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Atoms have different densities o Different masses on a per particle basis o AMU Atomic Mass Unit 1/12 of a C-12 atom o Every element has a unique average mass number o AMUs are too small to measure in a lab Use grams to measure mass o Different particles have different masses Equal numbers of different particles (atoms not compounds) The Mole o Not a mass o A number of atoms o A counting unit o The number of carbon atoms in 12.011 of Carbon o 1 mol 6.022 X 10^23 atoms Avogadros number o A sample of an element with a mass (in g) equal to the mass number contains 1 mole of atoms o Relates grams of sample to number of atoms counting by weighing o Always the same number of atoms Different masses b/c different densities of atoms o Good rule Always convert mass moles Or vice versa Molar mass of compounds (formula weight) Methane: what is the mass of 6.022 X 10^23 particles (molecules) of methane (CH4) Mass Percent o Percent by mass o (Total Mass of element in compound/total mass of compound) X 100 Formulas of compounds o How to determine the formula of a compound that has never been isolated before In a lab Mass Spectrometer o Separates the substances according to their atomic/molecular masses Not in a lab Determine elements present and their respective mass percents Convert mass to moles of elements present

Hundley Poulson Chapter 8 Study Guide: The Mole Concept

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Find simplest whole number ration of moles of elements in the compounds o Mole ratio Empirical formula Simplest formula Formula for compound expressed as simplest whole ratio of elements o Ex: C6H12O6 Empirical = CH2O Molecular formula Gives actual number of atoms present in a molecule Ex: C6H12O6 = molecular formula Empirical formulas show relative numbers of elements of a compound Molecular formulas show absolute numbers Calculation of empirical formulas Can be calculated using either: Mass percent of elements in compound Actual masses of elements If mass percent is used Assume 100 g of compound Convert % values to grams Mass to moles Find mole ratio Divide by smallest number to find empirical formula Ex: o 59.95% O by mass o 40.05% S by mass o 59.95 grams of O and 40.05 grams of S o 59.95/16 = 3.75 moles of O o 40.05/32.1 = 1.25 moles of S o 3.75/1.25 = 3, 1.25/1.25 = 1 o 3:1 o SO3 = empirical formula If masses are given Convert mass to moles Compare mole ratios Find simplest whole number ratio Hydrates Crystals with a specific number of H2O molecules as part of crystal structure o Water of hydration Naming hydrates o Normal name for compound o Add on (multiplication dot) hydrate

Mono, di, tri, tetra, etc. in front on -hydrate SiO2 (multiplication dot) 4H2O Silicon dioxide tetrahydrate Water of hydration can be driven off by heating o Anhydrate Analyzing hydrates o Mass hydrate sample o Heat/drive off H2O of hydration o Mass after Anhydrate o Calculate empirical formula of hydrate Mass of anhydrate Mass of missing H2O (by subtraction)

Molecular formula o Gives actual number of atoms present in a molecule Ex: C6H12O6 o Can be calculated from empirical formula (elemental molar ratio) BUT Need the molar mass of compound Molecular formula is a multiple of empirical formula Ex: o C6H12O6 (molecular) = 180 g/mol o CH2O (empirical) = 30 g/mol As a rule o Empirical formula X n = molecular formula o N = Molecular molar mass/empirical formula mass Combustion of a hydrocarbon (C+H only) o Products always CO2 + H2O o All of the C and H in products are only from hydrocarbon O2 from atmosphere o From mass of CO2 + H2O collected can calculate moles of C + H collected Using the C:H mole ration Empirical formulas of a hydrocarbon o Convert massmoles o Find moles of C and H atoms Moles CO2 = moles of C Moles CO2 = 1 mol C/1 mol CO2 = mol C atom Moles H = 2 moles of H2O Moles H2O = 2 mol H2O/1 mol H2O = 2 mol H atoms Compare mole ratios Divide with smallest number o A sample of an unknown hydrocarbon is combusted, producing 14.1 grams of CO2 and 7.20 grams of H2O CO2: 14.1 X mol/44.01 = .32 mol CO2 = .32 C mol H2O: 7.20 X mol/18.02 = .4 mol H2O = .8 H mol

.8/.32 = 2.5 1:2.5 = C2O5

Molecular formula o Gives actual number of atoms present in a molecule Ex: C6H12O6