History of Networking and Linux

ASSIGNMENT-01

Submitted by: Hridaya kandel Roll no:-10 BScIT-7th, semester

Submitted to: Dinesh Kusma (Department of computer science)

History of networking A network simply refers to a collection of computers connected with each other through communication channels so that they can share resources and information among each other. A network may involve not only computers but also other hardware devices like printers, scanners, routers, switches, UPS etc. History: 1962-1968 -> Packet switching networks developed 1969 -> ARPANET (4 nodes) commissioned by DoD for research into networking 1970 -> ALOHAnet, the first packet radio network, developed by Norman Abramson, University of Hawaii, becomes operational (connected to the ARPANET in 1972) ->ARPANET hosts start using Network Control Protocol (NCP), first host-to-host protocol 1973 -> First international connections to the ARPANET: University College of London (England) via NORSAR (Norway) 1974 -> BBN opens Telenet, the first public packet data service (a commercial version of ARPANET) 1975 -> Satellite links cross two oceans (to Hawaii and UK) as the first TCP tests are run over them by Stanford, BBN, and UCL 1978 -> TCP split into TCP and IP (March) ->Possibly the first commercial spam message is sent on 1 May by a DEC marketer 1979 -> ARPA establishes the Internet Configuration Control Board (ICCB) 1981 -> Minitel (Teletel) is deployed across France by France Telecom. 1982 -> DCA and ARPA establish the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), as the protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP, for ARPANET. This led to one of the first definitions of an "internet" as a connected set of networks, specifically those using TCP/IP, and "Internet" as connected TCP/IP internets. 1983 -> ARPANET split into ARPANET and MILNET; the latter became integrated with the Defense Data Network created the previous year. 68 of the 113 existing nodes went to MILNET

1990 -> ARPANET ceases to exist

->The World comes on-line (world.std.com), becoming the first commercial provider of Internet dial-up access 1991 -> World-Wide Web (WWW) released by CERN 1992 -> RIPE Network Coordination Center (NCC) created in April to provide address registration and coordination services to the European Internet community ->World Bank comes on-line 1993 -> The WWW Revolution truly begins ->Businesses and media really take notice of the Internet ->Mosaic takes the Internet by storm. 1994 -> Commercialization begins ->WWW edges out telnet to become 2nd most popular service on the net (based on % of packets and bytes traffic distribution on NSFNET) 1995 -> The WWW browser war begins , fought primarily between Netscape and Microsoft, has rushed in a new age in software development, whereby new releases are made quarterly with the help of Internet users eager to test upcoming (beta) versions. 1998-2003 -> Introduction and development of Home Broadband ->Evolution of Napster and Peer-to-Peer technology -> Since 1996 Apache has remained the world's most popular Web server by a wide margin. Because of its reliability, performance and zero cost.

History of Linux Linux is a Unix-like computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open source software development and distribution. The defining component of Linux is the Linux kernel. History [Source: http://www.xtimeline.com/timeline/History-of-Linux] 1985 -> Creation of GNU project (Development of GNU was initiated by Richard Stallman in 1983 ) 1987 -> MINIX: Unix-like system intended for academic use, was released by Andrew S. Tanenbaum in 1987. While source code for the system was available, modification and redistribution were restricted 1991-> Work on Linux begins: Linus Torvalds began to work on a non-commercial replacement for MINIX while he was attending the University of Helsinki. ->Commercial and popular uptake ->User Interface ->The rapid growth of Linux market -> Linux is launched in September of 1991 1996 -> KDE announced: The goal of the project is to provide basic desktop functions and applications for daily needs as well as tools and documentation for developers to write standalone applications for the system. 1997 -> GNOME and Xfce announced ->Copyright and naming ->Most popular Internet Serving OS 2001 -> Linux and Microsoft: They have 30% share each in terms of developer use for future embedded projects. 2006 -> Embedded devices: Due to its low cost and ability to be easily modified, an embedded Linux is often used in embedded systems ->Adoption by U.S. Federal Aviation Administration 2007 -> Dell and Linux: Dell announces it will ship select models with Ubuntu Linux preinstalled Since 2007 -> Market Leader in Supercomputer Segment