Internet Concepts
Changein Grading Criteria
New Syllabus is Posted on Blackboard
Lecture 02
Intro to the Internet – part A
Thursday, January 15th 2009 Grading
Thursday, January 22nd 2009 Homework & Programming Assignments (4): 40 %
Quizzes (10) 30%
Midterm Exam (1) 15 %
Christopher Boyle Final exam (1) 15 %
Department of Computer Science
Old Dominion University
cboyle@cs.odu.edu
3 4
History of the Internet
Growth of the Internet History of the Internet - Growth
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Aside Just What is the Internet?
Typical Networking Units The “nuts and bolts” view
Protocols: control sending, local ISP
Speed Time
receiving of messages
» bits per second (bps) » seconds (s)
» E.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, SMTP, ….
» Kilo (K) = 103 = 1,000 » milli (m) = 10-3 = 0.001
regional ISP
» Mega (M) = 106 = 1,000,000 » micro (P) = 10-6 = 0.000001 Internet: “network of networks”
» Giga (G) = 109 = 1,000,000,000 » Loosely hierarchical
» Public Internet versus private intranet
Capacity / Size Internet standards
» bytes per second (Bps) Remember: » RFC: Request for comments company
» Kilo (K) = 210 = 1,024 8 bits to 1 byte » IETF: Internet Engineering Task network
» Mega (M) = 220 = 1,048,576 Force
» Giga (G) = 230 = 1,073,741,824
router workstation
server mobile
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Just What is the Internet? The Nuts & Bolts View
The “services” view What is a protocol?
A communication infrastructure
local ISP Main Entry: pro-to-col
enabling distributed
applications: 1: An original draft, minute, or record of a document
or transaction
» WWW, email, games, e-
regional ISP 2a: A preliminary memorandum often formulated and signed by
commerce, database, voting, ...
diplomatic negotiators as a basis for a final convention or treaty
Communication services b: The records or minutes of a diplomatic conference or congress that
show officially the agreements arrived at by the negotiators
provided:
» Connectionless: No guarantees 3a: A code prescribing strict adherence to correct etiquette and
company precedence (as in diplomatic exchange and in the military services)
» Connection-oriented: Guarantees network
order and completeness b: A set of conventions governing the treatment and especially the
formatting of data in an electronic communications system
4: A detailed plan of a scientific or medical experiment, treatment, or
procedure
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The Nuts & Bolts View What is a protocol?
What is a protocol? A specification for a set of message exchanges
Example:
Human protocols: Network protocols:
» “Do you have the time?” » Machines rather than » Human protocols: Get the » Computer protocols: Get the
» “I have a question” humans time from a stranger class time from a web server
» Introductions » All communication
activity in Internet
governed by protocols
Hi TCP connection
request
Both: Hi TCP connection
Protocols
Protocolsdefine
defineformat,
format,order
order
» Specific messages sent reply
of messages sent and received
of messages sent and received Do you have
» Specific actions taken Get http://www.cs.odu.edu/~mweigle/CS312-F08/
when messages (or other among
amongnetwork
networkentities,
entities,and
and the time?
events) received actions
actionstaken
takenononmessage
message Yes!
transmission, <web page>
transmission,receipt
receipt It’s 1:30
Time
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A Whirlwind Introduction to the Internet The Structure of the Internet
Overview The physical makeup of the Internet
End systems (hosts) Goal: Transfer data between TCP service model
» Live at the “edge of network” end systems » reliable, in-order byte-stream
» Run applications » handshaking: setup data transfer
Losses handled by
ahead of time
acknowledgements and
“Hello, hello-back” human retransmissions
Interaction paradigms: protocol
» Client/server model Set up “state” in two » flow control:
communicating hosts Sender won’t overwhelm
Client requests, receives service from
» Transmit data receiver
server
WWW browser/server; email Connection-oriented service on » congestion control:
client/server the Internet: Senders “slow down sending
» Peer-to-peer model: » TCP - Transmission Control rate” when network congested
Host interactions symmetric Protocol [RFC 793]
File sharing (Kazaa, BitTorrent)
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The Network Edge
Connectionless service Questions
Goal: Transfer data between Applications using TCP: What is an example of something that runs at the
end systems » HTTP (WWW), FTP (file
transfer), Telnet (remote
network edge?
» Same as before!
login), SMTP (email)
Connectionless service on the What are some differences between a connection-
Internet: Applications using UDP: oriented service and connectionless service?
» UDP - User Datagram Protocol » DNS (name to address
[RFC 768] mapping), streaming
Unreliable data transfer media, teleconferencing, What’s the difference between flow control and
No flow control Internet telephony
congestion control?
No congestion control
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Network Structure Access Networks and Physical Media
Access networks and physical media Physical Media
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Residential Access Residential Access
HFC - Cable Modems Cable Network Architecture
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A Whirlwind Introduction to the Internet Network Structure
Overview The network core
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The Network Core The Network Core
Qwest’s Backbone Map Circuit Switching
Circuit-like(guaranteed)
performance
» Call setup required
» Call rejection (“busy signal”)
possible
Oct 2004
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Circuit Switching Circuit Switching
Allocating fractions of bandwidth — Multiplexing Example
Transmission
Network bandwidth divided Frequency 4 KHz How long would it take to send a file of 640,000
into transmission “slots” bits from Host A to Host B over a circuit-switched
» Slots allocated to calls Call 1
Call 2 Link network?
» Slots are unused (“idle”) if FDM capacity
Call 3 » All links have a total bitrate of 1.536 Mbps and use
not used by owning call Call 4
TDM with 24 slots
» No sharing of slots!
Time
Call data
» Takes 500 ms to setup a circuit
Howto divide link
bandwidth into slots? TDM 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
» Frequency division Slot Frame
multiplexing (FDM)
frames/sec X bits/slot =
» Time division multiplexing TDM per-call transmission rate
(TDM)
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The Network Core Packet Switching
Packet Switching Statistical multiplexing
Each sender divides its messages Butnow we have 10 Mbps
into packets (sequence of bits) resource contention! Ethernet statistical multiplexing C
A
» Senders’ packets share (compete for) » Aggregate resource
network resources
demand can exceed amount
» Each packet uses full link capacity until 1.5 Mbps
transmission completed available B
» Resources allocated & used as needed » Congestion: packets queue of packets 45 Mbps
queue, wait for link waiting for output
availability link
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Packet Switching v. Circuit Switching Packet Switching
Is packet switching a “no brainer”? Why switch packets instead of entire messages?
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Packet Switching Routing in Packet Switched Networks
Why switch packets instead of entire messages? Datagram routing
1.5 Mbps a b
Time c
11 0.000 Network Next
ID Hop
7.5 Mb 22 11 0.001
Message xxx.yyy. b
33 22 11 0.002 uuu.vvv. b
44 33 22 11 0.003 sss.ttt. c
55 44 33 22 0.004
...
...
5,000
...
Packets
...
...
...
...
4999
4999 4998
4998 4997
4997 4996
4996 4.998 Packets contain a destination address
5000
5000 4999
4999 4998
4998 4997
4997 4.999 » Address specifies both a network and a host
5000
5000 4999
4999 4998
4998 5.000
Each router examines the destination address and forwards packet
5000
5000 4999
4999 5.001
5000
5000 5.002 towards the next router closest to the destination network
» Routers maintain a table of “next hops” to all networks
Packet-switching: store and forward behavior Routers maintain no per-connection state
» 1,500 bit packets, 1 packet forwarded every 1 ms
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The Architecture of the Internet
Discussion Question The Internet as a network of networks Local
ISP
Regional ISP
What are two ways of multiplexing in a circuit- The Internet is roughly National
NationalBackbone
BackboneProvider
Provider
switched network? hierarchical
NAP NAP
National/international
What are some differences between packet- National
NationalBackbone
BackboneProvider
Provider
backbone providers
switching and circuit-switching? Regional ISP
(NBPs) at “the root”
Local
» MCI, Sprint, Level3, Qwest, ... ISP
What is the advantage of packet-switching over
NBPs interconnect (“peer”) with each other privately,
message-switching? or at public Network Access Point (NAPs)
Regional ISPs connect into NBPs
Local ISPs connect into regional ISPs
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A Whirlwind Introduction to the Internet
Overview CS312 Spring 2009
Internet Concepts
What’s the Internet
» What’s a protocol? local ISP
Network structure
» Network edge
regional ISP
» Access networks and physical media
» Network core Questions?
Performance: loss and delay
Protocol layering
Networks under attack! company
network
To Be Continued…
46 Old Dominion University – Chris Boyle – Computer Science Department 47