LECTURE11PrinciplesofcombustionIII

Exercise1
Exercise2
Exercise3
Keywords:Combustion,Excessair,Stoichiometricair,Furnace,Blastfurnace
Exercise1
1)Afurnaceisheatedbycombustingagaseousfuelofcomposition29% and
withdryair.TheOrsatanalysisofproductsofcombustion(POC)is1S% and
.Calculatethefollowingonthebasisof1m ofgaseousfuel
C0, 9% C0
2
, 16% B
2
46% N
2
C0
2
, 7% 0
2
78 %N
2
3
m
3
m
3
Caibon in C0 + Caibon in C0
2
= Caibon in P0C
u.29 + u.u9 = u.1SY
Y = 2.SS m
3
atNTP(1atmand273K)
Y = 2.SS 29827S = 2.76Sm
3
atSTP(1atmand298K)
Y = 2.SS 127S27S m
3
at(1atmand1273K)
NotetheincreaseinvolumeofPOCat1273Kwhichisaround5timesthanat273K.Thisknowledgeis
a) volumeofPOCatNTP,STPandat1uuu
b) VolumeofairatNTP
c) Percentexcessair
d) % B
2
0inPOC

SOLUTION:
a)VolumeofPOC(NotethatPOCandfluegasarethesame)
Consider1 ofgaseousfuelatNTP(1atm.And273K).LetY isPOC(1atm,273K)
PerformingCarbonbalance:
;itfollowsthat
,hence
importantindesigningcombustionchamber.

b)Volumeofair
lumeofairrequiredatNTP.Performingnitrogenbalanceweget
oge
u.79Z + u.46 = u.78 x 2.SS,hence
Z = 1.916 m
3
atNTP

)Percentexcessair
ercentexcessair,firstwehavetocalculatetheoreticalair.Theoreticalairistheair
requiredforcompletecombustionofthefollowingreactions:
B
2
+ u.S0
2
= B
2
0

notethatbothC0andB
2
require0.5moleofoxygen.Hence
of
3
aii ietical aii) Theoietical aii = 78.89%.
AlternativelyexcessaircanalsobecalculatedfromexcessoxygeninPOC,sincetheor llyoxygenin
POCwillappearonlywhenitisexcessthantheoreticalinthisproblem
Theslightdifferenceinexcessairmaybeduetoroundingoff.

d)%H
2
DinPOC
Fromthereaction2wegetstraightwaythatamoleofhydrogengives1moleofwater,hence
Peicent B
2
) in P0C = (1uu u.16 ) ( 2.SS + u.16 ) = S.9S%

Exercise2
LetZ m
3
isthevo
Niti n fiom aii + Nitiogen in gaseous fuel = Nitiogen in P0C,weget
c
Inordertocalculatep
C0 + u.S 0
2
= C0
2
and(1)
(2)
We
Theoreticalamount air1.u71 m atNTP
Excess aii in % = 1uu (Actual - Theo
etica
Excess aii in % = 1uu(u.u7 1.916) (u.21 1.u71) = 78.74%.
2)Afurnaceheatsthebillet.Thefurnaceisheatedbycombustingcoalwithair.Theultimateanalysisof
coalis; C 72.S%, B 7.S%, 0 6.7%, N 1.S%, S 2.S%andash 9.S%.Themoisturecontentofcoal,when
reand2utemperature.Thewatervapou ation
and
of
Percentexcessair
VolumeofairatNTP
C
OLUTION:i)Percentexcessair
and273K).Performingcarbonbalanceasdoneinproblem1gives
thevolumeofPOC.Notethatcoalcontainssulphur.Orsatanalysisasexplainedinlecture10
coa
ThevolumeofPOCis= 11. 142 m
3

Nowwecancalculateactualamountofairthatisusedinthecombustionprocessbyperforming
kgmoleisthe mountofnitrogenderivedfromair
SubstitutingthevalueswegetZ = u.4uS kg mole,henc oxygenwouldbe0.108kgmole
Nowcalculatetheoretical(stoichiometric)amountofair. emembertheoreticalamountofairis
letecombustion;fo
C + u.S 0
2
= C0
2
and
2B + u.S 0
2
= B
2
0
S + 0
2
=
etical amoun o ygen = u.u778S kg moles
eicent excess aii = 1uu(Actual oxygen - theoietical oxygen) theoietical oxygen
firedis3%.Theairismoistwiththerelativehumidity(RH)of4S%.Thebarometershows735mmHg
pressu ratsatur is17.54mmHg.TheOrsatanalysisof
productsofcombustion(POC)is1u.S% C0
2
, 6.2% 0
2
, 2% C0 81.S% N
2
.Calculatethefollowingon
thebasisof1kg coal

TotalvolumeofPO

S
LetvisvolumeofPOCatNTP(1atm
reportsbothC0
2
andS0
2
.Thereforecarbonbalancehereis
Caibon fiom l + Sulphui fiom coal = Caibon in P0C
nitrogenbalance;LetZ a
Nitiogen in coal + Nitiogen in aii = Nitiogen in P0C
e
R
calculatedonthebasisofcomp rthefollowingcombustionreactions;

S0
2

Theoi t of x
P
Substitutingthevaluesweget
Percentexcessair38. 33%.
wehavetofindthecompositionofmoistairbyusingDaltonslawwhichis
N2
+ P
D2
+ P
H2D
= 735 but
P
N2
+ P
D2
= 574.
volume of aii = u.4uS x 76u S74.41 = u.SS6 kg mole
Vulume uI atr = 13. 315 at 2 and 735 mm Hg ur 11. 998 at a

iii)TotalvolumeofPOC

Total volume of P0C = Biy volume of P0C + B

2
0 foimeu by ieaction 2 + Noistuie of coal +
nsubstitutingthevaluesweget

Tutal vulume uI PDC = 12. 148 m

3
at and7 mm Hgand13. 482 m
3
at 2and
xercise3
3)Inacontinuousheatingfurnace7Su stureandthe timate
analysis sis);C 77, B 7%, 0 4%, N 1%, S 2% andash9%.Innormaloperation,theOrsatanalysis
ofproductsofcombustion(POC)is1S% C0
2
, 6% 0
2
, u.S% C0 and8u.S%N
2
.Theoperatorhasopened
forcharging.Heclosesthedoorandoperatesthefurnacewiththesamefiringrateand
burneradjustmentaswasinthenormaloperationHedoesagainOrsatanalysisofPOC.TheOrsat
2
,and
bothqualitatively

ii)VolumeofairatNTP:

Notethattheairismositso
P
P
H2D
= RH vapuur pressure uI water vapuur at saturattun, we get
41
nd 7 mm Hg
Noistuie in aii
O

735 mm Hg
E
kghi coalisburntwith3%moi followingul
(dryba
thefurnacedoor
analysisnowis11.S% C0
2
, 8.2% 0 80.3%N2.HeissurprisedtoseechangeinOrsatanalysis.
Theoperatorwantsanexplanation andquantitatively.

SOLUTION:
xplanation:Theoperatorhasneitherchangedthefiringratenoradjustedtheburner.Whenthedoor
opened,atmosphericairisleakedintothecombustionchamberandCOofPOCwascombusted.
hishasresultedinchangeinPOC.Wehavetocalculateexcessair
gainweperformcarbonbalancewhenthedoorwasopened.NowwegetamountofP0C = u.S64
moles
Aii leakage = { (u.S64 u.8uS) - ( u.48u2 u.8uS)] 4.76 S.76 = u.u84 kg mols
7Su kg hi coal = 2SmSmin
Calculationsonexcessairhasbeendoneinproblem1and2.
Peicent excess aii = 21.46%
Forfurtherproblemsrefer
A.Butts:Metallurgicalproblems

Assignments:
ngfurnace7SukghicoalisburntwithS%moistureandthefollowing
is);77, B 7%, 0 4%, N 1%, S 2%andash9%.Innormaloperation,the
Orsatanalysisofproductsofcombustion(POC)is1S% C0
2
, 6% 0
2
, u.S% C0and8u.S% N
2
.
Theoperatorhasopenedthefurnacedoorforcharging.Heclosesthedoorandoperatesthe
withsamefiringrateandburneradjustmentaswasinthenormaloperationHedoes
againOrsatanalysisofPOC.TheOrsatanalysisnowis11.S% C0
2
, 8.2% 0
2
and8u.S% N
2
.Heis
E
was
T

Basis of calculation is 1 kg hi.

PerformingCarbonbalancewegetamountofP0C = u.48u2molesfornormaloperation.
A
Amountofairleakageforcombustionof

1) Inacontinuousheati
ultimateanalysis(drybas
furnace
surprisedtoseechangeinOrsatanalysis.
2) Anaturalgasanalyzing8S% CB
4
, S% C
2
B
6
and1 withairsuchthatpercent
oxygeninPOCremainsat2%ondrybasis.Assumecompletecombustion,calculate(a)analys
ofPOC(drybasis),and(b)%excessair.
3) Afurnaceisheatedbycombustingagaseousfuelofco 29% C0, 9% C0
2
, 16% B
2

and46% N
2
withdryair.TheOrsatanalys
u% N
2
isburned
is
mposition
isofproductsofcombustion(POC)is
% N
2
.Calculate

B
2
0in

4) Afurnaceheatst let.The tha

0 6.7 % N 1.S%, S 2.S%and9.S%.Themoisturecontent
airismoistwiththerelativehumidity(RH)of4S%the
mmHgpressureand2utemprature.Thewatervapouratsaturationis
4mm Orsatanalysisofproductsofcombustion(POC)is
1u.S% C0
2
, 6.2% 0
2
, 2% C0and81.S% N
2
.Calculatethefollowingonthebasisof1kgofcoal
ir

1S% C0
2
, 7% 0
2
and78 thefollowingonthebasisof1m
3
ofgaseousfuel
e)VolumeofPOCatNTP,STPandat1uuu
f)VolumeofairatNTP
g)Percentexcessair
h)% POC
hebil furnaceisheatedbycombustingcoalwi ir.Theultimate
analysisofcoalis;C 72.S%, B 7.S%, ,
edisS%.The analysisofcoal,whenfir
barometershows735
17.5 Hg.The

iv)Percentexcessa
v)VolumeofairatNTP
vi)TotalvolumeofPOC