KShaunna Ross 11-5-12 Period 6 Ionic vs.

Covalent Bonding Lab Investigation Introduction: Most atoms are never found by themselves; instead they are bonded to other atoms in ionic or covalent bonds. This is because they are unstable and are seeking to be stable. The atoms electrons commonly arent held with great force to the nucleus, and therefore, are easily lost to other atoms in ionic bonding or shared with other atoms in covalent bonding. A combination of atoms will often make them more stable in their environment and less easy to disassociate. Hypothesis: Table 1: The expected results of testing five different chemical substances. Compounds to be Chemical Hypothesis 1: Hypothesis 2: Hypothesis 3: Tested Formula Ionic or Covalent High or Low Will it conduct Melting Point? electricity? Distilled (pure) H2O Covalent High Yes Water Sodium Chloride NaCl Ionic Low No Sucrose (sugar) C12H22O11 Covalent High Yes Dextrose C6H12O6 Covalent High Yes Sodium Sulfate NaSO4 Ionic Low No Procedures: PART I. Melting Point and Strength of Bonds 1. Fold aluminum foil into a square, then place a sample of each of the 4 substances onto the foil. 2. Place the tray on the ring stand carefully, then heat with the Bunsen burner no longer than 1-2 minutes. 3. Record your observations. 4. Let the foil cool down , then remove and wash it off in the sink. PART II. Electrical Conductivity 1

KShaunna Ross 11-5-12 Period 6 1. Place a sample of each compound in different wells of the well plate. 2. Test the dry compound for conductivity with the test. Record your observation. 3. Add distilled water to the well to dissolve the compound as best you can. 4. Test the solution for conductivity with the tester. Record your observations. Wash the conductivity tester with distilled water after every use. 5. Repeat for all samples. Results: Table 2: The Results of testing five different chemical substances. Name/Chemical PART I: Melting PART II: Conducted FINAL Formula: Point ( 1-5; High, Electricity? (Yes/No) CONCLUSION: Med. or Low?) Dry Dissolved Ionic or Covalent Bonds? 1. Distilled (pure) 1= lowest: (already N/A No Covalent Water / H2O melted) 2. Sodium Chloride / 5 No Yes Ionic NaCl 3. Sucrose (sugar) / 2 No No Covalent C12H22O11 4. Dextrose / C6H12O6 3 No No Covalent 5. Sodium Sulfate / 4 No Yes Ionic NaSO6 Conclusion: The purpose of this lab was met. After this laboratory, it was concluded that sodium chloride and sodium sulfate were ionic compounds, while distilled water, sucrose, and dextrose were covalent compounds. From the results, the ionic compounds were those that conducted electricity in water and had high melting points. However, the covalent compounds were those that did not conduct electricity in water or dry and had low melting point. Ionic bonds are formed from metal cations and non-metal anions, so when they dissolve in water, electricity can flow through the solution.

KShaunna Ross 11-5-12 Period 6 The non metal and metal compounds have high melting points because the bonds between the cations and anions is so strong that it takes a lot of heat in order for the ions to come apart. When the covalent compounds were placed in water , they did not conduct electricity. This is because this compound consists of two nonmetals, which have high electronegativity. This means that they hold onto their electrons and protons and electrons arent being attracted to each other.