Chap 13 Heat Exchangers

Review Problems
13-111 Hot oil is cooled by water in a multi-pass shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The overall heat transfer
coefficient based on the inner surface is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Water flow is fully developed. 2 Properties of the water are constant.
Properties The properties of water at 300 K 25C are (Table A-9)
14 . 6 Pr
/s m 10 894 . 0 /
C W/m. 607 . 0
2 6

k

Analysis The Reynolds number is
771 , 43
/s m 10 894 . 0
) m 013 . 0 )( m/s 3 (
Re
2 6

D V
m
which is greater than 10,000. Therefore, we assume fully
developed turbulent flow, and determine Nusselt number from
245 ) 14 . 6 ( ) 771 , 43 ( 023 . 0 Pr Re 023 . 0
4 . 0 8 . 0 4 . 0 8 . 0
Nu
and
C . W/m 440 , 11 ) 245 (
m 013 . 0
C W/m. 607 . 0
2

Nu
D
k
h
i
The inner and the outer surface areas of the tube are
A D L
A D L
i i
o o




( . )( ) .
( . )( ) .
0 013 1 0 04084
0015 1 004712
m m m
m m m
2
2
The total thermal resistance of this heat exchanger per unit length is
C/W 609 . 0
) m 04712 . 0 )( C . W/m 35 (
1
) m 1 )( C W/m. 110 ( 2
) 3 . 1 / 5 . 1 ln(
) m 04084 . 0 )( C . W/m 440 , 11 (
1
1
2
) / ln( 1
2 2 2 2

+ +

o o
i o
i i
A h kL
D D
A h
R
Then the overall heat transfer coefficient of this heat exchanger based on the inner surface becomes
C . W/m 40.2
2

) m 04084 . 0 )( C/W 609 . 0 (
1 1 1
2
i
i
i i
RA
U
A U
R
13-87
Outer surface
D
0
, A
0
, h
0
, U
0

Inner surface
D
i
, A
i
, h
i
, U
i

Outer surface
D
0
, A
0
, h
0
, U
0

Inner surface
D
i
, A
i
, h
i
, U
i

Chap 13 Heat Exchangers
13-112 Hot oil is cooled by water in a multi-pass shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The overall heat transfer
coefficient based on the inner surface is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Water flow is fully developed. 2 Properties of the water are constant.
Properties The properties of water at 300 K 25C are (Table A-9)
14 . 6 Pr
/s m 10 894 . 0 /
C W/m. 607 . 0
2 6

k

Analysis The Reynolds number is
771 , 43
/s m 10 894 . 0
) m 013 . 0 )( m/s 3 (
Re
2 6

D V
m
which is greater than 10,000. Therefore, we assume fully
developed turbulent flow, and determine Nusselt number from
245 ) 14 . 6 ( ) 771 , 43 ( 023 . 0 Pr Re 023 . 0
4 . 0 8 . 0 4 . 0 8 . 0
Nu
and
C . W/m 440 , 11 ) 245 (
m 013 . 0
C W/m. 607 . 0
2

Nu
D
k
h
i
The inner and the outer surface areas of the tube are
A D L
A D L
i i
o o




( . )( ) .
( . )( ) .
0 013 1 0 04084
0015 1 004712
m m m
m m m
2
2
The total thermal resistance of this heat exchanger per unit length of it with a fouling factor is
C/W 617 . 0
) m 04712 . 0 )( C . W/m 35 (
1
m 04712 . 0
C/W . m 0004 . 0
) m 1 )( C W/m. 110 ( 2
) 13 / 15 ln(
) m 04084 . 0 )( C . W/m 440 , 11 (
1
1
2
) / ln( 1
2 2 2
2
2 2
,

+ + +

o o o
o f
i o
i i
A h A
R
kL
D D
A h
R
Then the overall heat transfer coefficient of this heat exchanger based on the inner surface becomes
C . W/m 39.7
2

) m 04084 . 0 )( C/W 617 . 0 (
1 1 1
2
i
i
i i
RA
U
A U
R
13-88
Outer surface
D
0
, A
0
, h
0
, U
0

Inner surface
D
i
, A
i
, h
i
, U
i

Chap 13 Heat Exchangers
13-113 Water is heated by hot oil in a multi-pass shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The rate of heat transfer
and the heat transfer surface area on the outer side of the tube are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 The
overall heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform.
Properties The specific heats of the water and oil are given to be 4.18 and 2.2 kJ/kg.C, respectively.
Analysis (a)The rate of heat transfer in this heat exchanger is
kW 462 = C) 60 C C)(130 kJ/kg. kg/s)(2.2 3 ( ) (
, ,

out h in h ph h
T T C m Q

(b) The outlet temperature of the cold water is

( )

( )
.
, , , ,
Q m C T T T T
Q
m C
c pc c out c in c out c in
c pc
+ +

20
462
3
568 C
kW
kg / s)(4.18 kJ / kg. C
C
The temperature differences at the two ends are

C 40 = C 20 C 60
C 73.2 = C 8 . 56 C 130
, , 2
, , 1


in c out h
out c in h
T T T
T T T
The logarithmic mean temperature difference is

C 9 . 54
) 40 / 2 . 73 ln(
40 2 . 73
) / ln(
2 1
2 1
,

T T
T T
T
CF lm
and
96 . 0
90 . 1
20 8 . 56
60 130
335 . 0
20 130
20 8 . 56
1 2
1 2
1 1
1 2

F
t t
T T
R
t T
t t
P
The heat transfer surface area on the outer side of the tube is then determined from

2
m 29.2

C) 9 . 54 ( C)(0.96) . kW/m 3 . 0 (
kW 462
2
lm
s lm s
T UF
Q
A T F UA Q

13-89
Hot Oil
130C
3 kg/s
Cold Water
20C
3 kg/s
(20 tube passes)
60C
Chap 13 Heat Exchangers
13-114E Water is heated by solar-heated hot air in a double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger. The
required length of the tube is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 The
overall heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform.
Properties The specific heats of the water and air are given to be 1.0 and 0.24 Btu/lbm.F, respectively.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer in this heat exchanger is
Btu/s 9.24 = F) 135 F F)(190 Btu/lbm. 4 lbm/s)(0.2 7 . 0 ( ) (
, ,

out h in h ph h
T T C m Q

The outlet temperature of the cold water is

F 4 . 96
) F Btu/lbm. lbm/s)(1.0 35 . 0 (
Btu/s 24 . 9
F 70 ) (
, , , ,

+ +
pc c
in c out c in c out c pc c
C m
Q
T T T T C m Q

The temperature differences at the two ends are

F 65 = F 70 F 135
F 93.6 = F 4 . 96 F 190
, , 2
, , 1


in c out h
out c in h
T T T
T T T
The logarithmic mean temperature difference is

F 43 . 78
) 65 / 6 . 93 ln(
65 6 . 93
) / ln(
2 1
2 1

T T
T T
T
lm
The heat transfer surface area on the outer side
of the tube is determined from
2
2
ft 21 . 21
F) 43 . 78 ( F) . Btu/s.ft 3600 / 20 (
Btu/s 24 . 9

lm
s lm s
T U
Q
A T UA Q

Then the length of the tube required becomes

ft 162.0
ft) 12 / 5 . 0 (
ft 21 . 21
2

D
A
L DL A
s
s
13-115 It is to be shown that when T1 = T2 for a heat exchanger, the Tlm relation reduces to Tlm = T1
= T2.
Analysis When T1 = T2, we obtain

T
T T
T T
lm

1 2
1 2
0
0 ln( / )
This case can be handled by applying L'Hospital's rule (taking derivatives of nominator and denominator
separately with respect to T T
1 2
or ). That is,
2 1
1 1 2 1
1 2 1
/ 1
1
/ )] / [ln(
/ ) (
T T
T T d T T d
T d T T d
T
lm

13-90
Hot Air
130F
0.7 lbm/s
Cold Water
70F
0.35 lbm/s
135F
Chap 13 Heat Exchangers
13-116 Refrigerant-134a is condensed by air in the condenser of a room air conditioner. The heat transfer
area on the refrigerant side is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 The
overall heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform.
Properties The specific heat of air is given to be 1.005 kJ/kg.C.
Analysis The temperature differences at the two ends are

T T T
T T T
h in c out
h out c in
1
2
40 35
40 25


, ,
, ,
C C = 5 C
C C = 15 C
The logarithmic mean temperature difference is

T
T T
T T
lm

1 2
1 2
5 15
15
91
ln( / ) ln(5/ )
. C
The heat transfer surface area on the outer side
of the tube is determined from
2
m 3.05

C) 1 . 9 ( C) . kW/m 150 . 0 (
kW ) 3600 / 000 , 15 (
2
lm
s lm s
T U
Q
A T UA Q

13-117 Air is preheated by hot exhaust gases in a cross-flow heat exchanger. The rate of heat transfer is to
be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 The
overall heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform.
Properties The specific heats of air and combustion gases are given to be 1.005 and 1.1 kJ/kg.C,
respectively.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer is simply
kW 102.9 = C) 95 C C)(180 kJ/kg. kg/s)(1.1 1 . 1 ( )] ( [
gas.

out in p
T T C m Q

13-91
Air
25C
R-134a
40C
40C
35C
Chap 13 Heat Exchangers
13-118 A water-to-water heat exchanger is proposed to preheat the incoming cold water by the drained
hot water in a plant to save energy. The heat transfer rating of the heat exchanger and the amount of
money this heat exchanger will save are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
Properties The specific heat of the hot water is given to be 4.18 kJ/kg.C.
Analysis The maximum rate of heat transfer is

kW 6 . 25
C) 14 C C)(60 kJ/kg. 8 kg/s)(4.1 60 / 8 (
) (
, , max

in c in h ph h
T T C m Q

Noting that the heat exchanger will recover 72%

of it, the actual heat transfer rate becomes

( . )( .
max
Q Q 0 72 256 kJ / s) = 18.43 kW
which is the heat transfer rating. The operating hours per year are
The annual operating hours = (8 h/day)(5 days/week)(52 week/year) = 2080 h/year
The energy saved during the entire year will be
Energy saved = (heat transfer rate)(operating time)
= (18.43 kJ/s)(2080 h/year)(3600 s/h)
= 1.38x10
8
kJ/year
Then amount of fuel and money saved will be

ar therms/ye 1677
kJ 500 , 105
therm 1
78 . 0
kJ/year 10 38 . 1
efficiency Furnace
saved Energy
saved Fuel
8

,
_

Money saved = (fuel saved)(the price of fuel)
= (1677 therms/year)($ 0.54/therm) = $906/year
13-92
Hot water
60C
8 kg/s
Cold Water
14C
Chap 13 Heat Exchangers
13-119 A shell-and-tube heat exchanger is used to heat water with geothermal steam condensing. The rate
of heat transfer, the rate of condensation of steam, and the overall heat transfer coefficient are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 Fluid
properties are constant.
Properties The heat of vaporization of geothermal water at 120C is given to be hfg = 2203 kJ/kg and
specific heat of water is given to be Cp = 4180 J/kg.C.
Analysis (a) The outlet temperature of the water is
C 74 = C 46 C 120 46
out h, out c,
T T
Then the rate of heat transfer becomes
kW 847.7 =
C) 22 C C)(74 kJ/kg. 8 kg/s)(4.1 9 . 3 (
)] ( [
water in out

T T C m Q
p

(b) The rate of condensation of steam is determined from

kg/s 0.385

m m
h m Q
fg

) kJ/kg 2203 ( kW 7 . 847

) (
steam
geothermal
(c) The heat transfer area is
2
m 3.378 = m) m)(3.2 024 . 0 ( 14 L D n A
i i
The logarithmic mean temperature difference for counter-flow arrangement and the correction factor F are
C 98 = C 22 C 120
C 46 = C 74 C 120
in c, out h, 2
out c, in h, 1


T T T
T T T
C 8 . 68
) 98 / 46 ln(
98 46
) / ln(
2 1
2 1
,

T T
T T
T
CF lm
1
0
22 74
120 120
53 . 0
22 120
22 74
1 2
2 1
1 1
1 2

F
t t
T T
R
t T
t t
P
Then the overall heat transfer coefficient is determined to be
C . W/m 3648
2

C) 8 . 68 )( 1 )( m 378 . 3 (
W 700 , 847
2
CF lm,
CF lm,
T F A
Q
U T F A U Q
i
i i i

13-93
Steam
120C
22C
Water
3.9 kg/s
14 tubes
120C
Chap 13 Heat Exchangers
13-120 Water is heated by geothermal water in a double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger. The mass flow
rate of the geothermal water and the outlet temperatures of both fluids are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 The
overall heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform.
Properties The specific heats of the geothermal water and the cold water are given to be 4.25 and 4.18
kJ/kg.C, respectively.
Analysis The heat capacity rates of the hot and cold fluids are
C kW/ 5.016 = C) kJ/kg. 8 kg/s)(4.1 (1.2
4.25 = C) kJ/kg. (4.25


pc c c
h h ph h h
C m C
m m C m C

C kW/ 016 . 5
min

c
C C

and
h h
m m C
C
C

1802 . 1
25 . 4
016 . 5
max
min

The NTU of this heat exchanger is
392 . 2
C kW/ 016 . 5
) m C)(25 . kW/m 480 . 0 (
2 2
min

C
UA
NTU
s
Using the effectiveness relation, we find the capacity ratio
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
494 . 0
) 1 ( 392 . 2 exp 1
) 1 ( 392 . 2 exp 1
823 . 0
) 1 ( NTU exp 1
) 1 ( NTU exp 1






C
C C
C
C C
C

Then the mass flow rate of geothermal water is determined from

kg/s 2.39
h
h h
m
m m
C

1802 . 1
494 . 0
1802 . 1
The maximum heat transfer rate is
kW 328 . 416 C) 12 - C C)(95 kW/ (5.016 ) (
in c, in h, min max
T T C Q

Then the actual rate of heat transfer rate becomes

kW 64 . 342 kW) 6.328 (0.823)(41
max
Q Q


The outlet temperatures of the geothermal and cold waters are determined to be
C 80.3
out c, out c, in c, out c,
) 12 C)( kW/ (5.016 = kW 64 . 342 ) ( T T T T C Q
c

C 61.3

out h, out h,
out h, in h,
) C)(95 kJ/kg. 5 kg/s)(4.2 (2.39 = kW 64 . 342
) (
T T
T T C m Q
ph h

13-94
Geothermal
water
95C
Cold Water
12C
1.2 kg/s
Chap 13 Heat Exchangers
13-121 Air is to be heated by hot oil in a cross-flow heat exchanger with both fluids unmixed. The
effectiveness of the heat exchanger, the mass flow rate of the cold fluid, and the rate of heat transfer are to
be determined.
.Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 The
overall heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform.
Properties The specific heats of the air and the oil are given to be 1.006 and 2.15 kJ/kg.C, respectively.
Analysis (a) The heat capacity rates of the hot and cold fluids are

c c pc c c
c c ph h h
m m C m C
m m C m C


1.006 = C) kJ/kg. (1.006
1.075 = C) kJ/kg. (2.15 5 . 0


Therefore,
c c
m C C 006 . 1
min


and
936 . 0
075 . 1
006 . 1
max
min

c
c
m
m
C
C
C

The effectiveness of the heat

exchanger is determined from

0.645

18 80
18 58
) (
) (
in c, in h,
in c, out c,
max
T T C
T T C
Q
Q
c
c

(b) The NTU of this heat exchanger is expressed as

c c
s
m m C
UA
NTU

7455 . 0
006 . 1
C) kW/ 750 . 0 (
min

The NTU of this heat exchanger can also be determined from
[ ] [ ]
724 . 3
936 . 0
1 ) 645 . 0 1 ln( 936 . 0 ln 1 ) 1 ln( ln

+

+

C
C
NTU

Then the mass flow rate of the air is determined to be
kg/s 0.20

c
c
s
m
m C
UA

006 . 1
C) kW/ 750 . 0 (
724 . 3 NTU
min
(c) The rate of heat transfer is determined from
kW 8.05 C 18) - C)(58 kJ/kg. 06 kg/s)(1.0 (0.20 ) (
in c, out c,
T T C m Q
pc c

13-95
Air
18C
Oil
80C
58C
Chap 13 Heat Exchangers
13-122 A water-to-water counter-flow heat exchanger is considered. The outlet temperature of the cold
water, the effectiveness of the heat exchanger, the mass flow rate of the cold water, and the heat transfer
rate are to be determined.
.Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 The
overall heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform.
Properties The specific heats of both the cold and the hot water are given to be 4.18 kJ/kg.C.
Analysis (a) The heat capacity rates of the hot and cold fluids are
c c pc c c
c c ph h h
m m C m C
m m C m C


4.18 = C) kJ/kg. (4.18
6.27 = C) kJ/kg. (4.18 5 . 1


Therefore,
c c
m C C 18 . 4
min


and
667 . 0
27 . 6
18 . 4
max
min

c
c
m
m
C
C
C

The rate of heat transfer can be expressed as

) 20 )( 18 . 4 ( ) (
out c, in c, out c,
T m T T C Q
c c

[ ] ) 80 )( 27 . 6 ( ) 15 ( 95 ) 27 . 6 ( ) (
out c, out c, out h, in h,
T m T m T T C Q
c c h
+

Setting the above two equations equal to each other we obtain the outlet temperature of the cold water
C 56
out c, out c, out c,
) 80 ( 27 . 6 ) 20 ( 18 . 4 T T m T m Q
c c

(b) The effectiveness of the heat exchanger is determined from

0.48

) 20 95 ( 18 . 4
) 20 56 ( 18 . 4
) (
) (
in c, in h,
in c, out c,
max c
c
c
c
m
m
T T C
T T C
Q
Q

(c) The NTU of this heat exchanger is determined from

805 . 0
1 667 . 0 48 . 0
1 48 . 0
ln
1 667 . 0
1
1
1
ln
1
1

,
_

,
_

C C
NTU

Then, from the definition of NTU, we obtain the mass flow rate of the cold fluid:
kg/s 0.416

c
c
s
m
m C
UA
NTU
18 . 4
C kW/ 400 . 1
805 . 0
min
(d) The rate of heat transfer is determined from
kW 62.6 C ) 20 56 )( C kJ/kg. 18 . 4 )( kg/s 416 . 0 ( ) (
in c, out c,
T T C m Q
pc c

13-123 . . . 13-129 Design and Essay Problems

13-96
Hot water
95C
Cold
Water
20C