraid of ghosts.

The correct active sentence would be: Active sentence: People say that children are afraid of ghosts . There are four Infinitive forms, which we will use depending on the tense we have in the active sentence. Simple to write Continuous to be writing Perfect to have written to have been writing
Perf. Continuous
In order to make this type of passive sentence, we Take the subject of the second sentence: He 1 Passive verb of the Reporting verb in the same tense as in the active: is thought 2 The verb of the second sentence in the Infinitive form: to be Which form of the Infinitive do we use? If it carries an idea of present or future Simple: to write It it carries an idea of past, whatever the tense (Past Simple, Past Perfect, Present Perfect) Perfect: to have written. If either of them are in a continuous form, you use the adequate Infinitive continuous form to be writing or to have been writing
Some more examples:

ACTIVE They say she works hard. They say she played well. They said she has done well. They believe he is having an affair. They believe he has been having an affair. She believes the repairs have been finished. PASSIVE She is said to work hard. She is said to have played well. She was said to have done well. He is believed to be having an affair. He is believed to have been having an affair. The repairs are believed to have been finished.
SOME
VERBS HAVE SPECIAL
PASSIVE
FORMS:
MAKE AND HELP They are followed by a bare infinitive in the active, but take a to-infinitive in the passive
Active:
Her two sisters made him clean the house
LET In the passive, let is replaced by allowed and is followed by a to-infinitive. Active: The teacher let us leave early Passive: We were allowed to leave early (by the teacher) SEE AND HEAR Some verbs of the senses can be followed by either a to-infinitive or a gerund form in the passive. Active: They heard the baby cry / crying. Passive: The baby was heard to cry / crying.
Passive:
He was made to clean the house by her two sisters.
Questions in Passive are formed with to be and the past particple.
1a. Questions without question words in Passive (Simple Present)

Form of to Subject be past participle Rest Yes/No Yes, Is the test written in room 311? No, No, Yes, Are grapes grown in California? No, No, Subject it it it they they they Auxiliary (+ n't) is. is not. isn't. are. are not. aren't.
1b. Questions with question words in Passive (Simple Present)

Question word Where Why Form of to be is are Subject the test grapes past participle written? grown in California? Rest Answer The test is written in room 311. Grapes are grown in California because it's warm and sunny.
2a. Questions without question words in Passive (Simple Past)

Form of to be Subject past participle Rest Yes/No Yes, Was the book taken to the classroom? No, No, Yes, Were the students taught at home? No, No, Subject it it it they they they Auxiliary (+ n't) was. was not. wasn't. were. were not. weren't.
2b. Questions with question words in Passive (Simple Past)

Question word Where Why Form of to Subject be was were the book the students past participle taken? taught at home? Rest Answer The book was taken to the classroom. The students were taught at home because the school was closed.
Here are some more example in other tenses. Let's start with the Simple froms: Tense Present Perfect Past Perfect will-future going to-future Future Perfect Conditional I Conditional II And now two Progessive forms: Auxiliary Has Had Will Is Will Would Would Subject the house the house the house the house the house the house the house Verb been built? been built? be built? going to be built? have been built? be built? have been built?

Tense Present Progressive Past Progressive Auxiliary Is Was Subject the house the house Verb being built? being built?
Verbs with prepositions in passive

When we put an active sentence, where a preposition follows after the verb (e.g. break into, look after), into passive - the preposition remains immediately after the verb. Active sentence Passive sentence The pet shop was broken into.
Someone broke into the pet shop.

Active and Passive Voice

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Active and Passive Voice

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English 8th level 12 ano