REPORT ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH EXPRESSION USED BY TRADER AT TANAH LOT

By : NI WAYAN TIA DEVIYANTI 0601305006

FACULTY OF LETTERS ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY 2008

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background English as an International language is used in Indonesia specially in Bali, as one of the main language in communicating with foreigners and it has been given as obligatory school subject even from the kindergarten untill the senior high school. And the people who had finished their study at senior high school want to study English more in depth, it also can be studied at university. Generally, the lecturers at university teach the theories about the English. If the English is only given with the theories, the college students could feel bored with the lessons. Therefore, the practical exercises are needed in studying English effectively. It also can give a variation and the experiences in using the English. 1.2 Scope of Problems The writer realizes the usage of language has very wide scope and can be analyzed from various aspect. A lot of problems can be found when it will be observed. But in this writing, there are three main aspects concern in this kind of practical exercises (field work). They are : pragmatics, speech acts, and discourse analysis. By those three aspects, some data from trader in Tanah Lot can be tried to find out and analysis. 1.3 Research Objectives There are two goals of doing the practical exercises. They are : 1.3.1 General The general goal of this field work is to give a practical experience specially for the students college of English department in doing field work. 1.3.2 Specific The specific goal of the field work is to collect data concerning three things obtain about : Discourse Analysis, Pragmatics, and Speech Acts

1.4 Data Source The data was collected from a trader. Name Age Last education Length of being a trader Address Her experience in learning English 1.5 Methodology In doing scientific writing, it has to adopt a scientific study. The methodology of doing research has a very important role in determining the success of the research, and it is also very influential to the validity of the research. The method comprises data collection and data analysis. 1.5.1 Data Collection Data collection is the method used in collecting data in accordance with the needs of the study by using the sistematic steps to get succeessful result. And the methodology that used in this report is a direct interview. Direct interview was done by asking a trader a question and the trader answer the question. Then, the interview was continued by asking a question continuesly and the question was answered again by trader. 1.5.2 Data Analysis Data analysis is the method used in analysing the data concerning three things, they are : discourse analysis, speech acts, and pragmatics. : Ni Nyoman Widiantari : 28 years : Senior High School : 8 months : Dukuh, Braban, Kediri district, Tabanan regency :-

CHAPTER II RESEARCH LOCATION

The research location is Tanah Lot, located in Kediri district, Tabanan regency. This place was used as a place for field work because there are many visitors specially foreigners who come there. And there are many traders who trade a lot of things. The visitors who come to Tanah Lot do not just want to buy something, but they also want to see the beautiful view at Tanah Lot and the temples (Enjung Galuh Temple, Batu Bolong Temple, and Luhur Pekendungan Temple). Besides that, Tanah Lot has an unique history. Tanah Lot was built in 15 century by Dang Hyang Dwijendra. He was very respected because of his dedication that was very high to the king and the people through the spiritual theories, the improvement of prosperity, and coped the lifes problems. In Lombok, he is called Tuan Semeru or a teacher from Semeru, a name of mountain in east Java. Talking about the name of this temple, it is called Tanah Lot because it is located in the center of the sea. Tanah means land, Lot means sea or ocean. So Tanah Lot means the land on the sea. Moreover, there are also holy snacks under the clift. These holy snacks are one of the legend in Tanah Lot, where the local people believe that all of the snacks were the hairs of Dang Hyang Dwijendra who built the Tanah Lot Temple and the people who can touch that snack are believed those people can get the fortune. The local people also believe these snacks were guard of the temple from all of the badness spiritually. From Tanah Lot beach, the sunset can be seen on the afternoon because there is a sunset terrace which is the best place used to enjoy the sunset. The situation of sunset with the background of Tanah Lots Luhur Temple and the open sea. Another one, there is also Surya Mandala Cultural Park. It is an open stage used to show traditional dances such as Kecak dance. And it is located in the west of Tanah Lot Luhur Temple, exactly in the west of Enjung Galuh Temple.

CHAPTER III FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS

3.1 English expressions used by Traders 3.1.1 Pragmatics

A. The definition of Pragmatics Pragmatics is branch of linguistics which communicative, interpret, grasp language meaning with leaving semantic theory, non linguistic factors, and sometimes based on experiences. Pragmatics is not only based on the meaning. And pragmatics deals about how context affects linguistic interpretation, how contexts influences the way sentences convey information, and how to reach our goal in communication. That goal can be achieved in direct and indirect way. The term pragmatics comes from the field of semiotics, or the study of signs. Pragmatics means the relationship between signs and and their users. Pragmatics has four maxims, they are : a. Maxim of quantity (the right amount of information) b. Maxim of quality (be truthful) c. Maxim of relevance (be relevant) d. Maxim of manner (be clear and orderly) B. English expressions used by trader in Pragmatics English expressions used by trader in pragmatics especially in four maxim which has been explained above are : a. Maxim of quantity The traders english expressions in the term of maxim of quality were mostly uncooperative. Because, the trader didnt give the right amount of information when the foreigner asked the trader. 5

For example : The foreigner asked : How much is this shirt? but the trader answered : I give you cheap, I give you discount b. Maxim of quality The trader answered the foreigners question untruthfully and the answer was incorrect in the term of grammar. For example : The foreigner asked : Is this real Bali product? The trader : Yes, this real Bali product. ( In fact, the product was not the real Bali product) c. Maxim of Relevance In the term of maxim of relevance, the trader was not answering the foreigners questions relevantly and didnt give a reply which fits the question. For example : The foreigner asked : What is the material of this necklace? And the trader answered : This good. The foreigner asked: How much is this? And the trade answered: Best price. d. Maxim of Manner The traders english expressions in the term of maxim of manner were clear and orderly enough. For example in order to describe handicraft to the foreigner, the trader had tried to answer the question well, although the trader didnt use the correct expressions yet. 3.1.2 Speech Acts

A. The definition of Speech Act A speech act is an act of making or performs statements, request, queries, commands, promises, placing of bets, and also to classify the ways in which

humans use language. Based on the way to express, speech act is divided into two, they are: 1. Direct speech act is expressed overtly by the most obvious linguistic means. For example: The trader said: Please looking-looking. 2. Indirect speech act in that they possess the syntactic structure, more usually associated with another act. The trader said: Best price. Based on the form of act, speech act is divided into three, they are: 1. Locutionary act is only statement from the adressee and dont react physically. It is the basic act of utterance, or producing a meaningful linguistic expression (statement). For example: a. I give you cheap. b. I have different design. c. This one cheaper. d. I give you 50 % discount. 2. Illocutionary act is the act based on what somebody says or performing via the communicative force of an utterance (question). For example: a. How many you? b. What you want colour? c. Anything else? 3. Perlocutionary act is the production of a particular effect in the addressee (action). It is part of speech act where the speaker performs their utterance in command. So, the speaker want the listener guess their command by doing an action. B. English expressions used by trader in Speech Act

In the term of speech act, the trader had tried to communicate well with the foreigner. Although, the didnt use the correct expressions in English. Actually the trader wanted to ask the foreigner to buy the traders merchandises but the trader used an incorrect expression. Nevertheless in the reality the trader used an incorrect expressions, the foreigner could understand what the trader means. For example : The trader said : Buy one bag. The utterance which actually uttered by the trader is not a command the foreigner to buy the traders bag. How many you buy The sentence above was said by the trader who want to ask the foreigner. So it can be classified into Illocutionary act. That sentence is incorrect grammatically. Best price The statement above is just a statement (Locutionary act) actually. But the trader wanted to give a command (Perlocutionary act) to the foreigner in order to ask him or her to buy the trader things. 3.1.3 Discourse Analysis but it was just a statement (Locutionary act). But the trader wanted to ask or gave a command to

A. The definition of Discourse Analysis Discourse analysis is a general term for a number of approaches to analyzing written, spoken, or signed language in some context. Discourse analysis is very general, theres no devices, and very ambiguous. Discourse analysis is also concerned with language use in social contexts, and in particular with interaction or dialogue between speakers. Discourse analysis covers an extremely wide range of activities, from the narrowly focused on investigation of how words such as Oh or

well are used in casual talk, to the study of dominant ideology in a culture as represented. Discourse analysis typically consists of more than a single sentence and involves questions of style, appropriateness, cohesiveness, rhetorical force, topic or subtopic structure, differences between written and spoken discourse, and so on. B. English expressions used by trader in Discourse Analysis Theres no discourse used by trader, because mostly the trader just said a single sentence in answering the foreigners question and offering thing to the visitors. Besides that, the trader didnt explain her handicraft by saying more than a single sentence. 3.2 Error Analysis A. The definition of Error Analysis An error is exactly a sign that learner has not mastered the code of the target languages. The branch of applied linguistic now is known as error analysis. It is the linguistic study and interpretation of errors made by second language learners. Error analysis may be defined as a systematic description and explanation of errors in their oral and or written production in the target language. Another definition of errors is defined as any mistake from a native speakers point of view generated by the misapplication of one or more rule of the structural rules of English. Errors usually caused by many factors such as, the lack of knowledge of the language (competence), be nervous when speak that can make the trader forget about the language, etc. B. The Error Analysis of traders English expressions These are some of expression used by trader: 1. I give you cheap. It should be: I give you cheap price.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

This one cheaper. This real Bali product. This good. Last price. You look inside! This you change. Anything else? What you want colour? How many you buy? Im not have the big size

It should be: This one is cheaper. It should be: This is real Bali product. It should be : This is good. It should be : It is the last price. It should be : Please, have a look inside. It should be : This is your change. It should be : Is there anything else? It should be :What colour do you want? It should be : How many do you want to buy? It should be : I dont have big size.

10

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

4.1 Conclusion Based on the analysis and the problems which were mentioned earlier, there are some conclusions being made. Mostly, the trader has a problem in using grammar and pronunciation because of the lack of traders language knowledge specially in English (competence). Although the trader used an incorrect sentence, but the foreigner could understand what the trader means.

4.2 Suggestions In order to reduce an error in using English, the trader should speak clearly and notice what information talked by the foeigner carefully and at least the main idea of the speaker can be understood. And before answering the speakers question, arrange a correct sentence carefully. Therefore, the trader can use an English well in the future.

11

References:
1. Aitchison, J. 1992. Teach Yourself Linguiistics. London : Hodder & Stoughton. 2. Fromkin, V, at al. 1990. An Introduction to Language. London : Harcout Brace Jovanonich Limited 3. www.geogle.com 4. www.wikipedia.com

12