Philadelphia University Faculty of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Fluid Laboratory

Experiment #6 Single Centrifugal pump

Prepared by: Hassan malkawi I.D.#: 201010501

Submitted to: Eng. Alaa al-boul

Objectives :
To study the performance of a single centrifugal pump . Calculating the efficiency for pump. To Know types of pumps and characteristics and application of pumps

Theory: Pumps are generally used to provide certain head at certain flow rate to create a flow from low pressure to high pressure. Centrifugal pump are one type of pumps that converts the energy of prime mover (electric motor) into velocity (kinetic energy) by centrifugal force provided by the rotation of the vanes, and then the kinetic energy is transformed into pressure energy of the fluid that flows in the pump. This conversion process of energy into pressure is done by two main parts: 1. Impeller: rotating part that converts the driver energy into kinetic energy. 2. Volute (diffuser): The stationary part that converts the energy into pressure. The amount of energy given to fluid is direct proportional to the velocity of the flow at the edge of the vanes of the impeller; the faster the impeller is or the larger it was (v = * r), the larger kinetic energy is transformed to the fluid. This kinetic energy of the fluid coming out of an impeller is harnessed by creating a resistance to the flow. The first resistance is created by the pump volute (casing) that catches the liquid and slows it down. In the discharge nozzle, the liquid further decelerates and its velocity is converted to pressure according to Bernoullis principle; Efficiency of a pump The efficiency is an important factor in selecting a pump for a certain system, this quantity represents the ratio between energy input (from motor) to energy output (to the flow) of the pump;

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Introduction
Pumps are devices for supplying energy or head to a flowing liquid in order to overcome head losses due to friction and also, if necessary, to raise the liquid to a higher level. The head imparted to a flowing liquid by a pump is known as the total head. In centrifugal pumps, energy or head is imparted to a flowing liquid by centrifugal action. The centrifugal pump is the type most widely used in the chemical industry for transporting liquids of all types. The size and types best suited for a particular operation can be determined by engineering of the problem. The capacity of the pump is defined as the volume of the fluid handled per unit time. The performance of a centrifugal pump for a particular rotational speed of the impeller and liquid viscosity is represented by plots of total head against capacity and power against capacity. These are known as characteristic curves of the pump. Another type of pumps is positive displacement pumps which are classified either as rotary pumps or reciprocating pumps. In positive displacement pumps a definite volume of liquid is trapped in a chamber, alternately filled from the inlet and emptied through the discharge at high pressure. Rotary pumps forcibly transfer liquid through action of rotating gears, lobes, vanes, screws, etc, which operate inside a rigid container. Normally, pumping rates are varied by changing the rotational speed of the rotor. One of the most common rotary pumps is the external gear pump. An external gear pump can discharge liquid either way depending on the direction of the gear rotation. These pumps give a constant delivery of liquid for a set rotor speed with negligible pulsations. Gear pumps are often used as metering pumps.

Used Apparatus :
1-Water reservoir 2-Gate valve to control discharge flow rate 3-Turbine-type flow sensor 4-Pump and motor 5-Pressure sensor 6-Ball valve to control inlet (suction) pressure 7-Temperature sensor 8-Baseplate 9-Drain valve 10-Drain hole 11-Extra impeller 12-Drain valve in pump casing 13-Pressure sensor

Procedure:
1. The motors connected to the pumps were started, and the valves were opened in a manner that each pump discharges alone. 2. Rotation speed of each pump was set to a different value. page |3

3. Flow was allowed to occur. 4. Readings of the pressure gauges before and after the pumps and the flow rate were taken. 5. The flow rate was decreased at each reading of pressures 6. Then the valves were opened in a manner that the two pumps are connected in series, and the readings were taken again in the same manner

Results and calculation :

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Pump performance curve

Relationship between head and flow Flow increase System resistance increases Head increases Flow decreases to zero Zero flow rate: risk of pump burnout Pumping System Characteristics The head and flow rate determine the performance of a pump, which is graphically shown in the Figure as the performance curve or pump characteristic curve .The figure shows a typical curve of a centrifugal pump where the head gradually decreases with increasing flow. As the resistance of a system increases, the head will also increase. Thisin turn causes the flow rate to decrease and will eventually reach zero. A zero flow rate is only acceptable for a short period without causing to the pump to burn out.

Q vs hp 20 15

hp

10 5 0 0 20 40 Q 60 80 100

Hp(m)

Q vs pe 500 400

Pe

300 Pe(w att) 200 100 0 0 20 40 Q 60 80 100

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Q vs Eff%

0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25

eff%

0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0 20 40 Q 60 80 100

Figures

Analysis
From the experiments, characteristics of pumps ran at different conditions are observed and drawn in graphs. These characteristics curves are essential in defining the properties of a pump, since only size and shape cannot be sufficient to select apump for certain purpose. Standard test were done according to the procedures defined by the lab manual and characteristic curves are drawn. In case of field operation to select a particular type of pump or a particular combination of the pump, first of all the characteristics curves, provided by manufacturer, should be studied carefully and then only it should be use in field

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Conclusions:

1. Generally in pumps increasing the flow rate will decrease the provided head as shown in the plots of pump 1 and pump 2, a point of equilibrium between the both criterions needed for the systems shall be found. 2. Some experimental errors regarding the first point were found in pump 2 performance curve and in the experimental curve for pumps in series.

3. The experimental curve of the pumps in series showed smaller maximum head (Q = 0) than the theoretical one calculated from plots of pump 1 and pump 2, so when selecting the pumps in series to be used for a system I think we should test them experimentally rather than calculating them theoretically so that we get the exact amount of head, selecting the pumps in series using theoretical analysis would result a failure in achieving the required head in an actual system. 4. The efficiency of the pumps was not calculated due to lack of givens (input power)

Discussion :
- The errors in the experiment are: Human errors Accuracy of the apparatus - Generally in pumps increasing the flow rate will decrease the provided head . - When flow rate decrease the efficiency will be decrease .

REFERENCES
1. Fluid Power: Theory and Applications James A. Sullivan 2. Metering Pump Handbook McCabe, Lanckton, Dwyer 3. Centrifugal and Axial Flow Pumps Stepanoff

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