DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES

QUESTION BANK

UNIT-I
PART - A 1. Define ultrasound. 2. Explain the use of ultrasound waves for the purpose of medical imaging. 3. Write any 4 Medical applications of ultrasound Imaging. 4. Explain the Principle of ultrasound. 5. What are piezoelectric crystals? Give examples. 6. Differentiate between direct and indirect piezoelectric effect. 7. Explain the need of Taking more water before undergoing ultrasound imaging. 8. Explain the types of waves produced during the transmission of ultrasound. 9. How is ultrasound frequency related to penetration depth? 10. What is the relation between ultrasound frequency and absorption? 11. Explain about the ultrasound absorption rate in peripheral nerves and bones. 12. Define Fresnal zone. 13. Define Spatial Average Intensity. 14. Define Spatial Average Temperal Peak Intensity and Spatial Average Temperal Average Intensity. 15. Explain Attenuation in ultrasound. 16. Define Acoustic Impedance in ultrasound imaging. 17. Write about Effective Radiating Era. 18. What is a Duty cycle? 19. Define Beam Nonuniformity Ratio. 20. What are the display modes in ultrasound? 21. Explain how the movement of the transducer affects the energy absorption in ultrasound imaging technique. 22. Name some of the natural and artificial piezoelectric crystals. 23. Differentiate Real time scanner and static B scanner. 24. Define Frame Rate. 25. Short notes on A - Mode ultrasound imaging.

PART - B 1. Explain in detail about the production of ultrasound. 2. Explain about the properties of ultrasound. 3. Discuss in detail about the various display modes in ultrasound. 4. Write about the factors that influence on the transmission of ultrasound energy. 5. Describe the applications of diagnostic ultrasound in detail. 6. Discuss about real-time ultrasonic imaging and the requirements of real-time ultrasonic imaging systems. 7. Write about the properties and image formation in ultrasound imaging technique. 8. Write notes about Doppler ultrasound in detail. 9. Discuss about the color flow mapping in ultrasound imaging. 10. Differentiate the A, B, M mode display in ultrasound.

UNIT-II
PART - A 1. Define x ray. 2. What are the properties of x ray? 3. How is x ray produced? 4. Write the difference between hard x ray and soft x rays. 5. Define Computer Tomography. 6. Advantage of CT over X-rays. 7. What is the basic working principle of CT.? 8. Write the main components of a CT scanner. 9. State the differences between the conventional and non-conventional CT. 10. What is ring artifacts 11. Define DAS 12. Write short notes on the 1st generation of CT 13. Write shorts notes on diagnostic purpose of CT 14. Define CT number? 15. Write short notes on the technology used in Spiral/Helical CT. 16. What is the advantage of the fourth generation CT over the third generation CT. 17. Explain the function of slip ring in spiral CT machine. 18. State the reconstruction techniques used in CT. 19. Write short notes on DAS. 20. What types of detectors are used in CT. 21. What is filtered back projection? 22. Define the iterative method of reconstruction. 23. What is the purpose of data acquisition? 24. Draw the block diagram for DAS. 25. What is Dicom image? PART - B 1) Explain the principle of CT and its construction. 2) Explain the various generations of CT. 3) Explain the production and properties of x ray. 4) Write briefly about the conversion of x ray data into scan image. 5) Write in detail about the CT reconstruction techniques. 6) Explain the CT data acquisition system (DAS). 7) Explain in detail about application of CT in diagnostic radiology. 8) Explain the Risk Vs Benefits of CT Imaging. 9) Explain the image formation in CT scanner. 10) Explain conventional and non conventional CT scanners.

UNIT -III
PART - A
1) Write the principle of MRI? 2) State the advantages of MRI compared to other medical imaging techniques?

3) 4) 5) 6) 7)

What properties does MRI scan requires in a magnetic field? What did the research team demonstrated for PMRI? Explain PMRI and how its different compared to normal MRI scan? What are the applications of MRI? State the reconstruction techniques of MRI. 8) Define T1-weighted MRI scans. 9) Short notes on T2-weighted MRI scans. 10) Write the data acquisition system of MRI. 11) Define scan density-weighted MRI scans. 12) What are specialized MRI scans? 13) Define diffusion MRI. 14) Define Magnetization transfer MRI. 15) Define Magnetic resonance angiography. 16) What is Magnetic resonance spectroscopy? 17) Short notes on Functional MRI. 18) Define Real-time MRI. 19) Define Interventional MRI. 20) Differentiate between MRI and CT. 21) Write the types of magnets used in NMR. 22) What is the use of RF coils in an MRI unit? 23) Name the different gradient coils used in an MRI scanner, what is its function? 24) List out some possible accidents that can be expected to occur inside a MRI unit. PART - B 1) Write in detail about the principle and functions of MRI. 2) State and explain the applications of MRI. 3) Explain in detail about the types of magnets used in NMR. 4) Describe MRI Scanner with suitable block diagram. 5) Explain about Radio frequency field and MR signal. 6) Describe the image reconstruction techniques used in NMR. 7) What are the specialized MRI scans? Explain. 8) Explain in detail about i)Magnetic Resonance Angiography. ii)Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. 9) Explain in detail about Functional MRI. 10) Describe the behavior of bulk magnetization of a sample in the presence of static and radio frequency magnetic fields.

UNIT IV
PART-A 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Define alpha decay. Define beta decay. What is gamma emission. Define radioactive-tracers What is meant by positron? List out the properties of gamma rays. What is meant by Half life period and Meanlife period? Listout some methods for the production of radioisotopes. 9. Name two isotopes used in SPECT 10. What meant by SPECT? 11. What meant by PET? 12. Define isomeric transition 13. Define electron capture 14. What are the Radiopharmacuticles used in nuclear imaging? 15. Define negatron 16. Name some crystals used as scintillation detectors. 17. What are the characteristics of radiopharmacuticles? 18. What are the classifications of radiotherapy? 19. What are the types of detectors used in Nuclear Imaging? 20. Give some radioisotopes used in nuclear medicine with their photon energy. 21. What is the unit of radioactivity 22. Name various types of radiation detectors 23. What is the use of dot scanner 24. State the function of gamma camera. PART-B Explain the radio-isotope rectilinear scanner with neat block diagram Explain the gamma camera with a diagram With a neat diagram explain the multi crystal gamma cameras Explain emission computed tomography 5) Write the principle and block diagram of SPECT scanner 6) Explain principle of PET scanner with suitable Diagram. 7) Explain the data acquisition and reconstruction of PET scanner 8) Write a short note on GM and proportional counters 9) State the data acquisition and reconstruction of SPECT scanner. 10) Write in detail about the applications of PET,SPECT scan. 1) 2) 3) 4)

UNIT - V
1) 2)
3)

4) 5)
6)

7) 8) 9)

PART - A What do you mean by thermography Define thermal imaging Write few applications of thermography. What is the principle of thermal imaging What is the difference between mammography and thermography What is IR thermography. What are the advantages of IR thermography What are the difficulties in IR thermography What is active and passive thermography

10) Define emissivity 11) Define blackbody radiation 12) What are the ways of determining emissivity 13) State the methods used to reduce the background noise in thermography 14) Define pulsed thermography 15) What are the disadvantages of thermography 16) Write the physical factors that affect the amount of IR radiation from human body. 17) What are infrared detectors 18) What is NETD 19) Draw the schematic diagram of digitization of a thermogram 20) What is pyroelectric vidicon? 21) What is a bolometer 22) Draw the spectral distribution of infrared emission from human skin PART - B 1. Write in detail about the physics of Thermography. 2. Explain Infrared Imaging system in detail. 3. Explain about the pyroelectric vidicon thermography. 4. Write in detail about liquid crystal thermography. 5. Write short notes about, i) Infrared detectors ii) Thermographic Instrument 6. Write the applications of Medical Thermography. 7. Distinguish between mammography and thermography. 8. Write about applications of infrared thermography in non-destructive evaluation. 9. Distinguish between active and passive thermography. 10. Explain the principle of thermography.