NPM UNIT 1 Notes Final

IT 2351 / NETWORK PROGRAMMING AND MANAGEMENT
UNIT-1
Mailam Engineering College

Mailam 604 304
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai
& Accredited by National Board of Accreditation (NBA), New Delhi)
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

III YEAR / VI SEM
IT 2351 NETWORK PROGRAMMING AND MANAGEMENT
UNIT I
ELEMENTARY TCP SOCKET
SYLLABUS:
Introduction to Socket Programming Overview of TCP/IP Protocols
Introduction to Sockets Socket address Structures Byte ordering
functions address conversion functions Elementary TCP Sockets
socket, connect, bind, listen, accept, read, write, close functions Iterative
Server Concurrent Server.
PART - A
1. Group the OSI layers by function.
The seven layers of the OSI model belonging to three subgroups. Physical,
data link and network layers are the network support layers; they deal with the
physical aspects of moving data from one device to another. Session,
presentation and application layers are the user support layers; they allow
interoperability among unrelated software systems. The transport layer ensures
end-to-end reliable data transmission.
2. The transport layer creates a communication between the source and
destination. What are the three events involved in a connection?
Creating a connection involves three steps: connection establishment, data
transfer and connection release.
3. Define flow control.
Flow control refers to a set of procedures used to restrict the amount of
data. The sender can send before waiting for acknowledgment.
4. Mention the categories of flow control.
There are 2 methods have been developed to control flow of data
across communication links.
Stop and wait- send one from at a time.
Sliding window- send several frames at a time.
Prepared By : Mr. P. Saravanan,MCA.,ME.,(Ph.d) Asso.Prof/IT, MEC
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5. What is the function of stop and wait flow control?

In
this
method,
the
sender
sends
one
frame
and
waits
for
an
acknowledgement before sending.

6. Mention the advantage and disadvantage of stop and wait flow control.
Advantage: simplicity
Disadvantage: inefficiency.
7. What is piggy backing?
Piggybacking means combining data to send and acknowledgement
of the frame
received in one single frame. Piggy backing can save
bandwidth because the overhead from a data frame and an ACK frame can
be combined into just one frame
8. What are the network support layers and the user support layers?
Network support layers:
The network support layers are Physical layer, Data link layer and
Network
layer.
These
deals
with
electrical
specifications,
physical
connection, transport timing and reliability.

User support layers:
The user support layers are: Session layer, Presentation layer,
Application layer. These allow interoperability among unrelated software
system.
9. What are the responsibilities of network layer?
The network layer is responsible for the source-to-destination
delivery
of
packet
across
multiple
network
links.
The
specific
responsibilities of network layer include the following:
Logical addressing.
Routing.
10.What are data grams?

In datagram approach, each packet is treated independently from
all others. Even when one packet represents just a place of a multi-packet
transmission, the network treats it although it existed alone.
Packets in
this technology are referred to as datagram.

11.Define IP address.
IP address is the 32-bit number for representing a host or system
in the network. One portion of the IP address indicates a networking and
the other represents the host in a network.
12.What is function of transport layer?
The protocol in the transport layer takes care in the delivery of data
from one application program on one device to an application
program
UNIT-1
on another device. They act as a link between the upper layer
protocols
and the services provided by the lower layer.

13.What are the duties of the transport layer?
The services provided by the transport layer
End-to- end delivery
Addressing
Reliable delivery
Flow control
Multiplexing
14.What is the difference between network layer delivery and the

transport layer delivery?
Network layer delivery
The
network
layer
Transport layer delivery

is
The transport layer is responsible
responsible for the source-to-
for source-to-destination delivery
destination delivery of packet
of the entire message.
across multiple network links.

15.What are the four aspects related to the reliable delivery of data?
The four aspects are,

o
Error control
Sequence control
Loss control
Duplication control
16.What is meant by segment?

At the sending and receiving end of the transmission, TCP divides
long transmissions into smaller data units and packages each into a frame
called a segment.
17.What is meant by segmentation?
When the size of the data unit received from the upper layer is too
long for the network layer datagram or data link layer frame to handle,
the transport protocol divides it into smaller usable blocks. The dividing
process is called segmentation.
18.What is meant by Concatenation?
The size of the data unit belonging to single sessions are so small
that several can fit together into a single datagram or frame, the transport
protocol combines them into a single data unit. The combining process is
called concatenation.
19.What are the types of multiplexing?
The types of multiplexing are,
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Upward multiplexing
Downward multiplexing
20.What are the two possible transport services?

Two basic types of transport services are,
o
Connection service
Connectionless services
21.The transport layer creates the connection between source and

destination. What are the three events involved in the
connection?
For security, the transport layer may create a connection between

the two end ports.
A connection is a single logical path between the source and
destination that is associated with all packets in a message. Creating a
connection involves three steps:
Connection establishment
Data transfer & Connection release.
22. What is meant by congestion?

Congestion in a network occurs if user sends data into the
network at a rate greater than that allowed by network resources.
23. What is the purpose of Domain Name System?
Domain Name System can map a host name to an IP address and
conversely an IP address to host name.
24. Discuss the three main division of the domain name space.
Domain name space is divided into three different sections:
generic domains, country domains & inverse domain.
Generic domain:
Define registered hosts according to their generic

behavior, uses generic suffixes.
Country domain: Uses two characters to identify a country as the last

suffix.
Inverse domain: Finds the domain name given the IP address.
25. What is the principle difference between connectionless

communication and connection oriented communication?
Network is a connection oriented. Here user uses the connection
and then release the connection. Typically one side makes a proposal
other side can accept it. Eg:-Telephone systems.
In connectionless each message carries the full destination address
and each one is routed through the system independent of all others. The
first one send will be the first one to arrive. Eg:-Postal system.
26. State few advantages of IPv6 over IPv4.
Larger address space
Better header format
New options.
Allowance for extension.
Support for resource allocation.
Support for more security.
UNIT-1
27. Explain about Connection Termination.

Four actions are needed to close the connections in both directions:
Host A sends a segment announcing its wish for connection

establishment.
Host B sends a segment acknowledging the request of A. After this

the connection is closed in one direction but not in the other
direction.
When Host B has finished sending its own data, it sends a segment
to indicate that it wants to close the connection.
Host A acknowledges the request of B.
28 . What are the TCP operations?
Encapsulation and De-capsulation
Buffering
Multiplexing and De-multiplexing
Pushing Data
Urgent Data
29. What is ephemeral port number?

A client program running on the local computer defines itself with a port
number, chosen randomly by the TCP software running on the local host. This
is called Ephemeral port number.
30.What is Socket address?
The combination of an IP address and a port number is called
Socket Address.
31. What are elements needed for communications?
Local host
Local client program
Remote host
Remote server program.
32.What is Socket Interface?

Socket interface is a set of declarations, definitions and
procedures for writing client server programs.
33.Give some common APIs that supports to write client-server
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programs?
Some common APIs that supports t o write client-server programs are
Socket interface
Transport Layer Interface
Stream Interface
Thread Interface
Remote Procedure call
34.Specify the Internet Address structure?
An IPV4 address is defined as a structure called in_addr,
which
contains only one field called s_addr if type in_addr_t. The
structure
holds an IP address as a 32-bit binary number.

struct in_addr
{
in_addr_t
s_addr;
};
35.What are the three socket types defined by socket interface?
The socket interface defines three types of sockets, They are
stream socket, the datagram socket and the raw socket.
Stream socket allows processes to communicate using

TCP/IP.TCP uses a pair of sockets to connect one application
program to another across the Internet.
Datagram socket allows processes to communicate using UDP.UDP

uses a pair of datagram sockets to send a message from
application program to another across the Internet.
Raw sockets provide access to ICMP or OSPF that directly use
the
services of IP.
36. What is little-endian byte order?
A computer system that uses little-endian system stores the least
significant byte of data in the starting address of the data unit.
00001010
00001010
00010111
00001110
00000110
00010111
00001110
00000110
UNIT-1
37. What is Big-Endian byte order?

A computer system that uses big-endian system stores the most
significant byte of data in the starting address of the data unit.
00001010
00010111
00001110
00000110
00001010
00010111
00001110
00000110
38. What are the Byte Manipulation functions? How they are
declared?
The most common byte manipulation functions are memset,
memcpy, memcmp.
Declaration for byte manipulation functions:
void *memset (void *dest, int chr, size_t len);
void *memcpy (void *dest, const void *src, size_t len);
int memcmp (const void *first, const void *second, size_t len);
39. Explain the socket function?
The socket function is used by a process to create a socket. It
takes three integer arguments and return an integer result.
int socket(int family, int type, int protocol);
Family
-defines the protocol group
Type
-defines the type of socket
Protocol
-set to zero for TCP and UDP.
This function returns a socket descriptor, which uniquely defines

the created socket if the creation is successful. It returns -1 if there is an
error. The socket descriptor is used by other functions to refer to the
socket.
40. Explain the bind function?
The bind function binds a socket to a local socket address by
adding
the local socket address to an already created socket.

int bind(int sockfd, const sockaddress *localaddr, socklen_t
localaddrlen);
sockfd is the socket descriptor. localaddr is the pointer to the
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socket address of the local machine and localaddrlen is the length of the
local socket address. To use this function, the client first needs to call the
socket function in order to use the returned value as the socket descriptor.
This function sets values for the local socket address. This function returns
an integer, 0 for success and -1 if any error.
41. How an active connection to a remote process is established?
The connect function is used by a process (usually a client) to
establish an active connection to a remote process (normally a server)
int connect(int sockfd, const struct sockaddress *serveraddr,
socklen_t serveraddrlen);
sockfd is the socket descriptor .serveraddr is the pointer to the
remote socket address ;and serveraddrlen is the length of the local socket
address. To use this function, the client first needs to call the socket function
in order to use the returned value as the socket descriptor. This function sets
values for the remote socket address. This function returns an integer, 0 for
success and -1 if any error.
42. Explain the listen function?
Only the TCP server calls the listen function. It creates a passive socket
from an unconnected socket. Before calling the listen function, the socket
must already be created and the local address fields set. This function informs
the operating system that the server is ready to accept connection through
this socket.
int listen(int sockfd, int backlog);
sockfd is the socket descriptor .backlog is the number of requests
that can be queued for this connection. This function returns an integer, 0 for
success and -1 if any error.
43. Explain the accept function?
The accept function is called by a TCP server to remove the first
Connection request from the corresponding queue. If there are no requests
the accept function is put to sleep.
int accept(int sockfd, struct sockaddress *clientaddr, socklen_t
clientaddrlen);
This function creates a new socket (child socket)that can be used by a child
server to connect to the client. All the information needed for a new socket is
provided by the operating system. The return value is the new socket
descriptor.
44. Explain sendto system call?
UNIT-1
A connectionless process (process using UDP) issues the sendto system

call to send data to a process.
ssize_t sendto(int sockfd, const void *buf, size_t buflen, int flags,
const struct sockaddress *toaddr, socklen_t toaddrlen);
sockfd is the socket descriptor, buf is the pointer to the buffer holding the
message to be sent, buflen defines the length of the buffer, and the flags fields
specifies out-of-band data or look ahead messages. Normally it is set to zero.
Toaddr is the pointer to the socket address of the receiver, and toaddrlen is the
length of the socket address. The function returns the number of characters
sends if there is no error and 0 otherwise.
45. Explain recvfrom system call?
A connectionless process (process using UDP) issues the recvfrom system
call to receive from incoming queue, the datagrams send by a remote process.
ssize_t recvfrom(int sockfd, const void *buf, size_t buflen, int flags,
struct sockaddress *fromaddr, socklen_t *fromaddrlen);
sockfd is the socket descriptor, buf is the pointer to the
buffer where the message will be stored, buflen defines the length of the
buffer, and the flags fields specifies out-of-band data or lookahead
messages. Normally it is set to zero. Fromaddr is the pointer to the socket
address of the sender, and fromaddrlen is the length of the socket
address. This function returns the number of characters send if there is no
error and 0 otherwise.
46. Explain read system call?
A connection-oriented process (process using TCP) issues the read
system call to receive datagrams from a remote process.
ssize_t read(int sockfd, const void *buf, size_t buflen);
sockfd is the socket descriptor, buf is the pointer to the buffer
where the data will be stored and buflen defines the length of the buffer.
This function returns the number of bytes received if successful,0 if endof-file condition is detected, and -1 if there is an error.
47. Explain write system call?
A connection oriented process (process using TCP) issues the write
system call to send datagrams to a remote process.
ssize_t write(int sockfd, const void *buf, size_t buflen);
sockfd is the socket descriptor, buf is the pointer to the buffer
where the data to be sent is stored, buflen defines the length of the buffer.
This function returns the number of bytes sent(written) if successful ,and
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-1 if there is an error.
48. How a TCP connection is terminated?
The close function is used by a process to close a socket and terminate a
TCP connection.
int close(int sockfd)
The socket descriptor is not valid after this call. This function returns an
integer, 0 for success and -1 if any error.
49. What is a parent server?
A server running infinitely and accepting connections from clients is
called a parent server.
50. What is iterative server?
If a client request to a server for a resource, which in turns gives the
resource form other server called iterative server.
51. what is concurrent server?
If many client access a server called concurrent server.
52.
What is a Socket?
(DEC 2011 / 2012)
The communication structure used for socket programming is called

socket. It is an end point of communication to which a name can be
bound. Two processes need a socket at each end to communicate
with
each other. The socket values are IP address and Port number.
53.Specify the Socket Address structure?
(MAY 2010)
The application program that use the TCP/IP protocol suite need a
structure called a socket address, which mainly holds an IP address. The
structure has five fields.
struct sockaddress
{
uint8_t
sin_len;
sa_family_t sin_family;
in_port_t sin_port;
struct in_addr
char
sin_addr;
sin_zero[8];
};
Family
- defines the protocol group
Type
- defines the type of socket
Protocol
Local socket address
- set to zero for TCP and UDP.

- defines the local socket address, a structure
of type sockaddress.
Remote socket address
- defines the remote socket address, a

structure of type
UNIT-1
sockaddress.
54. What do you mean by socket abstraction?
(DEC 2007)
The socket is the basic abstraction for network communication in the

socket API
Defines an endpoint of communication for a process
Operating system maintains information about the socket and its

connection
Application references the socket for sends, receives, etc.
55. How shall local and remote socket addresses be obtained. (DEC 2007)
REMOTE AND LOCAL ADDRESS
Getsockname:
Return the local protocol address associated with a socket.
int getsockname(int sockfd, struct sockaddr * localaddr, socklen_t
*addrlen);
Getpeername:
Return the remote address associated with a socket.
int getpeername(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *peeraddr, socklen_t
*addrlen);
Both the functions returns 0 if ok else -1 on error.
56.What is the use of bind () system Call?
(MAY 2007)
The bind function binds a socket to a local socket address by
adding
the
local socket address to an already created socket.
int bind(int sockfd, const sockaddress *localaddr, socklen_t
localaddrlen);
sockfd is the socket descriptor. localaddr is the pointer to the
socket address of the local machine and localaddrlen is the length of the
local
socket address. To use this function, the client first needs to call the socket
function in order to use the returned value as the socket descriptor. This
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function sets values for the local socket address. This function returns an
integer, 0 for success and -1 if any error.
57. Explain the socket structure in brief.
(MAY 2009)
Socket Programming to hold information about the address and port and
other information. Most socket functions require a pointer to a socket address
structure as an argument.
58. Distinguish between an iterative server and concurrent server.
(MAY 2009 / 2012)
Concurrent server
Iterative server
1. Many request are processed

at a same time
1. One request is processed at a

time
2. When the time taken to complete
the process is less this server is
used.
2. It is called when the time

taken to completed the
request is infinite or long.
3. The request can be of any
complexity and duration.
3. Easy to implementation
4. Server software must be

programmed explicitly to
handle requests
concurrently.
4. Server is locked while dealing with

a request.
59. Distinguish between an TCP sockets and UDP sockets

TCP SOCKET
UDP SOCKET
Reliable, Connection Oriented Protocol

Provides
guaranteed
delivery
(MAY 2011)
of
packets
Can transmit large amount of data
Unreliable, Connection Less

Protocol
Does not provide guaranteed delivery
of packets
Can transmit only limited amount of
data
Sequencing of packet is guaranteed in
In UDP it is not guaranteed that the
TCP. Means the packets that are sent
packets will reach in time to the
struct sockaddr
uint8_t sa_len;
/* length of the structure */
sa_family_t sa_family;
/* address family : AF_ XXX value */
is delivered
in time
destination.
char sa_data[14];
/* protocol specific address */
;
60. Give the structure of struct sockaddr.
Name
Header
Structure
UNIT-1
(MAY 2011)
sockaddr
<sys / socket.h>
61. Define well-known port.
(DEC 2011/2012)
The well-known port numbers are the port numbers that are
reserved for assignment by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names
and Numbers (ICANN) for use by the application end points that
communicate using the Internet's Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or
the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). Port numbers 0 to 1024 are reserved
for privileged services and designated as well-known ports. This list of
well-known port numbers specifies the port used by the server process as
its contact port.
62. Define socket and list out its types.
(MAY 2007)
Socket:
The communication structure used for socket programming is called
socket. It is an end point of communication to which a name can be
bound. Two processes need a socket at each end to communicate
with
each other. The socket values are IP address and Port number.
Types of Socket:
The socket interface defines three types of sockets, They are
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stream socket, the datagram socket and the raw socket.
Stream socket allows processes to communicate using TCP/IP. TCP

uses a pair of sockets to connect one application program to another
across the Internet.
Datagram socket allows processes to communicate using UDP. UDP

uses
a pair of datagram
sockets
to send a message
from
application program to another across the Internet.
Raw sockets provide access to ICMP or OSPF that directly use
the
services of IP.
63. Distinguish between TCP Sockets and UDP Sockets.
TCP Socket
(MAY 2011)
UDP Socket
reliable delivery
unreliable delivery
in-order
no order guarantees
guaranteed
no notion of connection app
connection-
indicates dest. for each packet
oriented
can send or receive
bidirectional
Structure is SOCK_DGRAM
Structure is
SOCK_STREAM
64. What is meant by host byte ordering?
(MAY 2011)
HOST BYTE ORDER
It is the byte ordering used by a given system.
It can be big endian or little endian.
UNIT-1
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PART B
1. Explain the TCP layering in details with neat sketch.
Web
Clients
(MAY 2007)
OVERVIEW OF TCP / IP PROTOCOLS

and
Servers
communicate
using
the
TCP
protocol.
TCP
communicates with the data link layer using IP protocol. The actual flow of
information between the client and server goes down the protocol stack on
one side across the network and up the protocol stack on other side.
CLIENT
SERVER
APPLICATION
APPLICATION
PROTOCOL
TCP
LAYER
TRANSPORT
PROTOCOL
LAYER
IP
NETWORK
PROTOCOL
LAYER
ETHERNET
PROTOCOL
DATA
LAYER
Actual flow between client and server

ETHERNET
Figure : Client and Server communication on the same Ethernet using TCP
TCP : TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL

TCP provides connection between clients and server. A TCP client
establishes a connection with the server, exchange data with the server
and then terminate the connection. TCP provides flow control, reliability,
full duplex and also sequences the data by associating a sequence number
with every byte that it sends. TCP contains algorithms to estimate the
round trip time (RTT) between a client and server dynamically, so that it
knows how long to wait for an acknowledgement. TCP always specifies the
no. of bytes to be sent by the peer. This is called advertised window.
UNIT-1
APPLICATION LAYER
Application protocols are defined at the top layer, which implement specific
user applications and other high-level functions. Since they are at the top of the
stack, application protocols are the only ones that do not provide services to a
higher layer; they make use of services provided by the layers below.
1. FTP-FILE
TRANSFER
PROTOCOL:
the
TCP\IP
standard protocols for a transferring file s from one

machine to another machine.ftp differ from the other
applications because is use to connections to transfer
a file: control connection data connection.
2. SMTP-SIMPLE MAIL TRANSFER PROTOCOL: THE
TCP\IP Standard protocol for transferring electronic
message from one machine to another machine. it
specify how to mail systems interact and the form of
control messages they exchange to transfer mail.
3. SNMP:
SIMPLE
NETWORK
MANAGEMENT
PROTOCOL: a protocol use to manage the devices

such as hosts, router and printers.
4. TELNET-REMOTE
LOGIN:
the
TCP\IP
standard
protocol for remote terminal service .TELNET allows

an interactive users and the client system to start a
login session on a remote system. Once a login
system is established, the client process passes the
users keystrokes to the server process.
5. TFTP-TRIVIAL FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL: it is a simple file transfer
protocol it is not complex as FTP. It does not have much code consumes less
memory, it can be used small machine .there is no security provisions. TFTP
is UDP not TCP.
6. DNS DOMAIN NAME SERVICE: the online distributed database system
used to map host names into IP address.
TRANSPORT LAYER
The Transport layer (also known as the Host-to-Host Transport layer) is
responsible for providing the Application layer with session and datagram
communication
services.
The
core
protocols
of
the
Transport
layer
are
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User Datagram Protocol (UDP).
Either of these two protocols are used by the application layer process, the choice
depends on the application's transmission reliability requirements.
The mechanisms used by the Transport layer to determine whether data has been
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correctly delivered are:
Acknowledgement responses
Sequencing
Flow control
The Transport layer facilitates two types of communication:
Connection-oriented (TCP) A connection must be established at the

Transport layer of both systems before the application can transmit any data.
Connectionless (UDP) All systems do not need to establish a connection

with the recipient prior to data exchange. TCP is a more reliable form of data
exchange than UDP.
NETWORK LAYER
The Network Interface layer (also called the Network Access layer) is
responsible for placing TCP/IP packets on the network medium and receiving
TCP/IP packets off the network medium. TCP/IP was designed to be independent
of the network access method, frame format, and medium. In this way, TCP/IP
can be used to connect differing network types. This layer include LAN
technologies such as Ethernet and Token Ring and WAN technologies such as
X.25 and Frame Relay. Independence from any specific network technology gives
TCP/IP the ability to be adapted to new technologies such as Asynchronous
Transfer Mode (ATM).
DATALINK LAYER
It consists of combination of datalink and physical layers that deals with pure
hardware (wires, satellite links, network interface cards, etc.) and access
methods such as CSMA/CD (carrier sensed multiple access with collision
detection).
2. Explain the following system calls in details
CONNECT()
BIND()
LISTEN()
ACCEPT()
(MAY 2007/2009)
THE CONNECT CALL:
The connect function is used by a TCP client to establish a connection with a TCP
server.
#include<sys/socket.h>
int connect(int sockfd,const struct sochaddr *servaddr, socklen_t

addrlen);
Return 0 if OK
Else -1 on error
UNIT-1
Sockfd-> socket descriptor value.
Servaddr- pointer to socket address structure . the socket address

structure must contain the IP address and port number of the server.
Addrlen-> Length o fhte server address.
ERROR CODE:
Value in errno
EBADF
Cause of the error

Not a valid socket descriptor
ENOTSOCK
If the first argument is not specified.
EISCONN
If the socket is already connected.
ETIMEDOUT
If the connection is not established
ECONNREFUSED
If the port number specified is not waiting on the server for
ENETUNREACH OR
connection
EHOSTUNREACH
When the destination is unreachable from some intermediate

router.
BIND FUNCTION:
The bind function assigns a local protocol address to a socket . internet protocol
address is a combination of either 32 bit IPV4 address or 128 bits IPv6 address along
with a 16 bits TCP or UDP port number
int bind(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *myaddr, socklen_t addrlen);
It returns 0 if OK & -1 on error
Sockfd- socket description
My addr the address of a structure that specifies an ip address and port number.
Addrlen- The size of the address structure in bytes.
Return code:
Return 0 if successful & -1 on error.
ERROR CODE
Value in errno
EBADF
Cause of the error

ENOTSOCK
EADDRINUSE
If the address is already bound to it.
EFAULT
If the local address argument pointer is invalid.
PROCESS SPECIFIES
IP ADDRESS
RESULT
PORT
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Wild card
Wild card
Non zero
Local IP
address
Local IP
Kernel chooses IP address and process specifies port

Process specifies IP address, kernel chooses port
Non Zero
address
Kernel chooses IP address and port
Process specifies the IP address & port
THE LISTEN CALL:

It is called only by a TCP server and it performs two functions.
1. The listen function converts an unconnected socket into a passive socket

indicating that the kernel should accept the incoming connection request directed
to this socket.
2. It specifies the maximum number of connection the kernel should queue for this
socket.
#include <sys/socket.h>
int listen (int sockfd, int backlog);
It return 0 if OK, -1 on error.
The kernel maintains two queues:
1. Incomplete connection queue:
It contains an entry for each SYN that arrived from a client for which the server
is awaiting completion of the three way handshake.
2. Completed connection queue:
It contains an entry for each client with the TCP three way handshake has
completed .
Sockfd- socket descriptor
Backlog- size of incoming connection request.
ERROR CODE:
Value in errno
EBADF
Cause of the error

ENOTSOCK
THE ACCEPT FUNCTION:

The accept is called by the TCP server to return the next completed connection
from the front of the completed connection queue. Accept creates a new socket and
return the descriptor of the new socket to the caller. The server can transfer data on
the new socket after finishing the server closes it.
int accept (int sockfd, struct sockaddr *cliaddr, socklen_t addrlen);
UNIT-1
Non negative descriptor if OK

Else -1 on error
Sockfd-> socket descriptor
Cliaddr-> client IP address
Addrlen-> length of the second argument.
The connected socket is closed each time while the listening socket
remains open for the life of the server. This is supported only in stream.
ERROR CODE
Value in errno
EBADF
Cause of the error

ENOTSOCK
EOPNOTSUPP
socket is not a SOCKET_STREAM.
3. Differentiate between the iterative server and concurrent server?

(MAY 2007 / 2008)
ITERATIVE SERVER:
Server:
A server is a process which offers services. A server waits for reads and
processes a clients request for a server.
Types of server:
Server can be classified based on following
1. Their communication method (connection less or connection-oriented).
2. The information they maintain(state less or state full);
3. Based on their service(iterative or concurrent).
Connection oriented servers:
Uses TCP for connection oriented communication
Provides reliable transport
Servers are simpler
Uses a separate socket for each connection.
Connection less servers:
Uses UDP for connectionless communication
Does not guarantee reliable transport
The server and client are complicative.
State less server:
Does not maintain any information about the outgoing interaction with
each client .
Requires long messages.
All information about the request must be placed in all messages.
Page 21
They are less efficient.
They are more reliable.
Example: HTTP.
Stateful server:
Maintains information about the status of the ongoing information with the
client.
Maintains few information between request.
Requires smaller messages.
Is unreliable of a connection terminates abnormally.
Example: FTP.
Iterative or sequential server:

An iterative server serves single client at a time.
Handles one request at a time.
Client waits for all previous requests to be processed.
It is easier to design and implement.
It is suitable when the service time for each request is small.
It is suitable for simple services such as TIME service.
It is not suitable when the service time.
Example:
The first client request to get a file of size 200 Mbytes.
The second client requests to get a file of 20 bytes between the 2nd client
has to wait until the processing of client ends.
CONCURRENT SERVER
A server can handle multiple clients at the same time in parallel, and this type of
a server is called a concurrent server.
Concurrent Vs Iterative server
# include <arpa/inet.h>
in_addr_t inet_addr(const char *strptr);
int
inet_aton(const
char* strptr, AND
struct
in_addr *addrptr);
IT
2351 /32
NETWORK
PROGRAMMING
MANAGEMENT
Returns
bit binary
network byte ordered
IPv4 Address,
Returns 1, if string was valid,
UNIT-1
INADDR_NONE if an error.
0, if an error.
Concurrent server
Iterative server
Many request are processed at a
same time
It is called when the time taken to
completed the request is infinite or
long.
One request is processed at a time

When the time taken to complete the
process is less this server is used.
The request can be of any

complexity and duration.
Easy to implementation
Server software must be

programmed explicitly to handle
requests concurrently.
Server is locked while dealing with a

request.
4. Discuss the syntactical issues of various address conversion

functions.
(MAY 2008)
ADDRESS CONVERSION FUNCTIONS:
There are two groups of address conversion functions:
1. inet_aton, inet_addr & inet_ntoa : Converts between ASCII string and
network byte ordered binary values. Applicable only for IPv4 Address
2. inet_pton & inet_ntop : Converts presentation to numeric & numeric to
presentation. Applicable for both IPV4 & IPV6 address.
Conversion between ASCII strings & network byte order:
i. inet_aton
The function inet_aton converts the character string (dotted decimal

string ) pointed by strptr into the 32 bit binary network bytes ordered
value which is stored through pointer addrptr.
If the addrptr is a null pointer the function performs the conversion but
does not store any result.
ii. inet_addr:
It returns the 32-bit binary network byte order value & INADDR_NONE if
error.
Page 23
#include <arpa/inet.h>
ude <arpa/inet.h>
int inet_pton(int
family, const
char *strptr, void *addrptr);
char *inet_ntop(int family,
const void *addrptr,
char *strptr,
- returns 1 If ok ,
size_t len);
if noton
a valid
urn pointer to result if OK &0NULL
error.presentation format ,
1 for error.
iii. inet_ntoa:
It converts 32 bits binary network byte ordered IPV4 address into its
corresponding dotted decimal string & return pointer to dotted decimal
string
Conversion between presentation and numeric :
These are used for both IPV4 & IPV6 address.
P-> Presentation ASCII string
n-> numeric binary value
i. inet_pton
Family AF_INET
[IPV4]
AF_INET6 [IPV6]
If the family is not supported it return the error -1 set to EAFNOSUPPORT.
The dotted decimal string stored in strptr is converted and stored through
the pointer addrptr.

ii. inet_ntop:
It converts from numeric (addrptr) to presentation (strptr).
len -> size of the destination to prevent the function from

overflowing the callers buffer.
IPV4 - 16 bit - INET_ADDRSTRPTR
IPV6 -
46 bit - INET6_ADDRSTRPTR
The problem with inet_ntop is it requires the caller to pass a pointer to a

binary address. The addr is normally containedin a socket addr structure requiring
the caller to know the formet of the structure and address family. To solve this we
use sock_ntop function.
General Representation
Dotted decimal
IPV4 address
inet_pton(AF_INET)
inet_aton, inet_addr
32-bit binary IPv4 address
UNIT-1
inet_pton(AF_INET6)
Hexadecimal
128 bit binary IPv4
strings
mapped or IPv4 compatible

inet_ntop(AF_INET6)
IPv6 Address or IPv6 Address
5. Write notes on byte ordering functions.
(MAY 2008 / DEC 2012)
BYTE ORDERING FUNCTIONS

The bytes can be stored in memory in two ways
1. Little Endian Byte Ordering
2. Big Endian Byte Ordering
LITTLE ENDIAN BYTE ORDERING:
LSB or Low order bytes as the starting address.
Increasing Memory Address
Address A + 1
HIGH ORDER BYTE
MSB
Address A
LOW ORDER BYTE
16-BIT VALUE
LSB
Example :
10.23.14.6 can be represented in 32 bit as
MSB
LSB
00001010
00010111
00001110
00000110
00001010
00010111
00001110
00000110
A+3
A+2
A+1
Byte Order:
Address A
Application:
DEC VAX Computers Intel Microprocessors
BIG ENDIAN BYTE ORDERING:

High order bytes or MSB as the starting address.
Increasing Memory Address
Address A
Address A + 1
Page 25
MSB
16-BIT VALUE
HIGH ORDER BYTE
LOW ORDER BYTE
LSB
Example :
10.23.14.6 can be represented in 32 bit as
MSB
LSB
00001010
00010111
00001110
00000110
00001010
00010111
00001110
00000110
Address A
A+1
Byte Order:
A+2
A+3
Application:
IBM Mainframe Computers
Motorola Microprocessors
PROGRAM:
/* program to find host byte order */
int main (int argc, char **argv)
{
union
{
short s;
char c[sizeof(short)];
} un;
un.s=0*0102;
printf (%s, CPU_VENDOR_OS);
If (sizeof(short)==2)
{
If (un.c[0]==1 && un.c[1]==2)
printf(big endian);
elseif (un.c[0]==2 && un.c[1]==1)
printf(Little endian);
}
}
uint16_t
ntohs(uint16_t host16bit
32 bit value);
0000004d5347726170682e43686172742e3800f439b271000000000000000000000000000000000
uint16_t
htons(uint16_t
host16bit value);
16
bit
32 bit
uint32_t
ntohl(uint32_t host32bit
value);
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
uint32_t
htonl(uint32_t host32bit value);
returns value in
host
byte order
IT 2351 / NETWORK PROGRAMMING
AND
MANAGEMENT
- returns value in network byte order
TYPES OF BYTE
UNIT-1
ORDER BASED ON BYTE ORDERING
FUNCTIONS
NETWORK BYTE ORDER
Networking protocols can choose their own

byte order
TCP/IP has the big endian system.
HOST BYTE ORDER
It is the byte ordering used by a given system.
It can be big endian or little endian.
BYTE CONVERSION FUNCTIONS:
From host to network byte order
htons
host to network short[16 bit int]
htonl
host to network long [32 bit int]
From network to host byte order
ntohs -
network to host short [16 bit int]
ntohl
network to host long [32 bit int]
Host byte order

htons
ntohs
htonl
ntohl
Network byte order
Page 27
6. Explain the Types of Services?
Connection Oriented services
Connectionless services
Connection Oriented and Connectionless services
o In connection oriented method session is created before transmitting

data. It provides a reliable data stream as it ensures the sequential
transmission of data. In connection oriented method the process starts
from the sender computer by sending a request to start the transfer
that is to be acknowledged by the destination device before data can
be sent and hence a virtual link is established between sender and
receiver. This process is called handshaking.
o After
that
data
is
transferred
sequentially
by
processing
acknowledgements. Sliding window and Stop and wait are used to

provide flow control and Cyclic Redundancy Checks are used to provide
error detection. These methods can either be implemented in the data
link layer or in the transport layer. TCP provides a connection-oriented
service.
o In connectionless transmission there is no need to establish

connection. The sender just starts transmitting data that's why it
cannot provide the same reliability as offered by connection-oriented
method. These techniques are used in the broadcast networks. In
these networks there is need of maintaining the state information for
the sender and receiver devices that's why it can only offer a small
number of services. However the speed of connectionless networks is
better than those of connection-oriented ones because they do not
provide flow control and error detection. UDP provides connectionless
services.
o
In connection oriented communication one use guided medium. But in
UNIT-1
connectionless communication there's no need of a cable. It also

named as wireless communication.
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0c0000000100000000000000000000000000000000040000000300004
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Page 29
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UNIT-1
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Page 31
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UNIT-1
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Page 33
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Page 35
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Page 37
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Page 39
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Page 41
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Page 43
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Page 45
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Page 51
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Page 55
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fed6d2ffe82565ff7fd7fc6adab2b286560ca4641078228016bcc7c3b
ff002713e24ffb0647ff00a0dbd7063be3a3fe3fd247a380f86b7f81f
e713d3a8aef3ce0a2800a2800a2801b3491c30bcd34891c68a59ddce1
540e4924f415e57a4f867c27a7fed01ae7c4a5f1b69ef7b7da0436f2e
98658c7930978c0b8ddbb3b1bc950380339e4e40001ead45001450014
500145001599e2dff915357ffaf19bff00459ac711fc19fa3fc8ba5f1
af539ef81ff00f24bb47fa4dffa3a4ab9aafc46f87ba4ea3369daa78f
3c2d617b036c9adee7578239636f46567041fad6597ffbad2ff0afc8e
8cc3fdeeaff0089fe6cabff000b5fe16ffd14af06ff00e0f2dbff008b
a3fe16bfc2dffa295e0dff00c1e5b7ff00175d67207fc2d7f85bff004
52bc1bff83cb6ff00e2e8ff0085aff0b7fe8a57837ff0796dff00c5d0
0791f893c41e11bcfda7fc35e2fb6f8c1a245e1eb7d16e16ee08fc4f1
080ccaca046544b801f7c6e5718636f939c57ae7fc2d7f85bff00452b
c1bff83cb6ff00e2e800ff0085aff0b7fe8a57837ff0796dff00c5d1f
f000b5fe16ffd14af06ff00e0f2dbff008ba003fe16bfc2dffa295e0d
ff00c1e5b7ff0017525afc50f869757315adafc43f08cf3cce238a28f
5ab7677627015407c924f000a00eba8a002b98d73c79e1ed1f5a9b47b
85d6ee6f608d249a3d3f42bdbe11abe76ee68227552769e09cf1d2802
a7fc2caf0effd03bc65ff00846eadff00c8d47fc2caf0effd03bc65ff
00846eadff00c8d4007fc2caf0effd03bc65ff00846eadff00c8d5ccd
cf8db4b7f8a561ad2e8fe323611689736af2ffc221aa712bcf032ae3e
cf9e4231ce31c7d2803a6ff8595e1dff00a0778cbff08dd5bff91a8ff
8595e1dff00a0778cbff08dd5bff91a800ff8595e1dff00a0778cbff0
8dd5bff91aace91e3ff0eea7acdae910a6bb6b79765c5baea1a05f592
4a554bb0579e14524282719ce01a00ea68a00f3b9bc3fa0ebdf1b3c42
35cd134dd5041e1bd23c9fb65aa4de5eeb9d4b76ddc0e33b5738eb81e
95bdff0af7c03ff00423f867ff05507ff0013401e79e5785ed7c2fa87
89750f867e0c361a6eab3d8dd47058c665d915c980ca83caf98e46ed9
c7a673d7ba97c1bf0ca1be8ec65f0af8423bb90031c0da7db891c73c8
5db93f74fe47d2801abe10f85edaa1d2d7c2fe0e3a82a7986d4585b79
a138f9b66dce391ce3b8ac2b9d33e1bc3e368b451e11f043d88d2ef6f
Page 61
2eee16cadcbdb496d25bab2380b851b67c9c9cfcbd05004b0685e0516
5a5ea97bf0f7c316da6ea932450b9d2e1df09948107980a71bc90b8ea
ace8bce491d1ff00c2bdf00ffd08fe19ff00c1541ffc4d00739e27f0b
f86743f1bfc3cbad17c3ba469970fe209a3796ceca385d90e957e4a92
a0123201c7a815e90197794dc37000919e403d3f91fca80168a00e27e
364105d7822ded6ea18e7b79bc41a2472c522864911b55b50cac0f041
04820f506b43fe15ef807fe847f0cffe0aa0ff00e2680388d574bf0d5
8c7e3656f869e0c6b9f0f5aaded9c46c621f6cb7689dd59898c04cb47
2c7dc66326b6ad7c33e05bd9f41fecff0005783ee6df52b57bc794697
10fdc85421d06de726441827a367b628026b8f0a7c39b9961834cf0b7
80ae4f9b10ba8e4b3b7c88640db4a8543966c7ca0e0300dcf149a7e8b
f07f5082fe7b4d07c15245a7ccd0ddbfd86d8085d58a90c76fcbf3061
93d4834005c7877e1ab4fa65ae9be0ef095ecda9ef7b668f4e81a3f29
31e64bb954e557728e3ab3a0c804b09745f09fc3fbdbcd434e9bc0be1
78afb4f9552641a5c186461ba3957e5ced619fa32bae4edc900d3ff85
7be01ff00a11fc33ff82a83ff0089aa5f02ff00e48c7837fec0969ffa
296803b3af31f0effc9c4f893fec191ffe836f5c18ef8e8ff8ff00491
e8e03e1adfe07f9c4f4ea2bbcf3828a0028a0028a00180652ac010782
0f7af8f7c13fb397f66fed6b79712d8ffc51fa5edd6acb2bfbb66763e
541e9f248ae71fdd8c67ef5007d8545001450014500145001599e2dff
00915357ff00af19bff459ac711fc19fa3fc8ba5f1af539ef81fff002
4bb47fa4dff00a3a4a5f859ff003357fd8c979ffb256597ff00bad2ff
000afc8e8cc3fdeeaff89fe6cc4d635ad46d35ff001925df8ea4d2a0d
356092c12686d4c6acf116d8418c3c837003018310700e706baab2f14
083c29a7ea9af595cd95f49a6c77b7f670c0f2bda65019032a82df29d
c3a64ed380706bace42c5ef8b342b5856e5eeda4b53e4eeb986269214
f34a88f73a82067729f60c18e14834f83c4ba6cdf68082e77dbea234d
78cc0c1fce214f03baed60dbba6df9b38e6803022f135bdb4b3ebfad6
b17f656116ab2696b6c2d0b4059a458a22c4465d72c3ef160a0c9827e
e81a87c6da1ad94978eba9470c10f9f75e669d3a35ac792374aa54327
dd2704676fcd8c7340116a9f103c2fa6dddc5b5cdddd136cf0adc491d
8cef142b28ca48f22a1558c8fe3276f5e7838aba87c42d23ec374ba73
4e3518efad74e4b7beb39adcf9d7320489cac8aacd1f25b23a846c734
UNIT-1
01a12eab71a3f8a749d1b50b97bb8b578e48ede664552971126f643b4
0043a0771e8636e4860173fe35ff00c937d43febbda7fe9545401a03c
75e0c6f120f0da78a3489357d8ced689748d2205ebb803f2f5ef8ad7f
ed6d2ffe82565ff7fd7fc680296a7e2cf0b697e5ff0069789746b2f33
3b3ed17d147bb1d71b9867a8ae63e1f6afa4eb3f12fc6b75a3ea765a8
dbf93a72f9b6b3aca99d92f195245001e30d752c3c7b1e97afea17fa2
6997b651268fa8c526cb7fb69793cc491b1b43edf24a2c9946f980c9c
8ad3bdf165a785b46822d7a77bbb8b0b485b56b980a9483e501a560cc
18af0cc428660a3240c8c802dd78fb48b7d5e5d39ec7566f23558b49b
9b816a7c9827956368b7313f75ccd1a8201e5867008268f8d3c49702f
b408f4bfb7c56f278861b29ae5153c99b06459223c960032904e00cae
327a5005ed0fc6325f697f69bad0750b7ba9350b9b2b6b30f0b493986
591090448546162258b328cf009cae6add78cedf54d4b49d034b927b3
bfbfbdb8b6ba591544d662dd03ca31ca963ba2008caed94382463201a
7a6eb1241e3abef0addca6576b35d4ac9d80cf945cc72467d7636d20f
a48a3aa926878dff00e47ef00ffd84aeff00f4867a00eca8a00e3748f
f0092dbe27ffb16f46ffd29d4ebb2a00f0cd2f4e963b69fc5b6f67aa6
a30e9be27d46e2ff00479a39d92e2da4ba768ee2181fe532c60aca855
72c370fbc571b7e2bd40dc6b5a9c96ba7ead6f0c5aae8d72ef6fa6cd2
fdbe259a073317d840445dcbb130e1a262720e280205b5b9d4346bbd3
96cf5dff84c34f9f517b1252582dd27759d52e1252366c759723e63cb
e08ca9c43e2b8d3c61710d8e83a1ea566f7de09d67495fb4e9934096d
34a2d7ca8247640171b241c9c641c75e4037bc6acde27f847a45a69cc
f0ddeab71a6a40841df1badc45248081c868d6390b0ea3cb6ee2bd1e8
0381f8bba7a6adabf80b4e92eaf2d567f10cc866b3b868664ff00894e
a1ca3af2a7e95cd7807e00e95e12d775ed4a3f1a78c6f46ae61662faa
cb14ea63f333be58d97cdcefe370f97079393401d8ffc2bbd3bfe863f
197fe14777ff00c5d1ff000aef4eff00a18fc65ff851ddff00f17401c
cfc47f0659693a2e97a843ad789ae5e2f1268988af35ab89e26cea96a
3e64772a7ae46470707b57ac500717e32d1efe6f1ae877da7c25adaf5
24d37552064790089d0b8e857f752c5ff006f351fc
7. Explain about socket, connect, bind, listen and accept function.
(DEC 2012)
Page 63
SOCKET FUNCTION:
The function is called to create a socket to perform client server application.

Returns non negative descriptor if OK.
Else -1 on error.
Family - specifies the protocol family.
1. AF_INET-IPV4
protocol
2. AF_INET6-IPV6
protocol
Type - specifies the socket type.
1. Stream Socket (SOCK_STREAM) Used for TCP

Connection
2. Datagram Socket (SOCK_DGRAM) Used for UDP
Connection
3. Raw Socket (SOCK_RAW) Used for both TCP & UDP &
ICMP.
Protocol- set to 0.
Error Code :
Value in errno
EPROTONOSUPPORT
Cause of the error

Error in arguments
EACCES
Permission to create socket is denied.
ENOBUFS
The system has no available buffer space.
THE CONNECT CALL:
server.

addrlen);
o
Return 0 if OK
Else -1 on error

structure must contain the IP address and port number of the
server.
UNIT-1
ERROR CODE:
Value in errno
EBADF
Cause of the error

ENOTSOCK
EISCONN
ETIMEDOUT
ECONNREFUSED
ENETUNREACH
connection
OR
EHOSTUNREACH
router.
BIND FUNCTION:
o
My addr the address of a structure that specifies an ip address and port

number.
Return code:
ERROR CODE
Value in errno
EBADF
Cause of the error

ENOTSOCK
EADDRINUSE
EFAULT
PROCESS SPECIFIES
IP ADDRESS
Wild card
PORT
0
Wild card
Non zero
Local IP
address
Local IP
address
Non Zero
RESULT

Page 65
THE LISTEN CALL:

a. The listen function converts an unconnected socket into a passive socket
indicating that the kernel should accept the incoming connection request
directed to this socket.
b. It specifies the maximum number of connection the kernel should queue
for this socket.

It contains an entry for each SYN that arrived from a client for which the
server is awaiting completion of the three way handshake.
completed .
ERROR CODE:
Value in errno
EBADF
Cause of the error

ENOTSOCK

Else -1 on error
UNIT-1
ERROR CODE
Value in errno
EBADF
Cause of the error

ENOTSOCK
EOPNOTSUPP
8. Explain the various socket functions required to implement a single server

module. Explain with the help of a flow chart the sequence in which these
functions may be used.
(MAY 2011)
The function calls are

1. Socket function
2. Bind
3. Listen
4. Accept
5. Read
6. Write
7. Close
TCP SERVER
TCP CLIENT
Blocks until connection

from client
Data(request)
Data (reply)
process request
Page 67
End of file notification
SOCKET FUNCTION:

Else -1 on error.

1. AF_INET-IPV4
protocol
2. AF_INET6-IPV6
protocol
1.Stream Socket (SOCK_STREAM) Used for TCP Connection

2.Datagram Socket (SOCK_DGRAM) Used for UDP Connection
3.Raw Socket (SOCK_RAW) Used for both TCP & UDP & ICMP.
Protocol - set to 0.
Error Code :
Value in errno
EPROTONOSUPPORT
Cause of the error

Error in arguments
EACCES
ENOBUFS
BIND FUNCTION:
o

number.
Return code:
UNIT-1
ERROR CODE
Value in errno
EBADF
Cause of the error

ENOTSOCK
EADDRINUSE
EFAULT
PROCESS SPECIFIES
IP ADDRESS
RESULT
Wild card
PORT
0
Wild card
Non zero
Local IP
address
Local IP

Non Zero
address
THE LISTEN CALL:

1. The listen function converts an unconnected socket
into a passive socket indicating that the kernel
should accept the incoming connection request
2. It specifies the maximum number of connection the
kernel should queue for this socket.

completed .
ERROR CODE:
Page 69
Value in errno
EBADF
Cause of the error

ENOTSOCK

Else -1 on error
ERROR CODE
Value in errno
EBADF
Cause of the error

ENOTSOCK
EOPNOTSUPP
CLOSE FUNCTION:
It is used to close the socket and terminate a TCP connection.
#include<unistd.h>
int close(int sockefd);
It return 0 if OK
Else -1 on error.
It marks the socket as closed and return to the process immediately.
The socket descriptor is no longer usable by the process , it cannot be

used as an argument to read or write.
But TCP will try to send any data that is already queued to be sent to the
other end.
After this the normal TCP connection termination sequence takes place.
UNIT-1
9. Explain the various socket functions required to implement a simple client

module. Explain with the help of a flow chart the sequence in which these
functions may be used.
(MAY 2011)

1. Socket function
3. Read
2. Connect
4. Write
5. Close
SOCKET FUNCTION:

Else -1 on error.

3. AF_INET-IPV4
protocol
4. AF_INET6-IPV6
protocol

Error Code :
Value in errno
EPROTONOSUPPORT
Cause of the error

Error in arguments
EACCES
ENOBUFS
TCP SERVER
TCP CLIENT
Page 71

from client
Data(request)
Data (reply)
process request
THE CONNECT CALL:
server.

addrlen);
o
Return 0 if OK
Else -1 on error

server.
ERROR CODE:
Value in errno
EBADF
Cause of the error

ENOTSOCK
EISCONN
ETIMEDOUT
ECONNREFUSED
ENETUNREACH
connection
OR
EHOSTUNREACH
router.
CLOSE FUNCTION:
UNIT-1

#include<unistd.h>
It return 0 if OK
Else -1 on error.

other end.
10. Explain in detail the socket functions for elementary TCP functions with a
neat diagram.
SCENARIO BETWEEN THE CLIENT AND SERVER:
First the server is started then sometimes later a client is started that
connects to a server. The client sends a request to the server the server process
the request and the send back a reply to the client. This continues until the client
closes its end of the connection which sends an end-of file notification to the
server. The server then closes its end of the connection and either terminates or
waits for a new client connection.
2. Socket function
2. Bind
3. Listen
4. Accept
5. Read
6. Write
7. Close
TCP SERVER
TCP CLIENT

from client
Page 73
Data(request)
Data (reply)
process request
SOCKET FUNCTION:

Else -1 on error.

5. AF_INET-IPV4
protocol
6. AF_INET6-IPV6
protocol

Error Code :
Value in errno
EPROTONOSUPPORT
Cause of the error

Error in arguments
EACCES
ENOBUFS
BIND FUNCTION:
o
UNIT-1

number.
Return code:
ERROR CODE
Value in errno
EBADF
Cause of the error

ENOTSOCK
EADDRINUSE
EFAULT
PROCESS SPECIFIES
IP ADDRESS
RESULT
Wild card
PORT
0
Wild card
Non zero
Local IP
address
Local IP
address

Non Zero
THE LISTEN CALL:

3. The listen function converts an unconnected socket
into a passive socket indicating that the kernel
should accept the incoming connection request
4. It specifies the maximum number of connection the
kernel should queue for this socket.

Page 75

completed .
ERROR CODE:
Value in errno
EBADF
Cause of the error

ENOTSOCK

Else -1 on error
ERROR CODE
Value in errno
EBADF
Cause of the error

ENOTSOCK
EOPNOTSUPP
THE CONNECT CALL:
server.

addrlen);
o
Return 0 if OK
Else -1 on error
UNIT-1

server.
ERROR CODE:
Value in errno
EBADF
Cause of the error

ENOTSOCK
EISCONN
ETIMEDOUT
ECONNREFUSED
ENETUNREACH
connection
OR
EHOSTUNREACH
router.
CLOSE FUNCTION:
#include<unistd.h>
It return 0 if OK
Else -1 on error.

other end.
11. Compare the IPV4, IPV6, UNIX domain and datalink socket address
structures, state your assumptions.
(MAY 2008)
SOCKET ADDRESS STRUCTURES

Each protocol suite defines its own socket address structures. The
name of the structure begins with sockaddr_.
Various socket address structures are
1. Generic Socket Address Structure
2. IPv4 Socket Address Structure
3. IPv6 Socket Address Structure
GENERIC SOCKET ADDRESS STRUCTURE
Page 77
ne SIN6_LEN
ct sockaddr_in
uct sockaddr_in6
/* required
struct
sockaddrfor compile time tests*/
uint8_t sa_len;
sin_len;
_t sin6_len;
/*
length of the
structure */
sa_family_t
sa_family;
/* address family : AF_ XXX value */
mily_t sin_family;
/* AF_INET */
Name
:
sockaddr
mily_t sin6_family; Char
/* AF_INET6
*/
sa_data[14];
/* protocol specific address */
in_port_t sin_port;
/* 16 bit port*/
Header
:
<sys / socket.h>
in_port_t sin6_port; ;
/* Transport Layer port in Network Byte Order */
struct in_addr sin_addr;
/* 32 bit IPv4
address
in
network
order */
uint32_t sin6_flowinfo;
/*Priority & Structure
flow label in :network byte ordered */
n_zero[8];
/* Unused*/
struct in6_addr in6_addr ; /* IPv6 address in network byte order */
in_zero[8];
uct in_addr
uct in6_addr
r_t s_addr;
/* Unused*/
/* 32 bit IPv4 address in network byte order */
_t s6_addr[16]; /* 128 bit IPv6 address in network byte order */

IPv4 SOCKET ADDRESS STRUCTURE (OR) INTERNET
SOCKET ADDRESS STRUCTURE
Name
Header
Structure
sockaddr_in
<netinet / in.h>
IPv6 SOCKET ADDRESS STRUCTURE

Name
Header
:
:
Structure :
sockaddr_in6
<netinet / in.h>
UNIT-1
COMPARISON OF SOCKET ADDRESS STRUCTURE

IPv4
IPv6
sockaddr_in()
sockaddr_in6()
UNIX
sockaddr_un()
AF_LOCAL
len lenAF_INET
len
AF_INET6
Path
name
16 #
bit port # (upto 104
16 bit port
IPv4 Address
32 bit 32
flowbitlabel
bytes )
Unused
128 bit IPv6 Address
Fixed Length
Fixed Length
(16 bytes)
(16 bytes)
Variable Length
12. Explain any three address conversion functions in detail.
(MAY 2012)
Refer Q. No. 04
13. Explain in detail the socket functions involved in a basic TCP client
server
Page 79
communication.
(MAY 2012)
Refer Q. No. 10
14. Explain TCP Connection Establishment and Termination with a neat sketch.
(MAY 2012)
TCP CONNECTION ESTABLISHMENT : ( Three Way Handshake)
CLIENT
SERVER
Socket, Connect (blocks)

(active open)
SYN J
Socket, Bind, Listen,

Accept (blocks)
(passive open)
SYN K, ACK J + 1
Connect returns
ACK K+1
Accept returns
Step 1 : The server must be prepared to accept an incoming connection. This is
normally done by calling socket, bind and listen. This is called as
passive open.
Step 2 : The Client issues an active open by calling connect, This causes
the client TCP to send a SYN (Synchronize) segment to tell the server
the clients initial sequence number for the data that the client will send
on the connection. No data is sent with SYN. It contains only IP
Header, TCP Header and possible TCP options.
Step 3 : The server must acknowledge the clients SYN and the server must also
send its own SYN containing the initial sequence number for the
data that the server sends. The server also sends the acknowledgement
of the clients SYN in a single segment.
Step 4 : The client must acknowledge the servers SYN.
The maximum number of packets required for the exchange is
three, hence this is called as three way handshake.
TCP OPTIONS :
Each SYN message contains TCP options such as
1. MSS Option
2. Window Scale Option
3. Timestamp Option
1. MSS Option
Maximum
Segment
Size
TCP_MAXSEG
2. Window Scale Option
The maximum window size that the
UNIT-1
TCP can
advertise to other TCP is 65535.
3. Timestamp Option
Needed for high speed connections
to prevent
possible data corruption caused by lost packets
that then reappear.
TCP CONNECTION TERMINATION :
CLIENT
SERVER
Close
(active close)
FIN M
(passive close)
read returns 0
ACK M + 1
FIN N
ACK N+1
TCP uses four segments to terminate the connection.

Step 1 : The client calls close and performs active close. TCP sends FIN segment.
Step 2 : The server receives the FIN and performs the passive close. The received
FIN is acknowledged by TCP.
Step 3 : THE server sends the FIN segment to the client.
Step 4 : The client acknowledges the FIN segment received from server and finally
terminates the connection.
15. Draw a TCP socket flow diagram and explain the functions.
(DEC 2011)
Refer Q. No. 10
16. Explain the following in detail :
(i) Iterative server
(ii) Concurrent server.
(DEC 2011)
Refer Q. No. 3
Page 81
ANNA UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS

PART A
1.
What is a Socket?
(DEC 2011 / 2012)

Refer Q. No. 52
2.
Specify the Socket Address structure?
(MAY 2010)
Refer Q. No. 53
3. What do you mean by socket abstraction?
(DEC 2007)
Refer Q. No. 54
4. How shall local and remote socket addresses be obtained. (DEC 2007)
UNIT-1
Refer Q. No. 55
5.What is the use of bind () system Call?
(MAY 2007)
Refer Q. No. 56
6. Explain the socket structure in brief.
(MAY 2009)
Refer Q. No. 57
7. Distinguish between an iterative server and concurrent server.
(MAY 2009 / 2012)
Refer Q. No. 58
8. Distinguish between an TCP sockets and UDP sockets
(MAY 2011)
Refer Q. No. 59
9. Give the structure of struct sockaddr.
(MAY 2011)
Refer Q. No. 60
10. Define well-known port.
(DEC 2011/2012)
Refer Q. No. 61
11. Define socket and list out its types.
(MAY 2007)
Refer Q. No. 62
12. Distinguish between TCP Sockets and UDP Sockets.
(MAY 2011)
Refer Q. No. 63
13. What is meant by host byte ordering?
(MAY 2011)
Refer Q. No. 64
PART - B
Page 83
1. Explain the TCP layering in details

with neat sketch.
(MAY
2007)
Refer Q. No. 1
2. Explain the following system calls
in details
(MAY
2007/2009)
o
CONNECT()
BIND()
LISTEN()
ACCEPT()
Refer Q. No. 2
3. Differentiate between the iterative
server and concurrent server?
(MAY 2007 / 2008)
Refer Q. No. 3
4. Discuss the syntactical issues of various address
conversion functions.
(MAY 2008)
Refer Q. No. 4
5.
Write notes on byte ordering functions.
(MAY 2008 / DEC 2012)
Refer Q. No. 5
6.
Explain about socket, connect, bind, listen and accept function.

(DEC 2012)
Refer Q. No. 7
7.
Explain the various socket functions required to implement a single

server module. Explain with the help of a flow chart the sequence in
which these functions may be used.
(MAY 2011)
Refer Q. No. 8
8.
Explain the various socket functions required to implement a simple

client module. Explain with the help of a flow chart the sequence in
which these functions may be used.
(MAY 2011)
Refer Q. No. 9
9.
Compare the IPV4, IPV6, UNIX domain and datalink socket address
structures, state your assumptions.
(MAY 2008)
Refer Q. No. 10
10.
Explain any three address conversion functions in detail. (MAY 2012)
UNIT-1
Refer Q. No. 04
11.
Explain in detail the socket functions involved in a basic

TCP client
ServerCommunication.
(MAY 2012)
Refer Q. No. 10
12. Explain TCP Connection Establishment and Termination with

a neat
sketch.
(MAY 2012)
Refer Q. No. 14
13.
Draw a TCP socket flow diagram and explain the functions.
(DEC 2011)
Refer Q. No. 10
14.
Explain the following in detail :

(i) Iterative server
(ii) Concurrent server.
(DEC 2011)
Refer Q. No. 3
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IT 2351 / NETWORK PROGRAMMING AND MANAGEMENT

Mailam Engineering College

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Stop and wait- send one from at a time.

Sliding window- send several frames at a time.

Prepared By : Mr. P. Saravanan,MCA.,ME.,(Ph.d) Asso.Prof/IT, MEC

5. What is the function of stop and wait flow control?

acknowledgement before sending.

received in one single frame. Piggy backing can save

connection, transport timing and reliability.

responsibilities of network layer include the following:

10.What are data grams?

this technology are referred to as datagram.

IT 2351 / NETWORK PROGRAMMING AND MANAGEMENT

on another device. They act as a link between the upper layer

and the services provided by the lower layer.

End-to- end delivery

14.What is the difference between network layer delivery and the

Transport layer delivery

The transport layer is responsible

responsible for the source-to-

for source-to-destination delivery

destination delivery of packet

of the entire message.

across multiple network links.

The four aspects are,

16.What is meant by segment?

20.What are the two possible transport services?

21.The transport layer creates the connection between source and

For security, the transport layer may create a connection between

Data transfer & Connection release.

22. What is meant by congestion?

Define registered hosts according to their generic

Country domain: Uses two characters to identify a country as the last

Inverse domain: Finds the domain name given the IP address.

25. What is the principle difference between connectionless

IT 2351 / NETWORK PROGRAMMING AND MANAGEMENT

Larger address space

Better header format

Allowance for extension.

Support for resource allocation.

Support for more security.

27. Explain about Connection Termination.

Host A sends a segment announcing its wish for connection

Host B sends a segment acknowledging the request of A. After this

Host A acknowledges the request of B.

28 . What are the TCP operations?

Encapsulation and De-capsulation

Multiplexing and De-multiplexing

29. What is ephemeral port number?

Local client program

Remote server program.

32.What is Socket Interface?

contains only one field called s_addr if type in_addr_t. The

holds an IP address as a 32-bit binary number.

Stream socket allows processes to communicate using

Datagram socket allows processes to communicate using UDP.UDP

Raw sockets provide access to ICMP or OSPF that directly use

IT 2351 / NETWORK PROGRAMMING AND MANAGEMENT

37. What is Big-Endian byte order?

-defines the protocol group

-defines the type of socket