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COMPUTER

The earlier computers, which were massive in size, were based on vacuum tubes. Computer is a fast and accurate electronic symbol processing machine that can accept, store and process data and can produce useful information as output. The computer system is divided into two parts, hardware and software. I. Hardware is the electrical and electronic components of a computer that can be seen and touched. 2. Software is the collection of programes written for computer to perform certain tasks. A computer program refers to the range of programs that are used to perform various functions. The three important parts of a computer are Input device, Central Processing Unit (CPU) and Output device. Main chip of the computer is called CPU The CPU is the brain of the computer. Parts of CPU are ALU, CU, MU

The 1st commercially produced and sold computer (1951) was UNIVAC.

Control Unit (CU) controls the processing of data inside computer. Memory Unit stores data temporarily during the processing. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) performs all the mathematical calculations. WINDOWS is a Software. Windows is an operating system that helps the user to work on the computer. The My Computer folder on the Desktop shows the program icons present in your computer such as hard disk, floppy disk, CD-Rom, Pendrive and Printer. The My Documents Folder is a desktop folder that stores all the documents, graphics and other files. The Recycle Bin is a folder in which deleted files are stores. MS DOS, Linux, Unix, MS Windows etc are the most popular Operating System. My Computer, My Documents, Recycle Bin and Network Neighbourhood are the common icons found on the Windows Desktop. The free programs that we get from start menu is called Accessories Mouse is a device for moving the cursor on the screen of a computer. The part of a computer that contains the screen where messages to and from the Central Processing Unit are displayed - Monitor. Scanner is a device that converts images into digital form so that they can be stored and manipulated on computer. Early computing machines, like the ENIAC, were actually meant to assist the armed forces. The printers in pre-1950s were punch cards. An improvement on the ENIAC, which pioneered

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'stored program', was made possible with the help of the mathematician John von Neumann. The B-programming language was developed by Ken Thompson. Famous people, associated with the ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC computers are Eckert & Mauchly. IBM was provided software for PCs by Microsoft. Time-sharing, teletyping, were associated with mainframe computers. The transformation from heavy computers to PCs was made possible using microprocessors. The first microprocessor was developed in 1971 by Intel. The term 'micro' (extremely small) denotes 10-6m. The Harvard student, who chose to write computer programs and dropped studies was Bill Gates. The newly released microprocessor from Intel is Pentium-4. The Pentium is the semiconductor chip used in todays computer. A pentium 4 (P-4) employs roughly 40 million transistors. Mark-1, Apple-1, and collossus were initial desktop computers. Binary digits are briefed as bit. A collection of 8 bits is called byte. A megabyte has 106(million) bytes. C++, is a computer language. The process of eliminating programming faults is called debugging. Starting up on operating system is called booting.

The invention related to Jack Kilby - Integrated Circuit

How to measure memory ?

A memory of a computer is usually measured in bytes. The smallest measurement of memory is bit. 8 bits = 1 byte. 1 Kilobyte = 1,024 Bytes 1 Megabyte = 1,024 Kilobytes 1 Gigabyte = 1,024 Megabytes 1 Terabyte = 1,024 Gigabytes

A program used to browse the web is called browser. An error in software designing which can even cause a computer to crash is called bug. Click and double-click are achieved using the mouse. Java, C, ForTran, Pascal and BASIC are computer programming languages. The device which sends computer data using a phone line is called MODEM. 'Worm' and 'virus' are actually programs. A 'file' is a unit of information. A small, single-site network is called LAN. A processor that collects several data and sends them over a single line is called bridge. 'Nano' stands for one billionth part. The number of bit patterns using an n-bit code is 2n. To convert a binary number to a decimal, we have to express it in power of 2. www stands for world wide web. Mathematics employed in computers is called Boolean algebra. The first home computer (1977), which was sold in millions of units was Apple II. 'PARAM' is a supercomputer. A website containing periodic posts is called blog. While cutting and pasting, the cut item is temporarily stored in the clipboard. http stands for hyper text transfer protocol. The unwanted or non-requested emails are called "spam".

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A computer framed to give various network services is called server. The new processor introduced by Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) is Athalon. Divine Logic is a software that prevents piracy. Divine Logic has been developed by Shaju Chacko, a native of Kottayam. The new supercomputer built by IBM can perform 12.3 trillion operations per second. New version of microsoft office automation software - Office 2007 Internet explorer software. DOS (Disc Operating System) was developed by Tim Patterson in microsoft. Paul Brainard developed the publishing software pagemaker. Philipcan invented cameraphone Founder of Satyam Technologies - Ramalingaraju Computer chess was discovered by - Citric G. Prince Simputer was discovered by - Vinay Despandey First E. Paper - The - Thejith (from Belgium) ATM system was first launched in London in the year 1967 Powered by Intellect driven by values - Infosys motto Intel 4004 - First microprocessor December 2 - World Computer literacy day E-sewa - E-governance programme launched in Andhra Pradesh Archie - (Anomymous FTP) It is considered to be the first internet search engine allowing people to find specific files. Operating systems used in personal computers. Windows -98, 95, Dos Apple Mac Latest Search Engine - Altavista Online free encyclopedia - Wiki Pedia New version of microsoft operating system Windows 7. Main Googles are Google Earth Google Book Search Google Blog Search Google Talk Google Scholar Google Malayalam etc

A set of eleven rods which could be used for multiplying numbers, made by John Napier is called Napiers bones. Napiers bones was used for multiplying numbers.

Travel Search Engine in India 0 WWW.godo.com (90 . com) Electronic money - Cyber cash, Digital cash, E-cash First Super Computer reached teraflopp speed Asky Red Google's browser plug-ins that runs web applications when online or offline - Google Gears. Google's image editing software - Picasa India's Ist IT company with 100 crore Turn over Infosys The basic architecture of computer was developed by John Von Neumann In the history of computer the fifth generation was started in 1980. Wordpad is a simple word processing program. Laser Printer was first Introduced by IBM The study of creating an efficient, comfortable, and healthy workplace while working on a computer is called Ergonomics Device that are not part of the main computer system and are often added later to the system is known as Peripheral A computer which links several PCs together in a network is called a Server . Ethernet is also known as 802.3 GUI stands for Graphical User Interface

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Mouse was invented by Douglas Carl Engelbart.

Screensaver, virus checkers, PDF viewers, image viewers and system tool like disk defragmenter can be categorised into Utility software The smallest component of an image that can be transmitted or received in a video display system is known as Pixel The process of making an object appear to have a movement is called Animation In an electronic spreadsheet, intersection of a column and a row is called Cell A program that searches the Internet for Specified keywords and returns a list of the documents where the keywords were found Search Engine A browser is A piece of software that acts as an interface between the user and the inner workings of the internet. IP Address is the address given to a computer connected to a network. A host on the Internet finds another host by its IP address In reality, Internet protocol recognizes only An IP address The server on the Internet is also known as a Gateway For connection of the Internet, you will need An ISP The first page that you normally view at a Web site is its Home page The communication protocol used by internet is TCP / IP Optical Fibre Cable can transmit data at high speeds Ethernet, LAN, Token Ring and Token Bus are types of LAN

The first network that planted the seeds of internet was ARPANET In MS Word, RTF stands for Rich Text Format The physical devices of a computer system are called as Hardware The first UNIX operating system was written in the Assembly Language BIOS stands for Basic Input/Output System Laser technology is used in Compact disks The information stored in CD-ROM is in the form of Digital. Hard Disk are organised as Cylinders and Tracks Floppy disks are organized as Tracks and sectors Input device widely used for playing video games in computers Joy stick and Tracker ball ALU stands for Arithmetic and Logical Unit The earliest calculating device are Abacus. Machine language is known as the first generation of computer languages. High level languages are third generation computer language. The first real mechanical calculating machine is Pascaline. The first programmable machine ever designed is Analytical Engine. The Difference Engine, which actually worked was made by Charles Babbage. First commercial computer is called UNIVAC A personal computer is a type of Micro computer Laptop and Palmtop are portable computers run by rechargeable batteries. A computer language also known as Programming Language consists of symbols and characters used to give instructions to a computer. The language of numbers is called Machine language. The language of binary numbers is known as Machine language.

y maintained website, usuall enblog is a type of A entries of comm al with regular by an individu material such events, as other ry description of ta deo. as graphic or vi

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Disk defragmenter really rearranges the files on your harddisk so that the hard disk space is properly utilised. More space becomes available and hard disk works faster. All computers are based on the binary system Binary system is based on zero and one. Deep Blue is the computer which defeated Gary Kasparov at Chess. Deeper Blue is the new version of Deep Blue computer, which finds its application in the medical field. The Internet is the ubiquitous online medium that connects all users worldwide. Internet Explorer is internet browsing software of Microsoft. The Intranet is a restricted version of the internet within a group of users. The Extranet is a closed online connecting two or more organisations. E-Mail (Electronic Mail) - A way to send text based messages and files to any computer with an address on Internet. The largest Computer Network in the world : Internet. Surfing is the process of visiting a number of websites in rapid succession. Uniform Resources Locator (URL) is an electronic address that identifies a website. World Wide Web is simply a vast collection of information bearing documents resident on the computers connected by the Internet. The first world wide web Information service in India was launched on January 14, 1995. Originally it can link 160 countries through the international network of computers. Tim Berners Lee is the inventor of World Wide Web. High level languages are languages used by men to operate a computer. Some important high level languages are BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN, PASCAL, ALGOL, LISP, JAVA, C++ etc. COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) is the widely used language for business application. Nikalus Writh is the creator of PASCAL language.

Mr. Ray Tomlinson introduced E-mail.

C Language is created by Dennis M. Ritchie. COMPILER is a translatory program which translates the high level language into machine language before running the program. MICROFILM is a medium used for recording computer output data, reduced in size and data stored on film to be read by a display device. A file is a collection of related records that are treated as single unit. The size of file is limited by the size of memory or storage medium. Programme 150 is the first Robert developed by C-DAC Computerised reservation of Indian railway Consert. CAT (Computerised Auxial Tomography) is in medical field. The first village to have its own websiteHansdehar village in Jind District of Haryana. Information Kerala Mission is a project recently taken up by the Government of Kerala. First Technopark in India is in Trivandrum. IT Act was enacted in 2000. The first Internet movie Heart Beat. HDFC, the first Bank to get online Banking facility. Ist IT University of India - J.P. University. HEC-2M was the first computer installed in India in Kolkata in 1955.

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Floppy Disk was invented by Alan Shugart. The first computer graphics used movie -TRON (1982) The first film which uses the morphing WILLOW

can change the memory. RAM chips store only the information that is currently needed by the microprocessor. Read Only Memory (ROM) chips holds its memory even when the computer is turned off. User cannot change the memory of ROM. ROM chips are used to hold instructions that a computer runs repeatedly. First generation electronic computers were built with vacuum tubes. The second generation computers were built with semiconductors. The third generation computers used integrated circuits. The fourth generation computer use Very Large Scale Intergration (VLSI) normally called Miracle Chips.

The fifth generation USB The first computer magazine computers (present day) use It is a type of plug-in Computers and Automation first artificial intelligence. connection that is used published by Edmund Berkely in Founders of Yahoo - Jerri to connect devices, 1950. Yang and David Filo including some phones, The first real time computer Founders of Google to desktop or laptop Whirlwind built in 1951, it was Larrie Page and Sergybin computer. employed to keep tabs on flying In 1822 Charles Babbage made the aircraft. first difference engine and in 1832 the first The first computer that was employed for analytical engine which are the true predecessors performing statistical calculations - Holleriths of computer. tabulator (It was employed by the U.S. census to conduct its studies regarding the American The first electronic computer which could store population) programs in the memory EDVAC (Electronics The first computer game - Space War The first Super Computer installed in India - Cray X-MP - 14 (Made in USA) Indias first private Internet Service Provider (ISP) Worlds first (woman) - Satyam Infoway Ltd. computer programmer Augusta Ada King. The first computer animated news reader Ada Lovelace was a ANANOVA (Russia) daughter of Lord Byron The first all electronic and general purpose who became interested electronic digital computer - ENIAC (Electronic in Babbage's analytic Numerical Integrator And Calculator) engine and described The first Personal Computer - The Altair (1975) how it could be A Random Access Memory (RAM) chips holds programmed. its memory as long as power is on, but the user

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Discrete Variable Computer) was invented by John Von Neumann in 1945.

In 1945 John W. Mauchly and John Presper Eckert invented the first digital computer ENIAC (it could not store programs) Maruan Edward Ted Hoff, Stanley Mazor and Federico Faggin designed the first microprocessor. Transistor was invented by John Bardeen, Water Brattain and William Shockley. James T. Russell invented the Compact Disc. The first book on personal computers Computer Liberation and Dream Machine, was written by Ted Nelson. Harvard Mark I computer designed by Howard Alken is the first digital computer. National School Computerisation Programme is Vidya Vahini. Goa is the first state to introduce e-mail system in Govt. Office. Indias Ist IT company with 100 crore turn over Infosys. The first IT Park in the Private Sector in Kerala The Muthoot Technopolis. Akshaya project is a computer literacy programme launched in Malappuram District in Kerala. The newly released microprocessor from Intel is Pentium - 4 Seymour Cray made the first Super Computer, UNIVAC 1103 and he is known as father of Super Computers. Super-computers are advanced versions of computers which can do calculations much faster than ordinary computers. The super-computer developed in USA in 1970 could do 20 million operations per second. But todays super computer can do 3 billion calculations per second.

First cyber crime police station in India Bangalaroo First cyber police station in Kerala - Pattom (Trivandrum) First fully computerised Panchayat in Kerala - Vellanad

Popular Computer Virus

1. ILOVEYOU - (2000) ILOVEYOU virus spread via email, posing as an executable attachment sent by a friend from the target's contact list. 2. Code Red - (2001) IIS on Windows servers were the target of this virus. 3. Nimda - (2001) Nimda used seemingly every possible method to spread, and was very effective at doing so. 4. Melissa - (1999) The Melissa virus is notable because it is a Word macro virus. It cleverly spread via emails. 5. Sasser - (2004) Sasser exploited a buffer overflow and spread by connecting to port 445 on networked Windows systems. The chaos caused was possibly the worst ever, as systems restarted or crashed. 6. The Morris Internet Worm - (1988) The grandfather of computer worms, the Morris worm infected Unix systems and was notable for its "accidental" virulence. 7. Blaster - (2003) Blaster exploited a Windows operating system vulnerability and let users know of its presence with a system shutdown warning. 8. SQL Slammer - (2003) This tiny virus infected servers running Microsoft's SQL Server Desktop Engine, and was very fast to spread. 9. Elk Cloner - (1982) Despite Apple's marketing that their systems are less prone to viruses that was not always the case. Notable as possible the first personal computer virus, Elk Cloner infected the boot sector of Apple II floppies. 10. Creeper - (1971) This is noted as possibly the first ever computer virus. It infected computers on ARPANET. Mostly harmless, the concept of Creeper has infected the minds of rogue programmers through today.

Bluetooth : It is a short range wireless

technology. It provides a way to connect and exchange information between devices such as mobile phones, laptops, PCs, digital Camera and Video game consoles over a secure, globally unlicensed short range radio frequency.

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