(1) The level curves are determined by the equations x y + 2 = c; the level curve of height c is the line y = x + 2 c. Here is a picture of the level curves with c {3, 2, . . . , 2, 3}:
(2) The level curves are determined by the expression x2 + 4y 2 = c, for each constant c R. If c < 0, there are no (x, y) R2 satisfying the expression, and if c = 0, the only such point is (0, 0). If c > 0, such points form an ellipse centered at the
1
origin with semimajor axis c and semiminor axis c/2. The graphics below depict, respectively, some level curves of f and part of the graph of f .
(3) Note that x2 + xy = c y = c/x x when x = 0. Thus the level curves will be hyperbolas with asymptotes at the lines x = 0 and y = x. Here are the level curves for f (x, y) = x2 + xy at c = 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3:
(5) (a) (x + y)2 (x y)2 (x,y)(0,0) xy lim Note that (x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y 2 and (x y)2 = x2 2xy + y 2 , so we have (x + y)2 (x y)2 4xy = lim (x,y)(0,0) (x,y)(0,0) xy xy = lim 4 lim
(x,y)(0,0)
= 4.
= 1, so we can write
x sin xy sin xy = lim (x,y)(0,0) (x,y)(0,0) y xy sin xy = lim x (x,y)(0,0) xy and thus if lim(x,y)(0,0) lim
sin xy xy
sin xy sin xy = ( lim x)( lim ) (x,y)(0,0) (x,y)(0,0) (x,y)(0,0) xy y sin xy ) = 0cdot( lim (x,y)(0,0) xy = 0. But let t = xy. Then we have ( sin t sin xy ) = (lim ) t0 t (x,y)(0,0) xy lim
sin t x
sin xy = 0. (x,y)(0,0) y lim (Alternatively, we can say: since limt0 sin t = 1, whenever we have an > 0 we t can pick > 0 such that |t| < implies | sin t 1| < . Then set = and when t (x, y) < then |x|, |y| < so |xy| < 2 = , and we have | sin(xy) 1| < as xy desired.) (c) x3 y 3 (x,y)(0,0) x2 + y 2 lim First note that x2 x2 + y 2 and y 2 x2 + y 2 , and thus have |y 3 | x3 y 3 |x3 | 2 + 2 x2 + y 2 x + y2 x + y2 |x|3 |y|3 2 + 2 x y = |x| + |y|.
1 x2 +y 2
1 , 1. x2 y 2
Then we
x y Thus we get 0 x2 +y2 |x|+|y|. But lim(x,y)(0,0) 0 = lim(x,y)(0,0) |x|+|y| = 0 and so by the squeeze theorem, we have
x3 y 3 = 0. (x,y)(0,0) x2 + y 2 lim
(d) sin 2x 2x x3 Solution. Since sin 2x 2x and x3 approach 0 as x 0, we can hope to use lHpitals rule. The derivatives 2 cos 2x 2 and 3x2 also each approach 0, as o do the second derivatives 4 sin 2x and 6x. The ratio of the third derivatives, (8 cos 2x)/6, equals -4/3, so our hope is fullled. By lHpitals rule, the limit o of the original function as x 0 is -4/3.
x0
lim
(e) sin(2x) 2x + y (x,y)(0,0) x3 + y lim Solution. The limit does not exist, as we can see by approaching (0, 0) along two well-chosen lines. If we take (x, y) to (0, 0) along the line x = 0, the values of the function approach y lim = lim 1 = 1. y0 y0 y If we approach (0, 0) along the line y = 0, the values of the function approach
x0
lim
sin 2x 2x , x3
which by (a) is equal to 4/3. Since these two limits are unequal, the two-variable limit does not exist. (f) 2x2 y cos z (x,y,z)(0,0,0) x2 + y 2 lim Solution. Since 0 | cos z| 1, we have the bound 0 | 2x 2y cos z | | x2x y2 |. 2 +y x +y 2 And | x2x y2 | | 2x2 y | = 2|y|, which approaches 0 as (x, y, z) (0, 0, 0). So by the 2 +y x squeeze theorem, 2x2 y cos z = 0. (x,y,z)(0,0,0) x2 + y 2 lim
2 2 2 2
(6) Note that f (x, y) is not dened on the line y = x. We want to know if its possible to extend f (x, y) to a continuous function on the domain R2 \ {(x, y) : x = y} (0, 0). Since x + y 0 as x 0 and y 0, it follows from limx+y0 [sin(x + y)]/(x + y) = 1 that limx0,y0 [sin(x + y)]/(x + y) = 1. So the function can be made continuous on its new domain, R2 \ {(x, y) : x = y} (0, 0), by dening f (0, 0) = 1. (7) Suppose y = cx for some constant c. Then for x = 0, xy cx2 c = 2 = . 2 + y2 2 x2 x x +c 1 + c2 c Taking c = 0 and then c = 1 gives 1+c2 = 0 and 1/2 respectively, so the limit of the function does not exist at (0, 0). So the function cannot be made continuous at (0, 0). (8) We know that the functions x, y, ex , sin x : R R are continuous. It is then immediate from the denition of continuity that they are continuous as functions R2 R. Then by parts (ii) and (iii) of Theorem 4 in section 2.2 (continuity is preserved by addition and multiplication) , the function yex + sin x + (xy)4 is continuous.