Q

Tsky = 100 K
Chapter 7 External Forced Convection
7-99 Wind is blowing over the roof of a house. The rate of heat transfer through the roof and the cost of this
heat loss for 14-h period are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The critical Reynolds number is Recr = 5 10
5
. 3 Air is
an ideal gas with constant properties. 4 The pressure of air is 1 atm.
Properties Assuming a film temperature of 10C, the properties of
air are (Table A-15)
7336 . 0 Pr
/s m 10 426 . 1
C W/m. 02439 . 0
2 5 -

k
Analysis The Reynolds number is
[ ]
7
2 5
10 338 . 2
/s m 10 426 . 1
m) (20 m/s ) 3600 / 1000 60 (
Re

L V
L
which is greater than the critical Reynolds number. Thus we have
combined laminar and turbulent flow. Then the Nusselt number and
the heat transfer coefficient are determined to be

C . W/m 0 . 31 ) 10 542 . 2 (
m 20
C W/m. 02439 . 0
10 542 . 2 ) 7336 . 0 ]( 871 ) 10 338 . 2 ( 037 . 0 [ Pr ) 871 Re 037 . 0 (
2 4
4 3 / 1 8 . 0 7 3 / 1 8 . 0

Nu
L
k
h
k
hL
Nu
L
In steady operation, heat transfer from the room to the roof (by convection and radiation) must be equal to
the heat transfer from the roof to the surroundings (by convection and radiation), which must be equal to
the heat transfer through the roof by conduction. That is,

Q Q Q Q
room to roof, conv+rad roof, cond roof to surroundings, conv+rad
Taking the inner and outer surface temperatures of the roof to be Ts,in and Ts,out , respectively, the quantities
above can be expressed as
[ ]
4
,
4 4 2 8 2
,
2 2 4
,
4
, rad + conv roof, to room
K) 273 ( K) 273 20 ( ) .K W/m 10 67 . 5 )( m 300 )( 9 . 0 (
C ) )(20 m C)(300 . W/m 5 ( ) ( ) (
+ + +
+

in s
in s in s room s in s room s i
T
T T T A T T A h Q

m 15 . 0
) m 300 )( C W/m. 2 (
, ,
2
, ,
cond roof,
out s in s out s in s
s
T T
L
T T
kA Q

[ ]
4 4
,
4 2 8 2
,
2 2 4 4
, , rad + conv surr, to roof
K) 100 ( K) 273 ( ) .K W/m 10 67 . 5 )( m 300 )( 9 . 0 (
C ) 10 )( m C)(300 . W/m 0 . 31 ( ) ( ) (
+ +
+

out s
out s surr out s s surr out s s o
T
T T T A T T A h Q

Solving the equations above simultaneously gives

C 5 . 3 and C, 6 . 10 , W 025 , 28
, ,

out s in s
T T Q kW 28.03

The total amount of natural gas consumption during a 14-hour period is

therms 75 . 15
kJ 105,500
therm 1
85 . 0
) s 3600 14 )( kJ/s 03 . 28 (
85 . 0 85 . 0

,
_

t Q Q
Q
total
gas

Finally, the money lost through the roof during that period is
$9.45 ) therm / 60 . 0 $ therms)( 75 . 15 ( lost Money

7-84
Nitrogen tank
-196C
Air
V

= 60 km/h
T

= 10C
Tin = 20C
Steel pipe
D
i
= D
1
= 4 cm
D
2
= 4.6 cm
Insulation
= 0.3
Chapter 7 External Forced Convection
7-100 Steam is flowing in a stainless steel pipe while air is flowing across the pipe. The rate of heat loss
from the steam per unit length of the pipe is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 3 The
pressure of air is 1 atm.
Properties Assuming a film temperature of 10C, the properties of air are (Table A-15)
7336 . 0 Pr and /s, m 10 426 . 1 C, W/m. 02439 . 0
2 -5
k
Analysis The outer diameter of insulated pipe is Do = 4.6+2 3.5=11.6 cm = 0.116 m. The Reynolds
number is
4
2 5
10 254 . 3
/s m 10 426 . 1
m) m/s)(0.116 (4
Re

o
D V
The Nusselt number for flow across a cylinder is determined from
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
0 . 107
000 , 282
10 254 . 3
1
7336 . 0 / 4 . 0 1
) 7336 . 0 ( ) 10 254 . 3 ( 62 . 0
3 . 0
000 , 282
Re
1
Pr / 4 . 0 1
Pr Re 62 . 0
3 . 0
5 / 4
8 / 5
4
4 / 1
3 / 2
3 / 1 5 . 0 4
5 / 4
8 / 5
4 / 1
3 / 2
3 / 1 5 . 0

1
1
]
1

,
_

+
+

+
1
1
]
1

,
_

+
+
+
k
hD
Nu
o
and
C W/m 50 . 22 ) 0 . 107 (
m 116 . 0
C W/m 0.02439
2


Nu
D
k
h
o
o
Area of the outer surface of the pipe per m length of the pipe is
2
m 3644 . 0 ) m 1 )( m 116 . 0 ( L D A
o o
In steady operation, heat transfer from the steam through the pipe and the insulation to the outer surface (by
first convection and then conduction) must be equal to the heat transfer from the outer surface to the
surroundings (by simultaneous convection and radiation). That is,

Q Q Q
pipe and insulation surface to surroundings
Using the thermal resistance network, heat transfer from the steam to the outer surface is expressed as
[ ]
C/W 874 . 3
) m 1 )( C W/m. 038 . 0 ( 2
) 3 . 2 / 8 . 5 ln(
2
) / ln(
C/W 0015 . 0
) m 1 )( C W/m. 15 ( 2
) 2 / 3 . 2 ln(
2
) / ln(
C/W 0995 . 0
) m 1 ( m) 04 . 0 ( ) C . W/m 80 (
1 1
2 3
1 2
2
,

kL
r r
R
kL
r r
R
A h
R
insulation
pipe
i i
i conv
and
C/W ) 874 . 3 0015 . 0 0995 . 0 (
C ) 250 (
,
1
ins and pipe
+ +

+ +

s
insulation pipe i conv
s
T
R R R
T T
Q

Heat transfer from the outer surface can be expressed as

[ ]
4 4 4 2 8 2
2 2 4 4
rad + conv surr, to surface
K) 273 3 ( K) 273 ( ) .K W/m 10 67 . 5 )( m 3644 . 0 )( 3 . 0 (
C ) 3 )( m C)(0.3644 . W/m 50 . 22 ( ) ( ) (
+ + +
+

s
s surr s o surr s o o
T
T T T A T T A h Q

Solving the two equations above simultaneously, the surface temperature and the heat transfer rate per m
length of the pipe are determined to be
length) m (per and C 9 . 9 W 60.4 Q T
s

7-85
Nitrogen tank
-196C
Steel pipe
D
i
= D
1
= 4 cm
D
2
= 4.6 cm
Steam, 250C
D
o
D
i
Air
3C, 4 m/s
Insulation
= 0.3
Chapter 7 External Forced Convection
7-101 A spherical tank filled with liquid nitrogen is exposed to winds. The rate of evaporation of the liquid
nitrogen due to heat transfer from the air is to be determined for three cases.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Radiation effects are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas
with constant properties. 4 The pressure of air is 1 atm.
Properties The properties of air at 1 atm pressure and the free stream temperature of 20C are (Table A-15)
7309 . 0 Pr
kg/m.s 10 023 . 5
kg/m.s 10 825 . 1
/s m 10 516 . 1
C W/m. 02514 . 0
6
C 196 @
,
5
2 5 -

s
k

Analysis (a) When there is no insulation, D = Di = 4 m,

and the Reynolds number is
[ ]
6
2 5
10 932 . 2
/s m 10 516 . 1
m) (4 m/s 1000/3600) (40
Re

D V
The Nusselt number is determined from
[ ]
[ ] 2333
10 023 . 5
10 825 . 1
) 7309 . 0 ( ) 10 932 . 2 ( 06 . 0 ) 10 932 . 2 ( 4 . 0 2
Pr Re 06 . 0 Re 4 . 0 2
4 / 1
6
5
4 . 0 3 / 2 6 5 . 0 6
4 / 1
4 . 0 3 / 2 5 . 0

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +

s
k
hD
Nu
and C . W/m 66 . 14 ) 2333 (
m 4
C W/m. 02514 . 0
2

Nu
D
k
h
The rate of heat transfer to the liquid nitrogen is
[ ] W 200 , 159 C ) 196 ( 20 ( ] m) (4 C)[ . W/m 66 . 14 (
) )( ( ) (
2 2
2

T T D h T T hA Q
s s s

The rate of evaporation of liquid nitrogen then becomes

kg/s 0.804
kJ/kg 198
kJ/s 2 . 159
if
if
h
Q
m h m Q

(b) Note that after insulation the outer surface temperature and diameter will change. Therefore we need to
evaluate dynamic viscosity at a new surface temperature which we will assume to be -100C. At -100C,
kg/m.s 10 189 . 1
5
. Noting that D = D0 = 4.1 m, the Nusselt number becomes
[ ]
6
2 5
10 005 . 3
/s m 10 516 . 1
m) (4.1 m/s 1000/3600) (40
Re

D V
[ ]
[ ] 1910
10 189 . 1
10 825 . 1
) 7309 . 0 ( ) 10 005 . 3 ( 06 . 0 ) 10 005 . 3 ( 4 . 0 2
Pr Re 06 . 0 Re 4 . 0 2
4 / 1
5
5
4 . 0 3 / 2 6 5 . 0 6
4 / 1
4 . 0 3 / 2 5 . 0

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +

s
k
hD
Nu
and C . W/m 71 . 11 ) 1910 (
m 1 . 4
C W/m. 02514 . 0
2

Nu
D
k
h
The rate of heat transfer to the liquid nitrogen is
7-86
Nitrogen tank
-196C
D
o
D
i
Wind
20C
40 km/h
Insulation
Oxygen tank
-183C
Chapter 7 External Forced Convection
W 7361
) m 81 . 52 )( C . W/m 71 . 11 (
1
m) m)(2 C)(2.05 W/m. (0.035 4
m ) 2 05 . 2 (
C )] 196 ( 20 [
1
4
m 81 . 52 ) m 1 . 4 (
2 2
2 1
1 2
tan , tan ,
2 2 2

s
k s
conv insulation
k s
s
hA r kr
r r
T T
R R
T T
Q
D A

The rate of evaporation of liquid nitrogen then becomes

kg/s 0.0372
kJ/kg 198
kJ/s 361 . 7
if
if
h
Q
m h m Q

(c) We use the dynamic viscosity value at the new estimated surface temperature of 0C to be
kg/m.s 10 729 . 1
5
. Noting that D = D0 = 4.04 m in this case, the Nusselt number becomes
[ ]
6
2 5
10 961 . 2
/s m 10 516 . 1
m) (4.04 m/s 1000/3600) (40
Re

D V
[ ]
[ ] 1724
10 729 . 1
10 825 . 1
) 7309 . 0 ( ) 10 961 . 2 ( 06 . 0 ) 10 961 . 2 ( 4 . 0 2
Pr Re 06 . 0 Re 4 . 0 2
4 / 1
5
5
4 . 0 3 / 2 6 5 . 0 6
4 / 1
4 . 0 3 / 2 5 . 0

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +

s
k
hD
Nu
and C . W/m 73 . 10 ) 1724 (
m 04 . 4
C W/m. 02514 . 0
2

Nu
D
k
h
The rate of heat transfer to the liquid nitrogen is
W 4 . 27
) m 28 . 51 )( C . W/m 73 . 10 (
1
m) m)(2 C)(2.02 W/m. (0.00005 4
m ) 2 02 . 2 (
C )] 196 ( 20 [
1
4
m 28 . 51 ) m 04 . 4 (
2 2
2 1
1 2
tan , tan ,
2 2 2

s
k s
conv insulation
k s
s
hA r kr
r r
T T
R R
T T
Q
D A

The rate of evaporation of liquid nitrogen then becomes

kg/s 10 1.38
4 -

kJ/kg 198
kJ/s 0274 . 0
if
if
h
Q
m h m Q

7-87
Oxygen tank
-183C
Chapter 7 External Forced Convection
7-102 A spherical tank filled with liquid oxygen is exposed to ambient winds. The rate of evaporation of
the liquid oxygen due to heat transfer from the air is to be determined for three cases.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Radiation effects are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas
with constant properties. 7 The pressure of air is 1 atm.
Properties The properties of air at 1 atm pressure and the free stream temperature of 20C are (Table A-15)
7309 . 0 Pr
kg/m.s 10 127 . 6
kg/m.s 10 825 . 1
/s m 10 516 . 1
C W/m. 02514 . 0
5
C 183 @
,
5
2 5 -

s
k

Analysis (a) When there is no insulation, D = Di = 4 m,

and the Reynolds number is
[ ]
6
2 5
10 932 . 2
/s m 10 516 . 1
m) (4 m/s 1000/3600) (40
Re

D V
The Nusselt number is determined from
[ ]
[ ] 2220
10 05 . 1
10 825 . 1
) 7309 . 0 ( ) 10 932 . 2 ( 06 . 0 ) 10 932 . 2 ( 4 . 0 2
Pr Re 06 . 0 Re 4 . 0 2
4 / 1
5
5
4 . 0 3 / 2 6 5 . 0 6
4 / 1
4 . 0 3 / 2 5 . 0

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +

s
k
hD
Nu
and C . W/m 95 . 13 ) 2220 (
m 4
C W/m. 02514 . 0
2

Nu
D
k
h
The rate of heat transfer to the liquid oxygen is
[ ] W 372 , 142 C ) 183 ( 20 ( ] m) (4 C)[ . W/m 95 . 13 ( ) )( ( ) (
2 2 2


T T D h T T hA Q
s s s

The rate of evaporation of liquid oxygen then becomes

kg/s 0.668
kJ/kg 213
kJ/s 4 . 142
if
if
h
Q
m h m Q

(b) Note that after insulation the outer surface temperature and diameter will change. Therefore we need to
evaluate dynamic viscosity at a new surface temperature which we will assume to be -100C. At -100C,
kg/m.s 10 189 . 1
5
. Noting that D = D0 = 4.1 m, the Nusselt number becomes
[ ]
6
2 5
10 005 . 3
/s m 10 516 . 1
m) (4.1 m/s 1000/3600) (40
Re

D V
[ ]
[ ] 1910
10 189 . 1
10 825 . 1
) 7309 . 0 ( ) 10 005 . 3 ( 06 . 0 ) 10 005 . 3 ( 4 . 0 2
Pr Re 06 . 0 Re 4 . 0 2
4 / 1
5
5
4 . 0 3 / 2 6 5 . 0 6
4 / 1
4 . 0 3 / 2 5 . 0

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +

s
k
hD
Nu
and C . W/m 71 . 11 ) 1910 (
m 1 . 4
C W/m. 02514 . 0
2

Nu
D
k
h
The rate of heat transfer to the liquid nitrogen is
7-88
Oxygen tank
-183C
D
o
D
i
Wind
20C
40 km/h
Insulation
Chapter 7 External Forced Convection
W 6918
) m 81 . 52 )( C . W/m 71 . 11 (
1
m) m)(2 C)(2.05 W/m. (0.035 4
m ) 2 05 . 2 (
C )] 183 ( 20 [
1
4
m 81 . 52 ) m 1 . 4 (
2 2
2 1
1 2
tan , tan ,
2 2 2

s
k s
conv insulation
k s
s
hA r kr
r r
T T
R R
T T
Q
D A

The rate of evaporation of liquid nitrogen then becomes

kg/s 0.0325
kJ/kg 213
kJ/s 918 . 6
if
if
h
Q
m h m Q

(c) Again we use the dynamic viscosity value at the estimated surface temperature of 0C to be
kg/m.s 10 729 . 1
5
. Noting that D = D0 = 4.04 m in this case, the Nusselt number becomes
[ ]
6
2 5
10 961 . 2
/s m 10 516 . 1
m) (4.04 m/s 1000/3600) (40
Re

D V
[ ]
[ ] 1724
10 729 . 1
10 825 . 1
) 713 . 0 ( ) 10 961 . 2 ( 06 . 0 ) 10 961 . 2 ( 4 . 0 2
Pr Re 06 . 0 Re 4 . 0 2
4 / 1
5
5
4 . 0 3 / 2 6 5 . 0 6
4 / 1
4 . 0 3 / 2 5 . 0

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +

s
k
hD
Nu
and C . W/m 73 . 10 ) 1724 (
m 04 . 4
C W/m. 02514 . 0
2

Nu
D
k
h
The rate of heat transfer to the liquid nitrogen is
W 8 . 25
) m 28 . 51 )( C . W/m 73 . 10 (
1
m) m)(2 C)(2.02 W/m. (0.00005 4
m ) 2 02 . 2 (
C )] 183 ( 20 [
1
4
m 28 . 51 ) m 04 . 4 (
2 2
2 1
1 2
tan , tan ,
2 2 2

s
k s
conv insulation
k s
s
hA r kr
r r
T T
R R
T T
Q
D A

The rate of evaporation of liquid oxygen then becomes

kg/s 10 1.21
4 -

kJ/kg 213
kJ/s 0258 . 0
if
if
h
Q
m h m Q

7-89
Chapter 7 External Forced Convection
7-103 A circuit board houses 80 closely spaced logic chips on one side. All the heat generated is conducted
across the circuit board and is dissipated from the back side of the board to the ambient air, which is forced
to flow over the surface by a fan. The temperatures on the two sides of the circuit board are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The critical Reynolds number is Recr = 5 10
5
. 3
Radiation effects are negligible. 4 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 7 The pressure of air is 1
atm.
Properties Assuming a film temperature of 40C, the properties of air are (Table A-15)
7255 . 0 Pr
/s m 10 702 . 1
C W/m. 02662 . 0
2 5 -

k
Analysis The Reynolds number is
[ ]
4
2 5
10 051 . 7
/s m 10 702 . 1
m) (0.18 m/s ) 60 / 400 (
Re

L V
L
which is less than the critical Reynolds number. Therefore,
the flow is laminar. Using the proper relation for Nusselt
number, heat transfer coefficient is determined to be
C . W/m 43 . 23 ) 4 . 158 (
m 18 . 0
C W/m. 02662 . 0
4 . 158 ) 7255 . 0 ( ) 10 051 . 7 ( 664 . 0 Pr Re 664 . 0
2
3 / 1 5 . 0 4 3 / 1 5 . 0

Nu
L
k
h
k
hL
Nu
L
The temperatures on the two sides of the circuit board are
C 39.52
C 39.48

+
+

+
+

m) m)(0.18 C)(0.12 W/m. 16 (
m) W)(0.003 06 . 0 80 (
C 48 . 39
) (
m) m)(0.18 C)(0.12 . W/m 43 . 23 (
W ) 06 . 0 80 (
C 30
) (
2 1 2 1
2
2 2
s
s
s
s
kA
L Q
T T T T
L
kA
Q
hA
Q
T T T T hA Q

7-90
T1
T2
T

=30C
400 m/min
Chapter 7 External Forced Convection
7-104E The equivalent wind chill temperature of an environment at 10F at various winds speeds are
V = 10 mph:
T T V V
equiv ambient
+

914 914 0 475 0 0203 0304
914 914 10 0475 0 0203 10
. ( . )( . . . )
. . ( . . ( F) mph) +0.304 10 mph 9 F
V = 20 mph:
T
equiv
914 914 10 0475 0 0203 20 . . ( . . ( F) mph) +0.304 20 mph 24.9 F
V = 30 mph:
T
equiv
914 914 10 0475 0 0203 30 . . ( . . ( F) mph) +0.304 30 mph 33.2 F
V = 40 mph:
T
equiv
914 914 10 0475 0 0203 40 . . ( . . ( F) mph) +0.304 40 mph 37.7 F
In the last 3 cases, the person needs to be concerned about the possibility of freezing.
7-91
Chapter 7 External Forced Convection
7-105E "!PROBLEM 7-105E"
"ANALYSIS"
T_equiv=91.4-(91.4-T_ambient)*(0.475 - 0.0203*Vel+0.304*sqrt(Vel))
Vel [mph] Tambient [F] Tequiv [F]
4 20 19.87
14.67 20 -4.383
25.33 20 -15.05
36 20 -20.57
46.67 20 -23.15
57.33 20 -23.77
68 20 -22.94
78.67 20 -21.01
89.33 20 -18.19
100 20 -14.63
4 40 39.91
14.67 40 22.45
25.33 40 14.77
36 40 10.79
46.67 40 8.935
57.33 40 8.493
68 40 9.086
78.67 40 10.48
89.33 40 12.51
100 40 15.07
4 60 59.94
14.67 60 49.28
25.33 60 44.59
36 60 42.16
46.67 60 41.02
57.33 60 40.75
68 60 41.11
78.67 60 41.96
89.33 60 43.21
100 60 44.77
7-92
Chapter 7 External Forced Convection
0 22 44 66 88 110
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Vel [mph]
T
e
q
u
i
v


[
F
]
20 F
40 F
60 F

7-106 . 7-110 Design and Essay Problems

7-93