I.

T
Chapter #2
By: R ahm a Alh a jr i

Sunday, November 25, 12

Operating System

Operating System: a Master Set of programs which perform certain functions/operations. e.g. O.S depends upon the nature & configuration of computing devices. { Macintosh, Windows, Cos, Unicos, Linux, Unix ..etc}

Sunday, November 25, 12

Functions of O.S
Functions of Operating System: 1. Booting. 2.User Interface. 3.Memory Management. 4.Resource Management. 5.Input/Output Management. 6.Task Management.

Sunday, November 25, 12

1. Booting
.It refers to Starting of Computer Booting: is Loading of operating system into Mainmemory. {From Hard-disk into RAM}. its done by 2 processes: 1.Diagnostic Routine. -In this routine the devices/memory are checked for errors. 2.Boot Strapping. -After D.R the loading of operating system into memory takes place. {KERNAL}=Main component of O.S

Sunday, November 25, 12

2. User Interface
User interactive medium through which user communicate with O.S Main Types: 1. Command driven interface. 2. Menu driven interface. 3. Graphical User interface. (GUI)

Sunday, November 25, 12

1) Command driven interface: (main core) -User use command to perform any action.
e.g. C:\>dir\p (command in DOS/ disk operating system)
drive System prompt command

--This command is telling the O.S to open all directions page-wise.

e.g. C:\>copy*.* -- to copy everything in C.

Sunday, November 25, 12

2) Menu driven interface: -In this type of interface the commands are given in the form of Menu so that user can choose the command for any action.
e.g.

Sunday, November 25, 12

3) GUI :
Desktop. (main screen in rectangular form having graphics/colors, icons..etc) Icons. (pictorial form of any command) Menus. (List of commands) Colors. Graphics. Animation User Friendly. (Easy to use)
Sunday, November 25, 12

3. Memory Management
KERNAL: is the main program of O.S which manage all the processes related to CPU. its a resident program which stays in M.M.
=> it acts like a traffic police officer which manages & organize the process & coordinate with CPU.

Swapping: The exchanging of data or programs among hard-disk & Main-memory.

O.S divides M.M into 2 parts: 1. Foreground Memory:- contains programs of high-priority. 2.Background Memory:- contains programs of less-priority.

Sunday, November 25, 12

4. Resource Management
The operating system manages all the internal & external resources of computer. e.g. Spooling: it refers to printing. -if there is a printer on a network & many users want to print, all the requests will be stored in a memory known as buffer in a queue, This process is known as Spooling

Sunday, November 25, 12

5. Input & Output management

All the input & output devices are managed by operating system, some operating system use plug & play routine for installing new devices.

Sunday, November 25, 12

Task Management
User can perform many tasks at the same time, O.S handles these tasks by certain methodologies. i.e.:
1.Multi Tasking: one user can perform many tasks on one CPU at the same time. 2.Multi programing: one or more than one user perform one or more than one program at the same time on one CPU. its event driven, where interrupt is generated by, for the event & cpu returns to the program. 3.Time Sharing: one or more than one user perform one or more than one program at the same time on one CPU. its Time driven, where all programs are given time-slice.
(its used for tele-communication servers)

4.Multi Processing: one or more than one user use many cpus for one or more than one program. -The program is split into Chunks & CPUs are processing these chunks separately.

Sunday, November 25, 12

What is the difference bet ween:

1. Main-Memory
on Motherboard

2. Secondary-Memory

3. Register e.g. Cache Memory

located on cpu chip

e.g. RAM Volatile

e.g. Hard-disk, CD
on Separate Memory

Non-Volatile Size: Biggest Fast Less Expensive

Volatile Size: Smaller Fastest Most Expensive

Size: Bigger Faster Expensive

Sunday, November 25, 12

Net working
A communication system between computing devices in order to share data & resources.
Types of Networks: 1) LAN. (Local Area Network). -can be among several devices in the same place. 2) MAN. (Metropolitan Area Network). -Among computing devices within a city. 3) WAN. (Wide Area Network). -A network of networks globally. e.g. internet.

Sunday, November 25, 12

Modes of Transmission
1. Simplex.
-Sender sends data & Receiver receives data only.
-e.g. { T.V & Radio }.

2. Half-duplex.
-Sender sends data & Receiver receives data, also & receiver can send the data & Sender can receive the data. But one at a time. -e.g. { Walke-Talke & Fax }

3. Full-duplex.
-Sender can send & receive data, Receiver can also send & receive data. Both at the same time.

Sunday, November 25, 12