patel (rpp467) Quest #8 Gravity (part 2/3) ha (51122013) 1

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Multiple-choice questions may continue on
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before answering.
001 10.0 points
Two spheres have equal densities and are sub-
ject only to their mutual gravitational attrac-
tion.
Which quantity must have the same mag-
nitude for both spheres?
1. velocity
2. acceleration
3. kinetic energy
4. displacement from the center of mass
5. gravitational force correct
Explanation:
Two spheres with the same density have
dierent masses due to their relative sizes.
Using Newtons third law,

F
1
=

F
2
.
All of the other quantities (acceleration, ve-
locity, kinetic energy, and displacement from
the center of mass) have dierent magnitudes
because the two spheres have dierent masses.
002 10.0 points
The strength of the gravitational force be-
tween objects depends on
1. the mass of each object.
2. the distance between the objects.
3. neither the masses nor the distance be-
tween them.
4. the mass of each object and the distance
between them. correct
Explanation:
003 (part 1 of 2) 10.0 points
A coordinate system (in meters) is con-
structed on the surface of a pool table, and
three objects are placed on the coordinate sys-
tem as follows: a 0.8 kg object at the origin,
a 2.9 kg object at (0 m,1.7 m), and a 4.3 kg
object at (4.4 m,0 m).
Find the resultant gravitational force ex-
erted on the object at the origin by the other
two objects. The universal gravitational con-
stant is 6.672 10
11
N m
2
/kg
2
.
Correct answer: 5.4857 10
11
N.
Explanation:
Let : m
1
= 0.8 kg ,
m
2
= 2.9 kg ,
r = 1.7 m, and
G = 6.672 10
11
N m
2
/kg
2
.
.8 kg
2.9 kg
4.3 kg F
x
F
y
4.4 m
1.7 m

The force exerted on the 0.8 kg mass by the

2.9 kg mass is in the positive y direction and
given by
F
y
=
Gm
1
m
2
r
2
=
_
6.672 10
11
N m
2
/kg
2
_

(0.8 kg) (2.9 kg)

(1.7 m)
2
= 5.35607 10
11
N.
The force exerted on the 0.8 kg object by
the 4.3 kg mass is in the positive x direction
and is
F
x
=
Gm
1
m
2
r
2
=
_
6.672 10
11
N m
2
/kg
2
_

(0.8 kg) (4.3 kg)

(4.4 m)
2
= 1.18552 10
11
N.
patel (rpp467) Quest #8 Gravity (part 2/3) ha (51122013) 2
The resultant force is
F
2
R
= F
y
2
+F
x
2
= (5.35607 10
11
N)
2
+ (1.18552 10
11
N)
2
= 3.00929 10
21
N
2
, so
F
R
=
_
3.00929 10
21
N
2
= 5.4857 10
11
N .
004 (part 2 of 2) 10.0 points
At what angle does it act with respect to
the positive x axis? Let counterclockwise be
positive, within the limits of 180

to 180

.
Correct answer: 77.5193

.
Explanation:
tan =
F
y
F
x
= tan
1
_
F
y
F
x
_
= tan
1
_
5.35607 10
11
N
1.18552 10
11
N
_
= 77.5193

above the +x-axis.

005 10.0 points
The asteroid Hektor, discovered in 1907, is in
a nearly circular orbit of radius 5.5 AU about
the sun, which has a mass of 1.98 10
30
kg.
Determine the period of this asteroid.
Correct answer: 12.9889 y.
Explanation:
Let : r = 5.5 AU
1.5 10
11
m
AU
,
= 8.25 10
11
m,
G = 6.6726 10
11
N m
2
/kg
2
, and
M
s
= 1.98 10
30
kg .
Applying Keplers third law,
T
2
= C r
3
=
4
2
GM
s
r
3
T =

4
2
r
3
GM
s
T =

4
2
(8.25 10
11
m)
3
6.6726 10
11
N m
2
/kg
2

_
1
1.98 10
30
kg

1 h
3600 s

1 d
24 h

1 y
365 d
= 12.9889 y .
006 10.0 points
Given: G = 6.67259 10
11
Nm
2
/kg
2
A planet is orbiting a star.
Calculate the mass of the star using the fact
that the period of the planet is 3.16 10
7
s
and its distance from the star is 2.3110
11
m.
Correct answer: 7.30343 10
30
kg.
Explanation:
From Keplers third law, we have
M =
4
2
G
r
3
T
2
=
4
2
(6.67259 10
11
Nm
2
/kg
2
)

(2.31 10
11
m)
3
(3.16 10
7
s)
2
= 7.30343 10
30
kg .
007 10.0 points
A 8.69479 kg mass experiences a gravitational
force of (144.776 N) at some point P.
What is the gravitational eld at that
point?
Correct answer: 16.6509 N/kg.
Explanation:
Let : m = 8.69479 kg and

f = (144.776 N) .
patel (rpp467) Quest #8 Gravity (part 2/3) ha (51122013) 3
The gravitational eld at a point in space is
g =

f
m
=
(144.776 N)
8.69479 kg
= (16.6509 N/kg) .
008 10.0 points
A thin spherical shell has a radius of 5 m and
a mass of 353 kg, and its center is located at
the origin of a coordinate system. Another
thin spherical shell with a radius of 3 m and
mass 159 kg is inside the larger shell with its
center at 0.31 m on the x axis.
What is the gravitational force of attraction
between the two shells?
Correct answer: 0 N.
Explanation:
Let : r
1
= 5 m,
m
1
= 353 kg ,
r
2
= 3 m,
m
2
= 159 kg , and
d = 0.31 m.
The gravitational eld inside the 5 m shell
due to that shell is zero, so it exerts no force
on the 3 m shell, and by Newtons third law,
that shell exerts no force on the large shell.
Thus the gravitational attraction is
F = 0 N .
009 (part 1 of 3) 10.0 points
The density of a sphere is given by (r) =
C
r
.
The sphere has a radius of 3.42 m and a mass
of 1011 kg.
Find the constant C.
Correct answer: 13.7569 kg/m
2
.
Explanation:
r = 3.42 m and
M = 1011 kg .
The mass of a dierential element of the
sphere is
dm = dV =
C
r
(4 r
2
dr) .
M =
_
dm = 4 C
_
r
0
RdR,
= 4 C
_
1
2
R
2
_

r
0
= 2 C r
2
= (23.3928 m
2
) C
C =
M
(23.3928 m
2
)
=
1011 kg
(23.3928 m
2
)
= 13.7569 kg/m
2
.
010 (part 2 of 3) 10.0 points
Find the gravitational eld 5.03 m from the
center of the sphere.
Correct answer: 2.66631 10
9
N/kg.
Explanation:
Let : r = 5.03 m.
g =
(6.6726 10
11
N m
2
/kg
2
) (1011 kg)
(5.03 m)
2
= 2.66631 10
9
N/kg .
011 (part 3 of 3) 10.0 points
Find the gravitational eld 1.13 m from the
centre of the sphere.
Correct answer: 5.76759 10
9
N/kg.
Explanation:
Let : R = 1.13 m.
The gravitational eld inside the sphere is
g =
GM
R
2
=
2 GC R
2
R
2
= 2 C G
= 2(13.7569 kg/m
2
)
(6.6726 10
11
N m
2
/kg
2
)
= 5.76759 10
9
N/kg .
patel (rpp467) Quest #8 Gravity (part 2/3) ha (51122013) 4
012 10.0 points
An object is dropped from rest from a height
3.4 10
6
m above the surface of the earth.
If there is no air resistance, what is its speed
when it strikes the earth? The acceleration
of gravity is 9.81 m/s
2
and the radius of the
Earth is 6.37 10
6
m.
Correct answer: 6.59495 km/s.
Explanation:
Let : h = 3.4 10
6
m,
g = 9.81 m/s
2
, and
r = 6.37 10
6
m.
g =
GM
E
R
2
E
and the potential energy at a
distance r from the surface of the earth is
U(r) =
GM
E
m
r
.
Using conservation of energy to relate the
initial potential energy of the system to its
energy as the object is about to strike the
earth (K
i
= 0),
K
f
+U
f
U
i
= 0
(R
E
) +U(R
E
) U(R
E
+h) = 0
1
2
mv
2

GM
E
m
R
E
+
GM
E
m
R
E
+h
= 0
v =

2
_
GM
E
R
E

GM
E
R
E
+h
_
=

2 g R
E
_
h
R
E
+h
_
=

2 (9.81 m/s
2
) (6.37 10
6
m)
3.4 10
6
m + 6.37 10
6
m

_
3.4 10
6
m
1 km
1000 m
= 6.59495 km/s .
013 10.0 points
An object is projected upward from the sur-
face of the earth with an initial speed of
2 km/s.
The acceleration of gravity is 9.81 m/s
2
.
Find the maximum height it reaches.
Correct answer: 210.614 km.
Explanation:
Let : R
E
= 6.37 10
6
m,
v
i
= 2 km/s = 2000 m/s , and
g = 9.81 m/s
2
.
g =
GM
E
R
2
E
and the potential energy at a
distance r from the surface of the earth is
U(r) =
GM
E
m
r
Using conservation of energy to relate the
initial potential energy of the system to its
energy at its maximum height (K
f
= 0),
K
f
K
i
+U
f
U
i
= 0
K(R
E
) +U(R
E
+h) U(R
E
) = 0

1
2
mv
2
i
+
GM
E
m
R
E
+h

GM
E
m
R
E
= 0
1
2
v
2
i
=
GM
E
h
R
E
(R
E
+h)

R
E
R
E
v
2
i
=
2 GM
E
R
2
E

hR
E
R
E
+h
v
2
i
=
2 g hR
E
R
E
+h
(R
E
+h) v
i
2
= 2 g hR
E
h =
v
2
i
R
E
v
2
i
2 g R
E
Since
v
2
i
2 g R
E
= (2000 m/s)
2

_
2 (9.81 m/s
2
)
(6.37 10
6
m)
_
= 1.20979 10
8
,
patel (rpp467) Quest #8 Gravity (part 2/3) ha (51122013) 5
h =
(2000 m/s)
2
(6.37 10
6
m)
1.20979 10
8

1 km
1000 m
= 210.614 km .
014 10.0 points
The planet Saturn has a mass 95.2 times that
of the earth and a radius 9.47 times that of
the earth.
Find the escape speed for objects on the
surface of Saturn.
Correct answer: 35.5109 km/s.
Explanation:
Let : M
S
= 95.2 M
E
and
R
S
= 9.47 R
E
.
The escape speed from Saturn is
v
e.S
=

2 GM
S
R
S
(1)
and the escape speed from Earth is
v
e.E
=

2 GM
E
R
E
. (2)
Dividing,
v
e.S
v
e.E
=

R
E
R
S

M
S
M
E
v
e.S
=

R
E
R
S

M
S
M
E
v
e.E
=
_
1
9.47

95.2
1
(11.2 km/s)
= 35.5109 km/s .
015 (part 1 of 3) 10.0 points
A satellite of mass 149 kg is launched from a
site on the Equator into an orbit at 202 km
above Earths surface.
If the orbit is circular, what is the satellites
speed in orbit? The gravitational constant
is 6.67259 10
11
N m
2
/kg
2
, the mass of
the earth is 5.98 10
24
kg and its radius is
6.37 10
6
m.
Correct answer: 7792 m/s.
Explanation:
Let : G = 6.67259 10
11
N m
2
/kg
2
,
M = 5.98 10
24
kg ,
m = 149 kg ,
R = 6.37 10
6
m, and
h = 202 km = 2.02 10
5
m.
The radius of the satellites orbit is
r = R+h = 6.37 10
6
m + 2.02 10
5
m
= 6.572 10
6
m.
The gravitational force provides the cen-
tripetal acceleration, so
m
_
v
2
r
_
=
GM m
r
2
v =
_
GM
r
=
_
6.67259 10
11
N m
2
/kg
2

5.98 10
24
kg
6.572 10
6
m
= 7792 m/s .
016 (part 2 of 3) 10.0 points
What is the orbital period of this satellite?
Correct answer: 1.47206 h.
Explanation:
The period of the orbital motion is
T =
2 r
v
=
2 (6.572 10
6
m)
7792 m/s
1 h
3600 s
= 1.47206 h .
patel (rpp467) Quest #8 Gravity (part 2/3) ha (51122013) 6
017 (part 3 of 3) 10.0 points
What is the minimum energy necessary to
place this satellite in orbit, assuming no air
friction?
Correct answer: 4.79418 10
9
J.
Explanation:
Assuming the satellite is launched from a
point on the equator of the Earth, its initial
speed is the rotational speed of the launch
point, or
v
i
=
2 R
t
=
2
_
6.572 10
6
m
_
1 d
1 d
24 h
h
3600 s
= 463.239 m/s .
The work-kinetic energy theorem gives the
energy input required to place the satellite in
orbit as
W = (K +P)
f
(K +P)
i
=
_
1
2
mv
2
t

GM m
r
_

_
1
2
mv
2
i

GM m
R
_
= m
_
v
2
t
v
2
i
2
_
+GM m
_
1
R

1
r
_
= (149 kg)

(7792 m/s)
2
(463.239 m/s)
2
2
+
_
6.67259 10
11
N m
2
/kg
2
_

_
5.98 10
24
kg
_
(149 kg)

_
1
6.37 10
6
m

1
6.572 10
6
m
_
= 4.79418 10
9
J .