The Effects of Time Pressure to Helping Behavior Social Psychology PSY 130 Psychology Department Ms.

May Angelica Saludez

Submitted by: Ayap, Michelle Dela Cruz, Tito Gaurino, Rio Lapitan, Ar-jay Lopez, Fernando Robin Mendoza, Anthony Paat, Marissa Pascua, Ma. Kristina Casandra Peralta, Marry Grace INTRODUCTION In our everyday lives it is not surprising if we encounter different situations that may test our helping behavior or altruism. Sometimes we witnessed people of fering their help and sometimes we are the ones who are giving help. In past yea rs, we may see different situation wherein people help each other when there is a call for help such as calamities. Other form of offering help may include help ing an old man to cross the street or helping people who are really in need. Her e in the Philippines we have what we called bayanihan wherein Filipinos help other s without asking for return. However, sometimes we still asked our self what are the reasons why people help? Why others offer help and why others were not? In psychology, Hoffman (1979), as cited by Leventhal (2009), described altruism as behavior such as helping or sharing that promotes the welfare of others withou t conscious regard for ones own self-interest (p. 2). Furthermore Smith as cited i n the study also refers altruism as means of increasing self-satisfaction or ful fillment. In addition, Batson (1991) and Monroe (1996) emphasized social norms a nd values, emotional reactions, situational factors and social relations between helpers and receivers (Leventhal, 2009). According to Myers and Briggs (2010), there are many factors affecting the helping behaviors of people such as number of bystanders, factors exist that reduce bystanders effect such as clear emergenc ies vs. ambiguous and cohesive groups vs. strangers. Additional factors include presence of pro-social models, time pressure or situation, emotion, religious fa ith and personality traits (Myers and Briggs, 2010). Batsons book entitled Altruism in Humans which investigates altruism explains that empathic concern is an important motivator for altruistic behavior (Batson, 2011 ).Some social psychologists used the social exchange theory to know why people h elp others. Social Exchange theory suggests that people help each other to deduc t distress and increase self-worth. Another theory, social responsibility, expla ins thatitis peoples responsibility or moral obligation (Bierhoff H., Rohmann, E. , 204) to help those people who are in need of help. While norm of reciprocity p roposes that we should help those who help us and expect same behaviors from oth ers (Sparknotes, no date). Many studies suggest that time pressure or situational variables affects ones hel ping behavior. Based on the study made by Batson and Darley in 1973, they sugges t that the degree or tendency of a person in a hurry or emergency situation had clear significant effect on his likelihood and tendency to offer or aid help to the victim or person in need (Batson and Darley, 1973). The experiments purpose is to determine the altruism or helping behavior of the s tudents. Furthermore, this study aims to identify the response of the respondent

s particularly their helping behavior in a situation with the presence and absen ce of time pressure. The researchers primary hypothesis is that there is no signi ficant relationship between time pressure and altruism or helping behavior of se lected students from Central Luzon Stat University, which focuses on the idea th at students are more likely to offer aid in the absence of time pressure or emer gency situation. By conducting this experiment the researchers will be able to i dentify if CLSU students will have the same result compare with other studies.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The study intends to determine altruism or helping behaviour of selected students from Central Luzon State University. Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions: 1. What is the helping behavior of the respondents from Central Luzon State University in terms of the following treatments? a. Treatment 1 (with time pressure) b. Treatment 2 (without time pressure) 2. What are the reasons why people help? 3. Is there a significant relationship between time pressure and altruism o r helping behavior of the selected students from Central Luzon State University? HYPOTHESIS The study sets forth the null hypothesis which will be tested at 0.05 level of s ignificance. Ho1: There is no significant relationship between time pressure (emergen cy situation) and altruism or helping behavior of selected students from Central Luzon State University. Ha1: There is a significant relationship between time pressure and altru ism or helping behavior of selected students from Central Luzon State University . THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The study aims to know the helping behavior or altruism of selected stud ents in a particular situation with the absence and presence of time pressure. U pon searching for theories that can support this study, the researchers were abl e to find Batson and Darley theory on 1973 which indicates that person in an eme rgency situation or in hurry (presence of time pressure) are less likely to aid help to those people who are in need. Another theory that may support this experiment is Altruistic Empathy in which people help others because of empathy or they feel what others feel. Batso n argues that we focus on the distress of others than our own distress (feeling of guilt). CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK .

The study is focused in determining the altruism or helping behavior of selected students from Central Luzon state University. The independent variable, time pressure will be test through two treatments which includes treatment 1 (w ith the presence of time pressure/Emergency situation) and treatment 2 (absence of time pressure or emergency situation). The conceptual framework shows the pos sible significant effect of independent variable (time pressure) to dependent va

riable (helping behavior or altruism).

METHODOLOGY Research Design, Participants, Sampling Technique and Data Gathering Pro cedure In order to gather results and understand the course of action of time pressure and its effect on students tendency to help, the researchers used quantitative co mparative research design wherein they compared the helping behavior of the resp ondents from treatment 1 to treatment 2 which consists of 5 respondents per trea tment. The respondents selected for this experiment were students from Central L uzon State University which includes a sample of 10. The rationale behind the se lection was, there will be a mix of gender per treatment. In order to complete their respondents the researchers used non-probability sampling particularly convenience sampling wherein subjects were selected becau se of their convenient accessibility and proximity to the researcher. For the fi rst treatment (with time pressure), the researchers standby at the schools 2nd ga te and waited until they find the right target for their participant. The resear chers target are those students who were on rush to go to class. For their exper iment the researcher simply run on their respondents way so that the respondents will collide with them, then, the researchers acted as if they need help after t hey collide with their target respondents. For the second treatment, the researchers conducted the study at College of Arts and Sciences (CAS) lobby and target those respondents who are just walking on the lobby who were not in a hurry. The researchers did the same procedure in treatment 1. In order for them to record data, the researcher used observation form. Method of Data Analysis In order to know the results and see the altruism and helping behavior of selected Students from CLSU, the researchers used the following statistical test . To determine the altruism or helping behavior of each student, the researc her use descriptive statistics in the form of measures of central tendency (mean , median, mode), frequency of the distribution and measures of variability (stan dard deviation) In this comparative research that uses quantitative information, the resea rchers will also use inferential statistics in order to measure how time pressur e affect students helping behavior. T-Test was used since the experiment includes two different groups. DATA PRESENTATION ONE-TAILED TEST- because of the way the hypothesis was made, our hypothesis is t esting for the possibility of the relationship in one direction only, not mindin g the possibility of a relationship in the other direction. HO- There is no significant relationship between time pressure and helping behav iour of selected students from Central Luzon State University. HA- There is a significant relationship between time pressure and helping behav iour of selected students from Central Luzon State University. Figure 1: Statistics Without time pressure N Valid 5 5 Missing 0 0 Mean 1.0000 1.4000 Median 1.0000 1.0000 Mode 1.00 1.00 With time pressure

Figure 1: This figure shows the mean median and mode of the two treatments. The first treatment (with time pressure) has a mean of 1.4; median of 1 and mode of 1. On the other hand the second treatment has the same median and mode with trea tment one and with mean of 1.0. Figure 2: Frequency Table With Time Pressure Frequency Valid yes 3 60.0 no 2 40.0 Total 5 100.0 Without Time Pressure Frequency Valid yes 5 100.0

Percent Valid Percent 60.0 60.0 40.0 100.0 100.0

Cumulative Percent

Percent Valid Percent 100.0 100.0

Cumulative Percent

Figure 2: The table above presents the frequency distribution of those students who helped and not in both treatment. In the treatment 1, the table shows that t here were three respondents who helped and two respondents who did not helped wi th the total of five respondents. On the other hand, in treatment number two, it was clearly shown that all respondents helped.

Figure 3: This figure shows that in the absence of time pressure the respondents are more likely to offer their help. In the first figure (presence of time pres sure), there were two respondents who did not offer their help, which supports t he notion that time pressure may have a significant effect on students helping be havior. DATA ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION This part includes the analysis of the results from the observational form used in this study. The present study investigated the mechanism by which time pressu re affects the responsiveness of students in offering help to others. The goal o f the study was to determine whether the tendency to offer help is affected by t he time pressure or emergency situation an individual is facing during the parti cular situation. The researchers chose this as this topic because as we see peop le around who are offering and declining to give help, people will always have q uestions in their mind like why other people aid help and the others were not? W hat are the factors affecting the helping behavior of a human? It is also normal to see that most of the people who decline giving help are those people who are running and those who are in rush. This perspective was in connection in the study which state that that time pressu re or situational variables affects ones helping behavior in which the degree or tendency of a person in a hurry or emergency situation had clear significant eff ect on his likelihood and tendency to offer or aid help to the victim or person in need (Batson and Darley, 1973). The results and analysis of this experiment point up that the null hypothesis, w hich states that there is no significant correlation between motivation and resp onsiveness of kindergarten, was evidently not supported. Therefore, the research ers conclude that Time pressure or emergency situation faced by selected student s has a significant correlation on their tendency to offer help to the needy. On the first treatment, the researchers made sure that the EG (experimental grou p) has the presence of time pressure or they are in rush or emergency situation. As we can see in the results, two out of five member of the experimental group

refused to offer help. From five respondents only three offered their help and i n those three one of them had a second thought whether she will stop or just con tinue running, while the other one stopped just to picked up her things that fel l on the ground. One respondent in first treatment just looked on the victim/res earchers and the continued walking while the other one did not give any look or any response which signals that he wants to help. On the other hand on the second treatment, the EG was in the situation wherein t here was the absence of time pressure. Based on the results all respondents (5 r espondents) offered their help immediately and having second thought was not als o present. On the basis of the existing literature, several sets of predictions regarding t he effects of time pressure and helping behavior can be generated. However there are also some extraneous variables which may possibly affect the r esults of the experiment. One of those extraneous variables was peer pressure. I n first treatment, one of the possible reasons why she did not help was, she was with somebody who was waiting for her. This factor may possibly the reason why she decline giving help since when she help the experimenter, her companion who was also in a hurry may have conflict with her. Another extraneous variable which may affect the result was, during the first tr eatment, instead of him (participant) helping the experimenter to pick his thing s, it is his companion who helped the researchers. To avoid these extraneous var iables, it is necessary that the researchers make sure that their target respond ents are alone. As the result, analysis and studies are being provided above; we concluded that the experiment does not support the notion of the researchers null hypothesis tha t there is no significant correlation between time pressure and helping behavior of the students at Central Luzon State University in Nueva Ecija.

RECOMMENDATION The following are the recommendations based from the study: To Future Researchers It was found out in this study that there is a significant relationship between time pressure and helping behavior of the students. It would be a better idea to find out other factors that can affect helping behavior such as companion or pe er pressure and many more To the Respondents Insert your recommendation here.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Batson, D. (2011). Altruism in Humans. Oxford University Press, New York , 329 pp., US$34.74, ISBN 978-0-19-534106-5 Batson, D. & Darley, J. (1973). From Jerusalem to Jericho: A study of Situational and Dispositional Variables in Helping Behavior. Journal of Personality and Soci al Psychology. Vol. 27, No. 1, 100-108. Bierhoof, H. &Kohmann, E. (2004).Altruistic Personality in the Context of the Em

pathyAltruism Hypothesis. European Journal of Personality Eur. J. Pers. 18: 351365 . Leventhal, D. (2009). Altruism and Volunteerism: The perceptionsof altruism in f our disciplines and their impacton the study of volunteerism. Journal For the Th eory of Social Behaviour. 39:3. 0021-8308. Sparknotes. (no date). Social Psychology: Helping Behavior. Retrieved on August 25, 2012, from http://www.sparknotes.com/psychology/psych101/socialpsychology/se ction9.rhtml