Lanigan 1 Phillip Lanigan ENC1101 Professor Wolcott Oct.

12, 2012 Writing Analysis Self Study Introduction Writing is like flying, the prompt is the ticket, the luggage the ideas, and the security is the proofreading. The process is the same until the plane takes off, where the experiences are always different. Sometimes the flight is smooth, sometimes turbulent. There may be layovers that prevent one from reaching the final destination on time. Nevertheless, the plane always lands safely at the chosen destination. Writing processes are a difficult aspect to understand because researchers have to analyze another persons thoughts. Each individual has their own unique style in which they administer their thoughts into writing. Research on skilled and unskilled writers has broadened our understanding on an individuals writing process. One notable researcher, Sondra Perl, conducted a study on five unskilled writers in a laboratory setting. Before Perls research, unskilled writers were never studied, and it was assumed they had no composing process. However, Perl disproved this assumption, and discovered that unskilled writers have flawed writing processes which affect their writing (Perl, 204). Another researcher, Carol Berkenkotter, conducted a study on a professional writer, Donald Murray, in his natural setting with no time constraints. Berkenkotter research revealed that each individual has their own unique protocols that frame the way they write (Berkenkotter 227). Both Perl and Berkenkotter used the think-

Lanigan 2 aloud method to externalize their participants thoughts. The think-aloud method involves participants vocalizing their thoughts as they write so that researchers can analyze it. Although Perl and Berkenkotter research created a general understanding of the writing process, their research had gaps in terms of understanding why participants perform certain actions. Because Perl and Berkenkotter only had a third person point of view, certain thoughts or actions of each participant could have been filtered or not vocalized. Only the participants know what is going on in their own head. They are the only ones capable of understanding their own specific actions and thoughts. Therefore, I conducted research on my individual writing process using the think-aloud method. My research suggests that the think-aloud method may not be suitable for everyone, and it suggests there is an advantage to studying ones own composing process compared to studying other participants. Methodology To obtain the data for this study, I studied myself using four journal topics that I personally selected for this assignment. In a requirement of 500 words, I responded to each one of my different topics. The topics I chose included describe several ways a person your age can earn money, too much emphasis on computers in school, videogame violence causing violence in children, and why did you select your major? Unlike Perl, I chose to do a naturalistic experiment. My natural setting involved me being in my dorm room at night on a weekday when everything is calm and silent. I always have Pandora radio open for occasional breaks, and a cold beverage at a reach to satisfy my thirst during the completion of my assignment. I typed my journals on my laptop at my desk using Microsoft Word, and used a

Lanigan 3 sound recorder in my laptop to record my vocalized thoughts as I typed my responses to the four topics. During this assignment I had no time constraints; I had no time limit for each journal. Afterward, I transcribed the sound recordings of my vocalized thoughts into a Microsoft Word document. After printing the transcribed thoughts, I began to code them using the symbols my instructor created for the assignment. Each code was identified with a specific action or saying. For example, RR was the specific code for the action of rereading a phrase or word. Once I was done with the coding, I copied the codes from my transcripts onto separate pieces of paper and started looking for any types of patterns. Findings After analyzing my research, I realized that vocalizing my thoughts as I write hinders my writing performance. Because I felt obligated to talk for this study, I sometimes started talking just to fill in blanks (see Appendix B). This bantering took some of my focus away from writing and would cause me to get frustrated. Sometimes, especially in the beginning of each journal, I would catch myself talking for about a minute or two just to fill the transcript before I started writing. Through this study I discovered that I am not a fan of the think-aloud approach. When I type papers I never vocalize my thoughts, I just quietly write whatever comes to mind or usually have a preplanned outline so I know what I am going to write about. I feel having to vocalize my thoughts as I type is unnatural and a distraction because half my mind is typing while the other half is broadcasting those thoughts. Throughout this study I noticed many patterns about my writing process that Perl and Berkenkotter would spot, but not understand why I performed these actions. The first noticeable pattern is the fact that I always reread the prompt and ask myself many questions before I start

Lanigan 4 typing (see Appendix B). I discovered that the questions and answers serve as a planning platform before I jump into writing. With the use of these questions, I develop an outline in my head and fill it up with the answers to the questions. Another pattern I noticed as I coded my transcribed thoughts is the frequency of my frustration and complaints became higher as I reached the bottom of each journal. I realized that as I reach the end of my paper, I get frustrated more easily because I get tired of typing my journals and tired of trying to reach the 500 word count requirement (see Appendix B). Perl would assume this frustration is a consistent occurrence in my writing process, but I know that its only the word count thats frustrating me. Breaks are another pattern Ive noticed looking through the codes. Throughout each journal, I would stop at some point, usually a point of frustration, and take a short break from typing (Appendix B). During this break I would just listen to music on Pandora radio and go on Facebook for a short period of time. I feel as these breaks are necessary because they help me clear my head and reenergize before going back to typing. Berkenkotter would easily notice the breaks I take and suggest its part of my unique protocol. However, he wouldnt understand how beneficial the breaks are to me while Im typing over long periods of time. I discovered that situational variables play a large role in my writing process. For example, when I was typing my second journal I forgot to eat dinner and throughout the transcript complaints of my hunger can be seen (Appendix B, Journal 2). I believe this affected my writing because instead of focusing on my journal, I was directing some of my attention towards my empty stomach. Although Berkenkotter would catch that hunger affects my writing, he wouldnt be able to understand how much hunger affects writing first hand. Because I conducted this research on myself, I personally know the amount of negative pressure hunger puts on my writing process. Another situational variable that affected my writing was the amount

Lanigan 5 of sleep I had previous to the typing the journals (Appendix B, Journal 3). Because of a lack sleep, I would constantly yawn and feel very tired as I wrote my journals. In my transcript, yawning was a frequent action spotted during my transcribing (Appendix B). Like hunger, sleep is a variable that researchers from a third person point of view would not understand because fatigue affects everyone differently. Last situational variable I discovered was the time. Unlike Donald Murray, the no time constraints factor negatively affected me. I felt that having no time limit didnt put any pressure on me. I discovered that my writing performance is often better when I have some sort of limit or deadline. I realized I am a writer who doesnt crack under pressure, but thrives off of it. In conducting this research, I gathered valuable information on my own unique writing process. I now understand my individual composing process, and know the effects of situational variables on my writing. With this information, I plan to further improve my writing process as a whole, and use this as evidence for others to show the negative effects of situational variables. Although research has already been done on the writing process, this study shows that conducting a research on oneself is more accurate than a third person approach. I now know what factors hinder my writing performance and what factors are beneficial. I will use the results to integrate better practice into future assignments throughout my academic career.

Lanigan 6 Works Cited Carol Berkenkotter. Decisions and Revisons. Writing About Writing. Ed. Elizabeth Wardle, and Doug Downs. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2011. 216-229. Sondra Perl. The Composing Processes of Unskilled College Writers. Writing About Writing. Ed. Elizabeth Wardle, and Doug Downs. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2011.191-214.

Lanigan 7 Appendix A Journal 1: Describe several ways a person your age can earn money Everyone wants to have some spending money especially college students. However, the easy part is spending the money not making it. There are several options for students to make money but its hard to look for a job when youre competing against other money thirsty teenagers. College students are in desperate need of money so in order to fill their wallet they engage in many options including a simple job like a cashier, babysitting, selling their own personal items, and in rare occasions running a small business. Getting and maintaining a job is the most common way for a college student to make money. There are many different entry level positions that allow young, inexperienced students to work. For example, at any local food market such as Publix you can become a cashier or even a food stocker. Gas stations and fast food places are also good places for students to begin their work career and receive a paycheck. Another place to work for young adults is restaurants. At restaurants teenagers are usually the busboys, waiters, and sometimes the host or hostess. All these stores provide teenagers with simple yet essential tasks to their business. When it comes to earning money college students dont always have to get a job. They do other things like become a babysitter. This job is pretty simple to manage and the pay is usually fair. But, its not a permanent or stable occupation because parents are not always out. Another way to make money can be to start selling your personal belongings. This is a quick and efficient way to earn fast money but, you wont get full price for your item because the values of belongings decrease over the years. There are many ways a college student can see their merchandise thanks to the internet. Now with just a click young adults are selling their things through websites like eBay. However, this is a temporary way to get quick cash because college students usually dont own a mass amount of expensive toys worth money. Some college students sometimes run their own small business from their home or dorm. If they enjoy creating a type of merchandise that has a high demand, their small business can be successful and make a large amount of money. For example, on campus at University of Central Florida one of my friends designs and builds long boards to people who order them from him. All from the comfort of his own dorm, Tyler makes a large sum of money by creating long boards. It goes the same for other things such as t-shirts or even paintings. Where there is a high demand for things, a college student can create and sell that product and live off of it. Earning money isnt as hard as some people make it to be. Although people my age are restricted to some jobs because of lack of experience and maturity, there will always be other options. Companies and franchises are always looking for young adults to fill their entry level positions, and even if you dont succeed with them you can run your own small business whether it be babysitting or selling t-shirts.

Lanigan 8 Journal 2: Too much emphasis on computers in schools In todays society, schools all over the United States are relying too much on computers. Instead of using paper and pencil, students are now typing out every assignment on software such as Microsoft Word. I understand that computers are a more efficient way of learning, but students and teachers should not always rely on them. Students in middle school and grades below should be first taught the basics before letting schools build upon their knowledge with computers or technology in general. Also, too much emphasis on computers in a curriculum can hinder a students learning process because computers cant provide that in depth one on one students need. However, I understand that we live in a technological age and that through the use of computers teachers can easily teach to the masses. Now this transition isnt a bad thing, but in my opinion I think before jumping into computers students in middle school and below should be taught the basics. Teachers should instill the basic skills necessary for further education in ways that do not require any technology. In grades ranging from kindergarten to middle school, schools should return to the basics of pencil and paper, along with more arts, physical fitness, and music. Instead of having students work on computer programs, teach the basics that only require paper, pencil, and critical thinking to the younger students so they have the fundamental ability to learn and understand material without the use of any technology. Then, once the students have mastered the basics, let high school should build on their knowledge through the up to date use of technology. Because schools are putting too much emphasis on computers, students are the ones getting unintentionally hurt. Teachers dont understand that yes, computers are learning tools but they are not a permanent replacement. Students still need that personal connection with a teacher. Someone they can ask questions not just an overused computer they have been using for the last three classes. Sometimes I feel like I might as well be home schooled if I'm going to be doing all my class work in front of a computer screen. I ask myself sometimes why my family has to pay the school for me to get up every morning, go to sit on the computer and use the computer. For example, the math taught at University of Central Florida is basically taught to students on an online program. If a student doesnt understand a certain problem, they just hit the help me solve button. Computers, although sometimes unreliable, provide teachers and the school with a fast and efficient way to send information to their students. Nowadays, if a student misses a class for any reason they can just go online and log in onto the assigned program to finish their assignment at home. Schools and universities just have to realize that computers are tools for learning not a permanent solution to the eradication of teachers. As long as we teach the basics first, schools can use their computers.

Lanigan 9 Journal 3: Video game violence causing violence in children Each year new blockbuster games are released to children all over the world. However, these games contain many graphic scenes and violence that are displayed to the malleable minds. Parents unknowingly buy their young children games that only mature gamers should play and this leads to consequences. Because the minds of children are not fully mature, they begin to associate pleasure with the ability to cause pain in others and begin to confuse fantasy violence with reality causing them to mimic actions portrayed in a game. Also with such high exposure rates violence in games, children are getting conditioned to become violent. Video games often reward their players, in this case children, for causing aggressive acts and stimulating violence. For example, in first person shooting games players receive points by shooting and killing players on the other team. The more kills you have the higher amount of points you get and sometimes receive perks based on the amount. This concept of rewarding players for the more violence they cause really starts to affect the children playing because of how malleable their minds can be. Children will start to think if they act more aggressively with their real friends they will get rewarded for it. Video games alter a childs mind and as a result they suffer long tern consequences. Children who play violent types of games dont realize that theyre not mature enough to play it. They start playing the game and within a matter of minutes after the game they begin to mimic acts seen on the game. Kids start hitting, kicking, and screaming because they think its normal to do because thats what occurs in the game. Children are more likely to confuse fantasy violence with real violence. Because of the violence witnessed on the game, children dont know where the line between reality and fantasy lies. They get immersed in a fake world full of explosions and violent acts, but when its time to return to reality their mind still thinks they are allowed to cause violence. Due to all the violence witnessed in video games, the children who play them get conditioned to think in a way that violence is an ordinary aspect of life. They get brainwashed into thinking that violence occurs as frequent as it does in the video game. With a mindset like that its hard to tell how the kids will grow up. Without restriction to mature related games, children will act in violent ways and keep their beliefs till adulthood which will ultimately lead them to prison or a poor life style surrounded by violence. Its a known fact that video game violence cause violence in todays youth. With all the exposure to violence in a one game, a childs mind can suffer serious effects if the video game is not restricted until the legal age. Childrens minds are a very delicate thing and exposure to violence at such a young age will alter their mindset and decision making in life.

Lanigan 10 Journal 4: Why you selected your major People always ask me what my major is and are surprised to hear that its mechanical engineering. When people ask me why I chose such a difficult major I tell them Im a problem solver. I enjoy trying to find that one exact solution that no one else can. Of course the salary is really high but I want a respectable degree something to be proud of after graduation. Also, Engineers are always needed somewhere in the world. I want to be that dependable person to help create the next application used by the masses. Engineering is definitely one of the harder majors to graduate from, but I like a challenge. I enjoy working hard on something and seeing that hard work pay off. Once you graduate from engineering all that hard work is paid off through the luxurious salary, the no shortage of jobs anywhere, and having a job that allows you to live a better lifestyle. Also, Engineering is a respectable degree to have. Just by calling yourself an engineer others look at you as an intelligent person who knows what they are doing. I would enjoy having that description come with my major. Another reason I selected mechanical engineering as my major was because there are never any shortages of jobs. All around the world companies and people are looking for all types of engineers for hire. Having that job security would be an excellent and reassuring thing to keep in the back of my mind. Because of societies expanding technological environment, engineers are looked at as the dependable people who can temporarily satisfy societies hunger for technology and science. Being able to know people are dependent on you anywhere you go in the world is a great feeling I would like to experience. The main reason I chose mechanical engineering as my major is because I am a problem solver. I have a thirst for finding a solution to a complex problem that confuses everyone else. Engineers are exposed to many problems real world problems I have yet to explore because as of right now I working my way up to that point through complex math problems. I enjoy understanding the steps to reach a certain solution and I know that in engineering this is a must. Understanding the world around you is a specific skill I would want to learn as a mechanical engineer. Out of all the majors available I selected to take the path of a mechanical engineer. Of course the salary played a major role in my decision making, but the truth is I chose engineering because Im a problem solver. When you're an engineer, you don't just write essays on what you feel or think about certain subjects. You get involved with your community by improving the current status of science and technology. You make something out of what you learn whether it be the next iPod or even the next empire state building. Engineering is a skill I would love to learn and thats why I selected it as my major.

Lanigan 11 Appendix B Journal 1 Transcribed Thoughts Alright describe several ways a person your age can earn money. (silence) simple way would be a job like at subway or something, babysitting, um selling personal items like on eBay or on any website or in person. (Yawn) what else? Um I guess they can operate a small business if theyre successful like create their own website and sell things alright a person your age can earn money. (Silence) we definitely need money were in college so well I think I covered everything hmm Alright Ill talk about the job part So many jobs but so many entry level positions cashiers, stockers, busboy, waiter, damn I should be writing this down. (Writing) money Different entry level positions especially at McDonalds subway any franchise. (Sigh) Oh my god only 124 words nice. (Writing) Experience, inexperienced oh alright. What were the restraints again? (Silence) It was Publix can become a cashier not at Publix you can be one anywhere at any local food market such as Publix or even food stocker. What other jobs? Gas stations also provide or have.. Blake! oh my god (silence) damn it. What other jobs are there? (Silence) Gas stations and fast food places the only bad thing about all these jobs are What minimum wage? That what sucks about being in college you get stuck with all the shit jobs and then you go into debt. Ok Im getting off topic lets stick to describing several ways a person my age can earn money. (Writing) What else? All these jobs you get stuck with simple tasks that What it is minimum wage? Alright (Silence) what else is there besides from being cashier? (Sigh) What other stores are there? Businesses. (Silence) Umm this is stupid. I should of chose a better topic. I know there are ways to make money but I cant think of any. (Knocking on table) What other restaurants? (Writing) How do you spell restaurants? Thats how you spell restaurants. (Silence) What are good restaurants? There are restaurants teenagers really Be definitely busboys and waiters (sigh) lets go to babysitting. I guess getting scholarships are some way of getting money you have to write essays and meet requirements so maybe yeah. (Writing) Babysitting is not stable unless you have a lot of customers. (Writing) Well alright instead of babysitting they can open a small business. (Silence) Yeah ah man Im running 18 minutes into this. Oh my god halfway done! Ill be done like at 40 minutes. Yeah you can run a small business. What can you do as a teenager running a small business? You can actually Lets go back to selling personal belongings. It kind of goes into small business it a quick way to make fast money and you dont get what you paid for you get it for other prices lower prices. Oh my god there is still so much to write because(writing) What else? Oh my god Im only on 275 groan. (Sigh)(Silence) I covered mostly everything I need only like 100 more word and Ill be done with this stupid topic. (Yawn) (BREAK) Im tired too I dont want to do this 28 minutes. (Sigh)(Writing) All students dont have anything to sell. What would I sell? My laptop iPod would I sell them if I really had to um (Silence) Hey you can sell on eBay thats a website. (Writing) What the hell I thought I was almost done I thought it was 400 not 500, (yawning) (silence) I hate writing especially when Im tired writing is boring 35 minutes is a long time especially for a 500 word journal. (Yawn) Hmm I wonder if my writing is good now. Ah how is that sentence wrong? Whats a good example of a small business? Oh yeah my friend sells long boards he designs long boards. (Writing) What are other things you can make besides Hmm. (silence) What else can you sell? Oh t-shirts there you go (writing) alright please be 500 words. Oh 460 ok. Where else can I add..? What else? Im done finally! I think I did it I think its finished oh my god it took a long time.

Lanigan 12 Journal 2 Transcribed Thoughts Alright too much emphasis on computers in school. Thats definitely true. (Silence) Barely right on my paper anymore its on all Microsoft Word or computers like the MALL for math. Thats definitely true computers in schools are pretty much taking over. This is such an easy prompt but I hate starting essays. (Yawn) Im already tired too (Sigh) what are the pros and cons? Alright um pros would be easier faster efficient and cons are Were too much reliable on them if it crashes your screwed youre pretty much forced to buy a laptop in college (Sigh) Hmm alright so (Writing) Microsoft has pretty much replaced paper and pencil although Dam I suck at the first intro paragraph. Im 7 minutes into it 80 words that should be long enough and now I have a stupid song stuck in my head. (Sigh) (Silence) what are programs? Mylabsplus thats for college 18 minutes. Oh my god (Writing) Im so hungry. I want to type this and go eat come on. Ill just put these two paragraphs together They talk about the same thing. That was a good paragraph almost done with this paragraph. what the? (Silence) Awesome I accidently stopped my recording now. Im going to have 2 recordings (writing) on the same paper. How many words do I have? 205. I need like 300 more. (laughing) I think I messed up on this paragraph. This is the stupidest topic why I did I pick it? Great I have writers block now. (BREAK) (Silence) What sentence could I add there? (Silence) If I use a computer what touch with the teacher do I lose? (Writing) Oh my god this is a hard topic but it should be easy. Why am I making it so difficult how many words am I on? 317. I need like 200 more. (Silence) Oh my god oh my god what paragraph could I do next? (Writing) What word am I on? 409. I still need like 100 more sweet. On my last paragraph. (Yawn) ok what else can I write? I need like 30 words come on. (Yawn) (Writing) Almost down come on and Im finished.

Lanigan 13 Journal 3 Transcribed Thoughts Alright (Silence) videogame violence causing violence in children. Alright this is a more controversial topic. Alright I agree with that. Lets see let me see why let me think real quick. It definitely conditions kids to become aggressive. Um it definitely gets kids to associate (writing) Man why am I so tired (yawn)(Silence) Associate what pleasure and happiness with overall violence and be rewarded for it and What else? Oh yeah childrens minds are more likely to get confused with the difference between reality and what fantasy. (Writing) Yeah and thats pretty much it. (Silence) new game comes out with Oh blockbuster! (Writing) Actually each year (Yawn) Im so tired. (Silence) Now theres no pleasure in this I rather play a videogame. Doesnt help Im talking about video games. (Yawn) (Writing) Whats another word for shown? Not portrayed. Come on Displayed! Conditioned to become violent (Silence) This is such bullshit I dont want to do this I should of choose the log its easier. (Silence) Hmm oh my god it doesnt involve this much writing. (Sigh) 400 more words to go. Alright lets see what I can talk about in the second paragraph? How videogames associate pleasure with violence? Alright. What are some games you get rewarded? (Writing) Oh ok games where you kill to get points. (Writing) Microsoft word pissing me off now. (Sigh)(BREAK) (Silence) Now Im typing pretty fast. (Writing) What time am I on? 20 min. Lets see I could keep this pace. I like it. (Writing) Oh no! (Sigh) Ah Im not keeping my pace now. I just found a big flaw. (silence) Hmm oh videogames alter a childs mind. (Yawn) Come on keep up the pace. (Writing) Thats a good paragraph. Im making good progress. (Writing) Alright please be 500 words. 434 (sigh) Oh god I only need like 70 words. (Sigh) Thats like a whole paragraph. So close just a couple more words (Writing) Oh my god are you serious 499 this is a joke. (Silence) Ill just add an adjective somewhere (writing) there we go done.

Lanigan 14 Journal 4 Transcribed Thoughts Alright why I selected my major. Why did I choose mechanical engineering? (Silence) Let me think real quick. Definitely the pay. The salary is good. Problem solver um I like to um (silence) I dont know. I like to challenge myself so that when I graduate um (silence) Im actually proud of what I did not just slide by on easy trail. Um (writing) What else? Um I dont know when youre in engineering you just look at things more (Writing) I dont know (silence) you dont write essays and think about the world or (Silence) Whatever you make something out of what you learn. Yeah you get into real life applications. (Writing) I dont know you work with technology .(silence) I should get started. Um (silence) its hard sigh man .(writing) I suck at intro paragraphs it takes me such a long time to type this shit out. (Silence) Of all the majors (writing) Oh thats a good sentence. (Writing) Oh my god what else is there? (Silence) (groan)(BREAK) Looks like I already have my conclusion. (Writing) Its kind of weird I did my conclusion first and my intro second now (writing) I have to do my body paragraphs. (Silence) Its one of the few times where I wrote something like this Its kind of confusing (Writing) I dont want to be repetitive either. (Silence) Of course its wrong. (Writing) This is actually coming out good 270 and I need 500. (Writing) How many words are in this paragraph? Over 100 .(silence) This a hard topic. Its too personal. (Writing) Alright 200 more words. (yawn)(silence) (sigh)(writing) One more paragraph... (Writing) And I think Im done.

Lanigan 15 Appendix C Journal 1 Writing Code:

U-RR-Q-S-AQ-U-AQ-U-AQ-U-S-U-TF-Fr-WS-Se-S-AQ-Q-DW-Fr-S-FR-Q-S-AQ-OT-DW-WS-S-AQ-S-U-Fr-CDW-Q-WS-Q-AQ-Fr-DW-WS-U-S-C-Q-AQ-DW-C-WS-C-Fr-S-C-BR-WS-U-S-Fr-DC-WS-Fr-S-C-Fr-Q-AQ-WS-SQ-WS-U-Q-C Journal 2 Writing Code: U-RR-S-TF-AQ-C-C-Q-U-U-AQ-Fr-U-WS-TF-Fr-C-Fr-Q-Fr-WS-C-DW-En-S-Fr-WS-Q-C-Fr-C-Fr-BR-S-Q-S-QWS-Fr-C-Q-Fr-S-Fr-WS-Q-En-Q-En-WS-En Journal 3 Writing Code: U-S-RR-U-U-DW-U-WS-C-U-WS-C-DW-DC-DW-WS-S-WS-C-Fr-C-WS-Se-S-C-Fr-S-Fr-C-Fr-U-DW-U-Q-WSDc-AQ-WS-C-Fr-BR-En-WS-Q-En-WS-Fr-C-S-Dc-DW-En-WS-En-WS-U-Fr-C-WS-Fr-C-S-DW-WS

Journal 4 Writing Code:

U-Q-RR-S-AQ-U-U-S-AQ-U-S-AQ-U-WS-Q-U-AQ-WS-U-S-AQ-S-AQ-WS-U-DW-S-Fr-U-S-C-WS-C-S-RR-S-EnWS-Fr-BR-Q-S-Fr-BR-R-WS-DW-WS-S-TF-WS-R-S-Fr-WS-En-WS-Q-AQ-S-C-WS-En-Fr-WS-En-WS

Lanigan 16