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2001

15

Direct Displacement-Based Design:

Use of Inelastic vs. Elastic Design Spectra


Anil K. Chopra & Rakesh K. Goel Earthquake Spectra Vol.17 No.1, February 2001

Sungkyunkwan University, Korea Choi Won Ho

Introduction
Strength-Based Design
Design of Inelastic System
- Secant stiffness method (Jennings 1968) - Substitute structure method (Shibata and Sozen 1976) - Capacity Spectrum Method (Freeman 1975 ; Reinhorn 1995) - Displacement Based Design (Sozen 1976 ; Moehle 1992 ; Wallace 1995 ; Priestley 2000)

Displacement-Based Design

Purpose
- Design produced using Elastic Design Spectra and Equivalent Linear Systems Design Criteria is not satisfied - To demonstrate application of Inelastic Design Spectra to Direct Displacement-Based Design(DBD) of structure

DBD using Elastic Design Spectra


Equivalent Linear System
- Replacing Nonlinear System by Equivalent Linear System. (Hudson 1965 , Jennings 1968 , Iwan and Gates 1979) (1) Ductility Factor: where, um : peak of deformation of inelastic system uy : peak of yield deformation (2) For bilinear system, of equivalent linear

f y ( 1 + )

fy
Force
k

1
1

ksec
1

system with stiffness equal to

where, Tn : natural vibration period (3) Equivalent Viscous Damping Ratio

uy

um

Deformation

where,

Force

ED : Energy dissipated in inelastic system


enclosed by hysteresis loop

fy (1 + )

Es : Strain energy of system with stiffness ksec


(4) Total Viscous Damping

fy
ED

ES
dm

dy

Deformation

cf)

In case of elastoplastic system ,


Equivalent Viscous Damping due to Hysteretic Energy Dissipation

Elastic Design Spectra


- Satisfactory Requirement Needed 1. Spectra intended for designs of new structures. 2. Seismic safety evaluation of existing structures to resist future earthquake. Table1. Amplification factors : Elastic Design Spectra (values of damping ratio) Damping, ( % ) 1 2 5 10 20 3.21 2.74 2.12 1.64 1.17 Median (50 percentile) 2.31 2.03 1.65 1.37 1.08 1.82 1.63 1.59 1.20 1.01 One Sigma (84.1 percentile) 4.38 3.66 2.71 1.99 1.26 3.38 2.92 2.30 1.84 1.37 2.73 2.42 2.01 1.69 1.38

Table2. Amplification factors : Elastic Design Spectra (function of damping ratio) Median (50 percentile) 3.21 - 0.68 ln 2.31 - 0.41 ln 1.82 - 0.27 ln One Sigma (84.1 percentile) 4.38 - 1.04 ln 3.38 - 0.67 ln 2.73 - 0.45 ln

Elastic Design Spectrum

for

Smooth an

spectrum individual

curve ground

Construction

of

Elastic

used to idealize the spectrum motion. - Recommended period values :

Design Spectrum for ground motions with,

- Resulting Design Spectrum as a Pseudo-Acceleration Design Spectrum - Acceleration Sensitive region - Velocity Sensitive region - Displacement Sensitive region

&& u = 1g ,
g0

& u = 48 in / sec
g0

u = 36 in , = 5 %
g0

Step-by-Step Procedure
1. Estimate yield deformation 3. Determine design displacement and design ductility factor 4. Estimate total equivalent viscous damping , where 5. Enter deformation design spectrum for elastic systems with known and to read . for the system. of hinge at base.

2. Determine acceptable plastic rotation

uy

6. Determine the required yield strength 7. Estimate member sizes and detailing to provide . 8. Repeat steps 3 to 7 until a satisfactory solution is obtained. , and calculate initial elastic stiffness k and

Example 1
&& & - ugo = 0.5 g , ugo = 24 in / s , ugo = 18 in
- total weight : 190 kN/m
9m

w = 7517 kN

total heignt : 9m 1. Yield deformation 2. Determine acceptable plastic rotation 3. Design displacement .

k=

3 EI h3

example single-column bent


100

idealized SDF system

and design ductility factor 4. For is and , the Total equivalent viscous damping
10

22.5 cm

um, cm

= 45%
1 2.81 sec

0.1

0.1

Tn, sec
iteration

10

Calculation of Teq for 1st

5. For eq = 45% and

this spectrum gives

6. Determine the required yield strength 7. Circular column is designed using ACI318-95 for Axial load. - Superstructure Weight of 7517 + Column Self Weight 375kN - Bending Moment due to Lateral force: For the resulting column design, - Flexural Strength: 7395 - Lateral strength = 821.7 - By using - k obtained by Yield deformation . ,

8. Since the yield deformation computed in step 7 differs from the initial estimate of are necessary. No. (cm) 1 2 3 4.50 9.00 8.82 (cm) 22.5 27.0 26.8 5.00 3.00 3.04

iterations

eq
(%) 45 42 42 (s) 2.81 3.16 3.14 (kN/cm) (kN) 38.35 30.41 30.62 719.1 746.4 745.2 (%) 1.19 1.30 1.30

Design (kN) 821.7 839.7 839.7 (kN/cm) (cm) 91.34 95.17 95.17 9.00 8.82 8.82

Example 2
The system of this example is identical to Ex1 (except bents = 4m ) - Initial elastic vibration period of system = 0.56s - Initial stiffness k = 967.2 kN/cm No. 1 2

eq
(cm) 2.00 1.77 (cm) 10.0 9.77 5.00 5.51 (%) 45 45 (s) 1.40 1.38 (kN/cm) (kN) 155.5 158.5 1296 1264 (%) 1.00 1.00

Design (kN) 1715 1715 (kN/cm) (cm) 967.2 967.2 1.77 1.77

DBD using Inelastic Design Spectra


- Using constant-ductility design spectra instead of elastic design spectra for equivalent linear system.
Elastoplastic Idealization

Constant-ductility spectrum for elastoplastic hysteretic system


: Maximum displacement : Yield deformation : Yield strength Yield force is same in 2 directions of deformation Unloading from maximum deformation point is parallel to the initial elastic branch. Reloading from minimum deformation is parallel to initial elastic branch. Force-deformation single-valued reloading if the relation system is is no longer or
1

fy
k

uy
k

u
um
k
1 1

fy

underloading

Elastoplastic force-deformation relation

Inelastic Design Spectrum


1. Normalized yield strength : 2. Yield reduction factor

fs
f0

corresponding

system system

elastoplastic

fy

3. Ductility factor : cf. in case of elastic range : Reduction Factor & Inelastic Design Spectrum : elastic design spectrum x normalized strength
uy

u
u0
um

1 (2 1) / 2 Ry = 2 1 Tn Tc

Tn < Ta Ta < Tn < Tb Tb < Tn < Tc' Tc' < Tn < Tc Tc' > Tn

Construction of Inelastic Design Spectrum by Newmark & Hall


In Equal Maximum Deflection Assumption
Lateral Inertia Load

B O

Lateral Deflection

In Equal Energy Concept

Lateral Inertia Load

B O

E D

Lateral Deflection

Deformation Design Spectrum


Computed by the peak deformation um of the inelastic system

ductility = 1 ductility = 2 ductility = 4 ductility = 8

ductility = 1 ductility = 2 ductility = 4 ductility = 8

ductility = 1 ductility = 2 ductility = 4 ductility = 8

Ay

Ay

Ay
1 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 0

0 0 1 2

Tn

Tn

Tn

(a) Newmark & Hall

(b) Krawinkler & Nassar Inelastic Design Spectra

(c) Fajfar & Fischinger

Step-by-Step Procedure
1. Yield deformation 2. Determine acceptable plastic rotation 3. Design displacement .
200 100 22.5 cm

um, cm

10 1.01 sec 1

and design ductility factor 4. Corresponding to and 5. Yield strength 6. Circular column is then designed using ACI318-95 for axial load due to superstructure weight of 7517 bending moment due to lateral force is For the resulting column design, lateral strength = 1441 . By using and ,

=5

0.1 0.1 1 10

Tn, sec
and the

50

plus column self weight 375kN

the flexural strength = 12976 ,

and .

And k can be obtained by Yield deformation : . iterations

7. Since the yield deformation computed in step 7 differs from the initial estimate of are necessary. The results of such iterations are summarized in Table3. No. 1 2 3 4 5 Design (cm) 4.50 8.27 7.96 8.04 7.99 (cm) 22.5 26.3 26.0 26.0 26.0 5.00 3.18 3.26 3.24 3.25 (s) 1.01 1.18 1.16 1.17 1.16 (kN/cm) 298.7 219.1 224.4 223.0 223.8 (kN) 1344 1812 1786 1793 1789 (%) 3.62 5.55 5.43 5.50 5.50 (kN) 1441 1912 1899 1907 1907

(kN/cm) (cm) 174.4 8.27 240.3 7.96 236.2 8.04 238.6 7.99 238.6 7.99

Example 2
- For this system, the procedure converged after 4 iterations giving a column design - Lateral yield strength - Initial stiffness k = 1784 kN/cm No. 1 2 3 4 Design (cm) 2.00 1.63 1.67 1.66 (cm) 10.0 9.63 9.67 9.66 5.00 5.91 5.80 5.81 (s) 0.45 0.43 0.43 0.43 (kN/cm) (kN) 1512 1630 1618 1620 3024 2658 2696 2692 (%) 3.60 3.00 3.10 3.10 (kN) 3226 2907 2965 2965 Design (kN/cm) 1979 1745 1784 1784 (cm) 1.63 1.67 1.66 1.66 .

Evaluation of Example Designs


Whether a design is satisfactory, it will be judged by the next demands. 1) Deformation Demand 2) Plastic Rotation Demand 3) Ductility Demand These Demands can be computed with known properties by the following procedure: 1. Calculate initial elastic period 2. Determine Pseudo-Acceleration A from Elastic Design Spectrum; 3. Calculate Yield-Strength Reduction Factor 4. Determine Ductility Demand 5. Calculate from using the relation. and from .

Structural Design Using Elastic Design Spectra


Example 1.
Designing the structure by using the elastic Analyzing the structure using equations in design spectra for equivalent linear system 26.8 0.02 Underestimated the deformation demand by Overestimated the plastic rotation by this paper 39.7 0.0343

Unsatisfactory design !!! Example 2.


Designing the structure by using the elastic Analyzing the structure using equations in design spectra for equivalent linear system 9.77 0.02 Underestimated the deformation demand by Overestimated the plastic rotation by this paper 12.6 0.0271

Also an unsatisfactory design without any warning to the designer !!

Structural Design Using Inelastic Design Spectra


Example 1.
Designing system the structure by using the inelastic design spectra for equivalent linear Analyzing equations in the structure using this paper

26.0 0.02 Clearly Satisfying the Design !! Example 2.


Designing system the structure by using the inelastic design spectra for equivalent linear Analyzing equations in

25.9 0.0199

the

structure

using

this paper

9.70 0.02 Also an Satisfactory Design !!!

9.66 0.0201

Conclusions
Followings are demonstrated for the procedure
1. Provides displacement estimates consistent with those predicted by the well-established concepts of inelastic design spectra 2. Produces structural design for acceptable plastic rotation DBD procedure uses elastic design spectra for 1. Equivalent linear systems based on the secant stiffness method 2. Variations like the substitute structure method. It is demonstrated that, 1. Displacement and ductility factor that are estimated by this procedure are much smaller than that by nonlinear analysis using inelastic design spectra 2. Plastic rotation demand on structures designed by this procedure may exceed acceptable value of plastic rotation.

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