Led 0704

www.ledsmagazine.
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LEDS
MAGAZI NE
Technology and
applications of light
emitting diodes
Issue 13 April 2007
LED lighting
market p13
Streetlights
p18
RGB luminaires p33
Also in this issue:
Standards
Strategies in Light
LCD backlighting
Inspired by Nature
Invented by Nichia
Only nature produces a brighter, cleaner white
than Nichia, creator of the white LED. And like
nature, Nichia covers the entire range of white,
from cool to warm and everything in between,
for every architectural lighting application.
Our LEDs are also nature - friendly, using less
energy than traditional lighting while running
cooler and lasting longer. So, for all your
lighting needs, reach for the stars. Ask for
the original white LED, only from Nichia.
LEDs by
Ever Researching for a Brighter World
i nf o @ni chi a. com www. ni chi a. com
ledsmagazine.com April 2007 Copyright 2007 Cabot Media Ltd. All rights reserved
LEDS
MAGAZI NE
CONT ENT S
Issue 13 April 2007
Editor: Tim Whitaker
tim.whitaker@ledsmagazine.com
Tel. +44 (0)117 941 5478
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Copy Editor: Ruth Harwood
Design and Production:
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consent of the editor.
NEWS & ANALYSI S 4
Philips to acquire TIR Systems Ban the Bulb calls echo around the world Cree buys
Cotco GELcore becomes Lumination Ford and Element Labs license from Color
Kinetics DOE invites participation in SSL demonstrations Konica Minolta and GE
commercialize OLED lighting Renaissance enables user control
NEWS: DEVI CES 9
Luxeon Rebel redefnes dimensions of power LEDs Cree announces lighting-class
warm-white LEDs Seoul updates Acriche light source
I NT ERVI EW 11
OIDA outlines SSL roadmap
Discussing the OIDAs roadmap for solid-state lighting, Michael Lebby highlights the
advances needed to bring SSL technology to general purpose illumination.
MARKET S 13
Solid-state lighting market poised for dramatic growth
Improvements in white LED performance and price will greatly increase their penetration of
the mainstream general illumination market, predict Robert Steele and Vrinda Bhandarkar.
ST REET LI GHT S 18
LED streetlights help Toronto become brighter and greener
An installation of 16 LED streetlights in Torontos Exhibition Place demonstrates reduced
energy usage and improved light quality.
CONFERENCES 20
Strategies in Light sees LEDs pushing the boundaries of lighting
In its eighth year, the Strategies in Light conference continued to address key issues in the
LED marketplace.
ST ANDARDS 28
Standards required for further penetration of solid-state lighting
The SSL industry urgently needs standards to assist its growth and to avoid hype and negative
reactions. The good news, says Kevin Dowling, is that standards work is proceeding rapidly.
COLOUR MI XI NG 33
Colour compensation for LED technology enables colour-constant RGB luminaires
Colour compensation technology allows luminaire manufacturers to provide colour-
constant products for demanding applications, writes Thomas Schielke, ERCO Leuchten.
BACKLI GHT I NG 36
LED backlights to feature in 14% of all large LCDs by 2010
LED backlight units are beginning to appear in large commercial LCD panels, says Brian
Bae, but penetration will increase dramatically in the next few years.
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On the cover:
Images courtesy of
Philips Lighting (top),
greenTbiz/Leotek
(lower left),
ERCO (bottom right)
ACC/Quantum Silicones 16
CAO Group 32
Carclo 39
Citizen Electronics 7
Color Kinetics 5
Cool Polymers 39
Cree 15
Edison 11
Enfs 38
Fusion Optix 17
Pro-Lite 17
IMS 9
Instrument Systems 25
International Light
Technologies 38
Intertech LEDs 2007 37
Lynk Labs 39
Nichia 2
NuSil Technology 27
Ocean Optics 39
Optical Research Assoc. 10
Perkin Elmer 29
PLDC 38
Power Vector 39
ROAL Electronics 24
ROHM Electronics 40
RS Components 31
Seoul Semiconductor 12
Jiuzhou Electric Group 23
Sphere Optics 35
Supertex 19
VS Optoelectronic 39
Advertisers Index
LED backlights now
appearing in LCD panels. p36
Michael Lebby outlines
OIDAs SSL roadmap. p11
Reporting from Strategies in
Light in San Jose. p20
LEDs magazi nE
ledsmagazine.com april 2007 Copyright 2007 Cabot Media Ltd. All rights reserved
nEWs & anaLYsi s
Li gHTi ng
Philips plans to acquire ssL
specialist TiR systems
Philips has made a bid to acquire all outstanding shares of TIR
Systems Ltd, a Vancouver, Canada-based LED lighting company.
The deal is valued at approximately C$75 million (around US$64m
or 49m) in cash and, subject to the approval of TIR shareholders, is
expected to close in the second quarter of 2007.
TIR Systems has been at the forefront of developments in the area of
color-changing LED-based architectural lighting, and is now deeply
involved in technology for products that generate high-quality white
light. TIRs Lexel technology was frst announced in mid-2005 and
subsequently licensed to several leading lighting-fxture manufac-
turers, including Zumtobel and Canlyte. Lexel provides a platform
of fully integrated solid-state lighting (SSL) modules. TIR has been
struggling through successive money-losing quarters and made pub-
lic its search for a suitable partner.
Supporting TIRs technology and products is a solid IP portfolio
that, when integrated into Philips substantial set of SSL patents, will
create a strong competitive advantage. TIR is currently involved in a
patent dispute with Boston-based rival Color Kinetics and the Philips
acquisition could shift the goalposts is this particular confrontation
(see www.ledsmagazine.com/news/4/2/1).
As well as its own SSL module and luminaire business, Philips
owns Lumileds, the largest manufacturer of power LEDs, and at the
other end of the supply chain Philips recently acquired PLI, a leading
European manufacturer of luminaires for the home market (see www.
ledsmagazine.com/news/3/11/17).
Peter van Strijp, chief executive of Philips Lightings SSL business
unit, said that the TIR acquisition strengthens Philips position in
delivering integrated lighting products to lighting fxtures manufac-
turers. Our focus will now be on making lighting products that utilize
TIR Systems SSL modules widely available.
More details at www.ledsmagazine.com/news/4/3/13
EnERgY EFFi Ci EnCY
Ban the Bulb calls echo
around the world
The plain old incandescent lamp has been added to the endangered
species list around the world. Australias government has announced
it will begin to phase out incandescent light bulbs by 2010, while a
proposed bill seeks to do the same in the state of California by 2012.
European Union heads of state have adopted an energy policy that
calls for the European Commission to submit proposals rapidly to
increase requirements for energy effciency. These requirements will
affect offce and street lighting by 2008, and incandescent lamps and
other forms of lighting in private households by 2009. The result
could well be an outright ban on incandescents. In the UK, the Co-
operative Group, a leading retailer, will stop selling incandescent
lamps in some of its stores later in 2007, while increasing its range of
CFL products (see www.ledsmagazine.com/news/4/4/7).
In Washington, DC, a coalition advocating energy effciency pre-
sented plans for proposed legislative action to phase out ineffcient
lamps through the substitution of existing (or yet-to-be-developed)
energy-effcient alternatives including compact fuorescent lamps
(CFLs) and energy-saving halogen lamps, as well as LED lamps.
Leading the coalition, Philips agreed to become the first lighting
manufacturer in North America to seek a phase-out of ineffcient
incandescent light bulbs by 2016 (see www.ledsmagazine.com/
news/4/3/18).
In the short term, such legislation will provide a huge boost to CFL
manufacturers, while the focus on energy effciency is good news for
LEDs in the medium to long term. An Associated Press article quoted
Theo van Deursen, CEO of Philips lighting division, as saying that
incandescent bulbs did not have a long-term future. We believe there
are better technologies going forward, he said. He predicted that
halogen lights and CFLs will continue to gain market share in the
medium term, but in the long term LEDs will dominate the market.
LED manUFaCTURi ng
Cree buys Chinese LED
manufacturer Cotco
LED maker Cree has purchased Hong Kong-based Cotco Luminant
Device Ltd, a leading supplier of high-brightness LEDs in China, for
$200 million in stock and cash. Cree says the acquisition of Cotco will
provide access to the important and fast-growing solid-state lighting
market in China. Another beneft will be Cotcos low-cost manufac-
turing capabilities for packaged LEDs.
Currently, most of Crees revenue comes from the sale of LED
chips, and its only packaged LED product line is the XLamp power
LED family. Cotco has a competitive power LED family, Dorado,
and also manufactures many other types of LED packages. Cotco
currently purchases LED chips from suppliers including Cree, and
has licensed a white LED patent from Cree. Buying Cotco will put
Cree into competition with more of its chip customers.
Cree says that its goal for the acquisition is to offer more value-
added products in key markets for high-performance LED screens,
signage and solid-state lighting. This is the next step in our strategy
to enable the solid-state lighting revolution, said Chuck Swoboda,
Cree chairman and CEO. We look forward to working together
to expand our business in China and to transform Cree into a truly
global company.
Cotco Holdings Ltd will receive $70m in cash and 7.6m Cree shares
valued at around $130m. Up to $125m will also be paid if Cotco meets
specifc fnancial targets over the next two fscal years.
More details: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/4/3/12
C
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Industry defning technology that has transformed
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Complete system solutions that address a broad
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A worldwide service and support network
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When you select an LED systems provider,
select the trusted leader: COLOR KINETICS
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2007 Color Kinetics Incorporated. All rights reserved.
LEDs magazi nE
nEWs & anaLYsi s
Li CEnsi ng
Ford and Element Labs license
from Color Kinetics
Ford Global Technologies has signed a licence agreement to access
Color Kinetics complete patent portfolio, enabling the car maker to
incorporate color-controllable LED-based lighting into its vehicles.
Ford was one of the frst to capitalize on the digitally controllable
nature of LEDs when it introduced the MyColor color-changing
instrument panel in its Ford Mustangs. The CK licence will cover
such products as well as other intelligent color-controllable systems
that Ford may introduce in the future.
CKs patents have also been licensed by Element Labs, a prominent
manufacturer of LED systems that merge lighting and video. CK has
also licensed certain patents owned or controlled by Element Labs.
Several of Element Labs intelligent LED product lines apply CKs
proprietary control methods to generate millions of colors and video-
based lighting effects. As such, Element Labs will pay royalty fees
on the sales of these products in all markets covered by CKs patent
portfolio. Element Labs was a member of the LED Alliance that sup-
ported Super Vision in its ultimately unsuccessful patent battle with
CK. Commenting on the CK deal, Nils Thorjussen, president and
CEO of Element Labs, said: As we continually look to take advan-
tage of rapidly improving LED technology, we think its important
to work with Color Kinetics, whose pioneering R&D and resulting
IP have led the market.
More details (Ford): www.ledsmagazine.com/news/4/4/3
(Elements Labs): www.ledsmagazine.com/news/4/3/27
naTi OnaL PROgRams
DOE invites participation in
ssL demonstrations
As part of its Solid State Lighting project, the US Department of
Energy (DOE) is to conduct demonstrations of solid-state lighting
products, and is inviting participation from manufacturers. The inten-
tion is to place commercial state-of-the-art LED lighting products
into real-world applications across several sites, to demonstrate their
performance and cost-effectiveness.
The demonstration is being coordinated by Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory (PNNL) and will include several teams, each con-
sisting of an LED lighting manufacturer/consortium, an energy-eff-
ciency organization or utility, a host site, and PNNL. A list of willing
participants has already been started, including diverse organizations
such as several branches of the US military, the Smithsonian Institute,
the Federal Aviation Administration and the US Postal Service.
After product installation, PNNL will evaluate the results, includ-
ing energy and cost savings and related economic analyses, as well as
qualitative responses to the LED lighting fxtures. DOE says that it is
interested in products that will become economically justifable and
that can impact a large segment of the lighting market. Residential
downlighting is a preferred (but not the only) application, due to its
prevalence in US homes and because the directionality of LED light-
ing lends itself to this application.
Li gHTi ng
gEs LED lighting business
becomes Lumination
GE Consumer & Industrial has changed the name of its LED business
from GELcore LLC to Lumination LLC as part of a drive to develop
white LED products for general illumination. This follows last years
announcement by GE of an investment of $100 million and the for-
mation of a strategic alliance with LED maker Nichia (see www.
ledsmagazine.com/features/3/10/5). The company has grown more
than 30% annually since it was founded as a joint venture between
GE Lighting and Emcore. David Elien, president of Lumination, says
that the company will continue to deliver LED products for signage,
architecture, transportation signals and retail display. The company
plans to release a white LED emitter that targets high quality-of-light
general illumination.
OLEDs
Konica minolta and gE team up
to commercialize OLED lighting
Konica Minolta and General Electric have signed a strategic alliance
agreement to accelerate the commercialization of organic LEDs for
lighting applications. The goal is to bring OLED lighting to mar-
ket within the next three years. Michael Idelchik, VP of Advanced
Technology Programs at GE Global Research, said that both compa-
nies have achieved signifcant advances in OLED technologies at the
R&D stage. Now, we will pool our substantial resources and expertise
to accelerate the development of this transformational technology.
In June 2006, Konica Minolta announced the successful development
of a white OLED with a world-record power effciency of 64 lm/W at
1000 cd/m
2
a brightness which is appropriate for lighting applications.
KM has also developed long-life blue phosphorescent materials as well
as barrier flms and coating technology to enable high reliability.
As far back as 2004, GE researchers demonstrated a 2424-inch,
1200-lumen OLED panel with similar efficiency to an incandes-
New CL-652S offers 85lm (70lm/watt) New CL-L100 ultra-flat, 245lm LEDs (70lm/watt)
The Orion offers trend-setting brightness with unheard of efficiency.
Luminous Flux: cool white is 85lm (70lm/watt). Warm white model is
57lm (47lm/watt). Draws 1.2 watts. Configure as 8 junctions in
series for just 44mA or in parallel for 350mA. 14x14mm.
The CL-L100 packs a super luminance flux of 245lm with high
efficiency. Space-saving thin package releases flat, well dispersed
illumination. Power consumption is 3.5 watts. 50x7mm.
Whether you are designing a new fixture or updating a classic, these new high-efficiency
Citizen LEDs offer high performance and design flexibility, to give you an edge. Efficiency is
greater than many fluorescents, and other LEDs. Lead-free and environmentally friendly.
Japan Tel:+81-3-3493-2081 Manabu Danjo
North America Tel:+1-847-619-6700 Dave Lomas
Europe Tel:+49-69-2992-4810 Yuichi Iwako
Asia Tel:+852-2793-0613 Eric Au Yeung
Singapore Tel:+65-6734-1398 Edmond Wong
Contact
For Specificationhttp://www.c-e.co.jp/e/ For Sample Requestinquiry@mail.c-e.co.jp
LEDs magazi nE
nEWs & anaLYsi s
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cent bulb. Since then, GE has more than doubled OLED effciency
using device architectures that are scalable to a large area and can be
produced cost-effectively. Other developments include plastic flm
substrates, as well as fabrication processes and equipment to enable
high-speed, cost-effective roll-to-roll manufacturing.
GE Consumer & Industrial VP Michael Petras said that because
OLED lighting is soft and diffused, it will create some exciting appli-
cation opportunities for designers and specifers. The applications
are numerous, ranging from ceiling lighting for offce and residential
applications to interior automotive and aircraft lighting.
Li gHTi ng COnTROL
Renaissance gives user control
At the upcoming Lightfair show,
Renaissance Lighting will demon-
strate a PDA controller with Bluetooth
connectivity that allows users to select
color, intensity, and white color
temperature for downlight fixtures.
Intelligent control is built into the
back of the fixtures, which contain
multiple R,G,B LEDs. Active color
adjustment inside the fxture means
you can control the color temperature
during dimming, for example, says
Kevin Willmorth of Renaissance.
This type of approach [with R,G,B
LEDs] uses the inherent ability of
LEDs to do what they do best, and what cant be done with other
sources. We think there are sections of the lighting market that are
ready for this type of transformation in lighting.
BUsi nEss
super Vision becomes nexxus
LED lighting manufacturer Super Vision International has been
renamed Nexxus Lighting and has relocated its corporate headquar-
ters to Charlotte, NC. This is part of the companys new strategic plan
to direct its focus towards advanced technology lighting products and
systems, including LED and fber-optic lighting.
Fi nanCE
Enfs starts trading shares
Enfis, a UK-based manufacturer of intelligent high-power LED
arrays, has commenced trading on the AIM (Alternative Investment
Market) in London. The company placed 3.2m shares at a price of 140
pence, raising a total of 4.5m (approx. $8.8m). This gives the com-
pany a market capitalization of 12.5m. Enfs light engines combine
a high-powered LED array with associated controlling electronics
and heat management components. The company expects to launch
a 1000-lm color-changing light engine later in 2007 and a 1000-lm
color-temperature-tunable white light engine in early 2008.
LEDs magazi nE
Luxeon Rebel redefnes
dimensions of power LEDs
Philips Lumileds has
launched the Luxeon
Rebel, which contains
a 11 mm
2
chi p and
has a footprint of just
34.5 mm, consider-
ably smaller than rival
power LEDs. The chip
is mounted on a ceramic
substrate and has a hemi-
spherical silicone lens.
After criticism of delays in launching the Luxeon K2, Lumileds has
been careful to ensure that the product can be shipped immediately,
via Future Lighting Solutions.
The Rebel operates between 350 and 1000 mA, and is the first
power LED to offer guaranteed minimum performance for each bin,
rather than typical performance. Lumileds says this approach enables
greater design and manufacturing consistency, and allows custom-
ers to purchase the appropriate light output performance for each
application.
The Rebel comes in neutral-white with a CCT range of 3500
4500 K, as well as 26703500 K for warm-white and 450010 000 K
for cool-white. For each CCT range, there are several bins with dif-
ferent minimum performance; for example, these are 40, 50, 70 and
80 lm at 350 mA for cool- and neutral-white. With a forward voltage
of 3.15 V, the highest bin has an effcacy of around 72 lm/W. At higher
drive currents, the datasheet shows that the top bins deliver 145 lm at
700 mA in cool- and neutral-white (57 lm/W), and 110 lm for warm-
white (43 lm/W). The typical color-rendering index (CRI) is listed as
80 for warm-white, 75 for neutral-white, and 70 for cool-white.
The packages small footprint and low profle of just 2.1 mm should
enable signifcantly reduced color mixing and diffusion depths. This
will allow luminaire designs that are signifcantly thinner than those
using alternative power LED packages. The Rebels small size could
prove particularly useful in LCD backlighting applications.
Lumileds reduces high current
droop in power white LEDs
A well-known problem with all high-power white LEDs is that the
device effcacy decreases signifcantly at high drive currents, espe-
cially at 1000 mA and higher. The result is that driving a power LED
at 1000 mA instead of 350 mA produces a much higher light output,
but at much lower effcacy. For example, the Lumileds Luxeon K2
has a light output of 100 lm at 700 mA, with an effcacy of 40 lm/W. At
1500 mA, the light output is 140 lm but the effcacy is 24 lm/W.
Lumileds has memorably named the problem droop, and has
announced a chip-level solution that will be implemented in commer-
cial Luxeon LED products during 2007. The new technology, relating
to the epitaxial growth of the LED layer structures, enables effcacy
values that remain high as the drive current increases. Lumileds says
that the new technology will enable it to deliver power LEDs that
deliver 70 lm/W or higher at drive currents of 1000 mA and higher.
Cree announces lighting-
class warm-white LEDs
Cree has announced that it is shipping warm-white XLamp LEDs that
produce up to 124 lumens at a correlated color temperature (CCT) of
3000 K when driven at 700 mA. The company claims that this repre-
sents the industrys frst demonstration of lighting class warm-white
LEDs, allowing lighting manufacturers to start to address the low-
hanging fruit among indoor lighting applications. Most warm-white
power LEDs are not qualifed to operate above 350 mA, although
there are a few exceptions (see Warm white LEDs ready for a leap
forward in 2007 www.ledsmagazine.com/features/4/2/1).
The new XLamp warm-white LEDs show color point stability
within a four-step MacAdam ellipse when driven at 700 mA. Older-
generation XLamp devices (and many competing devices) can only
demonstrate this level of color point stability at 350 mA.
Crees datasheet for the high-end XR-E family shows a typical
luminous fux of 70 lm at 350 mA and 120 lm at 700 mA for a 3700 K
LED. The corresponding values are 65 lm (equivalent to 56 lm/W)
and 110 lm (around 45 lm/W) at 2600 K.
seoul updates acriche source
Seoul Semiconductor
(SSC) has unveiled
a new version of its
Acr i che AC- LED,
a s e mi c o n d u c t o r
light source that runs
directly from an AC
supply without a con-
verter. The Acriche
2 W single emitter has
one AC-LED on an
octagonal PCB with a
diameter of 25 mm. The new device has an effcacy of 48 lm/W, and
SSC says this is equivalent to a conventional power LED with an
effcacy of 57 lm/W, after conversion losses (from AC to DC) of about
20% are taken into account.
Panasonic LEDs grown on gan
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co, Ltd, through its Panasonic brand,
is to become the frst company to launch commercial power LEDs
that employ gallium nitride (GaN) substrates. Panasonic will intro-
duce three types of white LED to meet the diverse needs of power
and size. These are a 3 W lighting LED, measuring 7.74.21.5 mm,
with an output of 100 lm at 1000 mA, as well as a refector type LED
best suited for fash applications, and a point light source for use in
ultra-compact lights.
The company says that the use of GaN substrates, which have very
high thermal and electrical conductivity, substantially improves LED
performance in the high current range. At an emission wavelength
of 460 nm, the new blue GaN-based chips on GaN substrates have a
total radiative fux of 355 mW at a forward current of 350 mA, with
an external quantum effciency of 38%.
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w w w. o p t i c a l r e s . c o m
LT_AD_LEDs_MAG 1/16/07 3:02 PM Page 1
i nt ervi ew LeDs magazi ne
11 ledsmagazine.com april 2007 Copyright 2007 Cabot Media Ltd. All rights reserved
Many organizations around the world are looking
at ways to facilitate the entry of solid-state lighting
(SSL) into the general illumination market. One of
these is the Optoelectronics Industry Development
Association (OIDA), a Washington DC-based
not-for-proft group whose members include the
leading providers of optoelectronic components
and systems enabled by optoelectronics, as well
as universities and research institutions.
OIDA is actively developing a solid-state light-
ing roadmap from a packages, devices and mate-
rials standpoint. We focus mainly on packaging
downwards, although we are also roadmapping
the module/luminaire segment, i.e. packages
that include ICs and associated electronics,
says OIDA president and CEO Michael Lebby.
However, its clear that for SSL to make the leap
into mainstream lighting, several key develop-
ments still need to happen.
Lebby recently gave a plenary talk at the
Third Asia Pacifc Workshop on Wide Bandgap
Semiconductors on 12 March in Chonju, Korea.
We saw huge interest in the SSL feld, and wide-
spread support from local funding bodies, he
says. There is an incredible amount of innovation
going on to improve the performance of LEDs.
Key areas of research
Key areas covered at the workshop included ther-
mal issues in device design, methods to improve
wavelength control, and improvements to warm-
white LEDs. For example, people are looking
at UV LEDs in combination with new phosphors, to avoid patent
issues, says Lebby.
In presenting OIDAs Solid State Lighting Roadmap, Lebby
detailed the evolution that OIDA sees coming in the next fve to
ten years. The effciency needed to achieve widespread market
acceptance will be in the order of 150 lm/W in production, he says.
This will require signifcant improvements in internal and exter-
nal quantum effciency, better phosphors (espe-
cially for warm light and better color rendering),
and incremental improvements in light extrac-
tion and packaging. New technical approaches
that move towards these goals, such as thin-flm
flip-chip LED designs, are likely to become
more prevalent.
Lebby suggests that the effcacy of white LEDs
could reach 220 lm/W by 2016, while recognizing
that lm/W is not an all-encompassing measure but
does provide a useful stake in the ground. To
get to this point, it will be necessary to push wall-
plug effciencies to 6570%, to increase extrac-
tion effciencies to around 90% and to achieve
7080% internal quantum effciency.
Effcient use of RGB illumination (and also
RGB backlighting for LCD displays) will need
signifcant improvements especially in the eff-
ciency of green nitride materials.
Packaging
Packaging is another interesting area, and one
where the roadmap might change direction in
future. As high-current LEDs progress towards
150 lm/W, more light and less heat is produced,
and this reduces the thermal load on the package.
In turn, says Lebby, this might remove the need
to use expensive ceramic packaging materials.
Im sticking my neck out, says Lebby, but I
can see a move from ceramics to transfer-molded
packaging [a type of packaging widely used in
the semiconductor industry] in the future.
Lebby says the industry needs to think about this trend and look at
other aspects of LED manufacturing, to take advantage of the incred-
ible performance gains that are taking place at the lm/W level.
OiDa outlines ssL roadmap
Discussing the OIDAs
roadmap for solid-state
lighting, Michael Lebby
highlights the technical
and industry advances
needed to bring SSL
technology to general
purpose illumination.
OIDA: www.oida.org
Links
market s LeDs magazi ne
The use of high-brightness (HB) LEDs for lighting applications is
receiving increased attention, particularly as the performance (lumen
output, effciency) of HB LEDs has progressed dramatically in the past
year, enabling a wider variety of lighting applications to be addressed.
In recent years, the phrase solid-state lighting has become a gener-
ally accepted description for the use of LEDs for lighting, and this is
the defnition that will be used here (rather than the broader defnition
which is sometimes used to encompass all HB LED applications).
In the late 1990s, LED technology began to penetrate limited light-
ing applications, including a few that required white light. In the period
20012006, a wider variety of niche lighting applications became
accessible, in part due to the development of high-power LEDs that
provide much higher lumen output than LEDs in standard (e.g. 5 mm,
SMD) packages. In the coming years, much larger lighting market
penetration, buoyed by the dramatic progress that has been made and
continues to be made in LED technology, is envisioned. LEDs will
begin to penetrate the general illumination market, including home
and retail lighting, outdoor area lighting, and off-grid lighting.
LeD lighting market overview
HB LEDs have penetrated a variety of niche lighting applications and
are also beginning to be used in several white-light applications that
could be considered to be part of the general illumination market. The
market for HB LEDs in lighting amounted to $205 million in 2006, or
approximately 5% of the overall HB LED market of $4.2 billion.
In spite of its small share of the overall HB LED market, lighting
was the fastest growing segment in 2006, and is forecast to grow to
approximately $1 billion in 2011, corresponding to an average annual
growth rate of 37%. The largest application is architectural light-
ing, where the ability of LEDs to provide colors and color-changing
effects is a major market driver.
The use of HB LEDs in lighting happened initially in architectural
as well as other applications that use color, such as channel letters, exit
signs and entertainment. With conventional lighting technologies the
use of color is expensive and ineffcient, and color-changing applica-
tions often use moving parts that need maintenance. With RGB LEDs,
it is possible to produce a wide range of saturated colors, and with the
use of appropriate control technologies, color changing has become
readily available. However, the concept of using color and color chang-
ing is not ubiquitous; it is generally limited to high-end applications
such as frst-class hotels, restaurants, casinos and retail venues.
General illumination is closely associated with white light. The
use of white LED lighting at present is mainly limited to applica-
tions where low lumen output is required, such as machine vision,
path lighting, accent lighting, fashlights and small spot lights and
various other applications where lighting has to be reliable and have
a long life to reduce the cost of maintenance. The total use of white
LEDs in such applications has become a signifcant part of the solid-
state lighting market. Thus, although the use of colored lighting was
an early focus for LEDs, white light has grown to become a large
percentage of the LED lighting market, as shown in fgure 2.
The path to general illumination will depend on the improvements
in effciency and lumen output of white LEDs. Effciency is important
solid-state lighting market
poised for dramatic growth
Improvements in white LED performance and price will attract the attention of larger lighting
companies, LED-based fxture designs will become more effcient, and solid-state lighting
products will greatly increase their penetration of the mainstream general illumination
market, predict Robert Steele and Vrinda Bhandarkar of Strategies Unlimited.
Fig. 1. Currently, the largest lighting application for HB LEDs is
architectural lighting, where the ability of LEDs to provide colors
and color-changing effects is a major market driver. The use of
white LED lighting at present is mainly limited to applications
where low lumen output is required, and where reliability and low
maintenance are important. (Top) LEDs illuminate buildings along
the Pearl River in China see www.ledsmagazine.com/news/4/3/9.
(Bottom) White LEDs in a pedestrian subway in Gateshead, UK
see www.ledsmagazine.com/news/4/3/30.
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LeDs magazi ne
market s
14
in consumer portable applications (e.g. fashlights) to reduce battery
drain, and white LEDs long ago surpassed the effciency of incandes-
cent lamps. The best white LEDs available in the market in early 2007
are competitive with compact fuorescent lamps and lower wattage
linear fuorescent lamps, i.e. in the 5070 lm/W range.
However, fxture performance is paramount in lighting and by early
2007 there were no commercially available fxtures beyond 3040 lm/
W, with a number of fxtures offering measured performance of less
than 20 lm/W barely more than their incandescent counterparts.
Thus, there is a strong need for fxture designs that optimize the per-
formance of this new generation of high-effciency LEDs.
LeD lighting applications
A wide variety of applications, coming under the broad defnition of
lighting have already been addressed by LEDs, or will soon begin to
be addressed. Some have already achieved signifcant market penetra-
tion (e.g. exit signs, channel letters, machine vision), while others,
such as residential lighting, are still in the very early stages of market
development. The most signifcant applications for LED lighting,
currently or in the near future, are shown in table 1.
Each application listed in table 1 has associated with it a set of drivers
that have caused LEDs to be adopted. Clearly, for LEDs to be adopted
in lighting applications in preference to competing light sources, they
must provide some advantages over those sources, especially because
they are almost always more expensive on a frst-cost basis. Some of
the benefcial attributes of LEDs for lighting applications include:
Long lifetime
Design fexibility
Saturated colors
Directional light
Energy effciency
Robustness
Dynamic color control
Dimmability without color shift
Absence of regulated toxic substances (e.g. mercury)
Absence of heat or UV in emitted light
Low-voltage DC operation.
In most LED lighting applications developed to date, a combination
of some of these attributes has been responsible for the adoption of
LEDs. However, as LEDs particularly white LEDs begin to move
into the mainstream of general illumination applications, high eff-
ciency in combination with long lifetime will be the primary attributes
that drive their adoption. In other aspects, such as the availability of
warm-white colors, high color rendering index etc, they must at least
be on par with other sources.
As a new and unique lighting technology, LEDs compete in the
lighting market with a variety of well-established and less-expensive
incumbent light sources. The properties of these sources are well
understood among the vast community of lighting end users, rang-
ing from consumers to lighting designers and architects, whereas the
properties of LEDs have only recently begun to be understood.
To date, LEDs have been adopted in lighting applications because
of a combination of some of the attributes noted above. For example,
lifetime considerations can be important in certain applications, such
as architectural and accent lighting installations in which light sources
are placed in hard-to-reach locations. The absence of heat in the light
emitted by LEDs can be an important factor in some high-end retail
applications. However, effciency has generally not been a major con-
sideration, except for a few select applications such as fashlights,
where battery lifetime is a signifcant cost issue, and exit signs, which
are subject to government certifcation for energy consumption.
While the long lifetimes of LEDs are well established (although
Channel Letter/Contour Lighting
Architectural: building exterior and
interior lighting to create special effects
(not general illumination), including color
changing (e.g. hotel, restaurant, casino,
fountain, landmarks); landscape lighting for
gardens, parks, pools, and spas
Wall washers
Floodlights
Strip lights
Accent lights
Cove lighting
Festoon lights
Small spots
Path lights
In-ground and underwater lights
Retail Display
Display case lighting
General merchandise lighting
Refrigerated display case lighting
Residential
Recessed can lights
Reading lights
Under-cabinet
Pendants
Decorative
Consumer Portable (battery-powered)
Flashlights
Headlights
Bicycle lights
Machine Vision: light sources for cameras
used in machine vision applications
Entertainment: rock concerts, TV
studios, theaters
Theater step lights
Stage lighting, including permanent and
rental spot lights
Color-changing effects lighting in discos,
bars, and clubs
Safety/Security
Exit signs
Emergency lighting
Outdoor Area Lighting
Parking lots
Street lights, highway lights, etc.
Off-Grid: primarily remote villages and
dwellings in developing countries; powered
by solar, wind, micro-hydro, etc.
Table 1. Major LED lighting application categories
total market $205 million
redorangeyellow 22%
bluegreen 35%
white 43%
LED lighting market by color in 2006
Fig. 2. White LEDs represented 43% of the $205 m market for LED lighting
in 2006, but are forecast to become 61% of a $1 bn market by 2011.
Cree XLamp LED
Luminous flux up to:
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95 lumens at 350mA
Efficacy up to
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50,000 hours lifetime at
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2,600K to 10,000K CCT
Bright + Efficient
Leading the lighting revolution. Cree continues to deliver the
industrys highest performance power LEDs. Available in production
quantities, Crees XLamp family of LEDs provides high brightness and
effciency for a broad range of general illumination applications from
warm white indoor to cool white outdoor.
To discover the future of LED lighting for yourself,
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LeDs magazi ne
market s
16
often exaggerated with claims of 100 000 hours), the effciencies of
white LEDs are only now reaching levels at which they are becoming
interesting relative to the highest effciency conventional light sources
available in the market. Effciency is of interest not only because of
its impact on lower operating costs, but also in terms of a variety of
regulatory requirements that are being established regarding energy
effciency (e.g. Energy Star, Title 24 in California).
LeD lighting market outlook
Over the next fve years, LEDs will move beyond niche applications
and into the general lighting market, including residential, retail dis-
play outdoor, and off-grid applications. Although niche applications
will continue to be important, general lighting applications will pro-
vide much of the growth, and consequently white LEDs will become
a more important part of the market. In 2011, white LEDs are forecast
to be 61% of a $1 billion market, compared with 43% of a $205 mil-
lion market in 2006.
As noted previously, most of the growth in general illumination will
be driven by the high effciency and long lifetimes of white LEDs, and
their ability to compete head-to-head with conventional light sources
on a life-cycle cost basis.
In order to grow the solid-state lighting market successfully, LEDs
will have to penetrate the well-established design, manufacturing,
marketing and sales infrastructure of the lighting industry. Displacing
a well-established incumbent technology is always a challenge for
any new technology and solid-state lighting is no exception. In par-
ticular, several hurdles will have to be overcome to make this market
happen. Some of the major challenges include:
Improved price/performance for HB LEDs
Need for high-effciency light engine/fxture design
Other available alternatives for energy effciency
Consistency of color/binning issues
Need to provide a complete lighting solution with ease of installation
Adapt to standard electrical interfaces and controls
Need realistic claims of performance
Development of standards for solid-state lighting
Need widespread base of lighting fxture designers and engineers
who understand LEDs.
Fortunately, the frst and most signifcant hurdle is being addressed
aggressively by the LED industry. Recent improvements in white
LED efficacy have been dramatic, with major achievements
announced in the past year by Nichia, Cree, Philips Lumileds and
Seoul Semiconductor, among others. From typical top-tier perfor-
mance of 4050 lm/W in 2005, effcacies have increased to 70 lm/W
and above in 2006 and early 2007. While these performances refer to
cool-white LEDs (CCT > 5000 K), warm-white LEDs (CCT < 4000 K)
have shown similar improvement, although effcacies are still some-
what lower than for cool-white. Roadmaps for white LEDs indicate
continuing improvement in the next fve years. Prices can be expected
to continue to decline through a combination of manufacturing eff-
ciencies and competitive pressure. Moreover, when expressed as dol-
lars per lumen, price declines will accelerate as the lumen output per
packaged device continues to improve.
Lighting fxtures
A major challenge for the solid-state lighting industry is not at the
device level but at the fxture level. As the US Department of Energys
LED fxture test program has indicated (see LEDs Magazine February
2007, p8), solid-state lighting products currently in the market are not
translating the high performance of commercially available white
market s LeDs magazi ne

LEDs into effcient fxtures. Careful attention needs to be paid to fun-
damental design processes to ensure that electrical conversion (120 or
240 V AC to DC, and DC to appropriate LED drive current and volt-
age) is effcient, that LED light emission is not lost due to poor optical
design, and that good thermal management techniques are applied to
maintain acceptable LED junction temperatures. Table 2 indicates
the difference in light output from the same high-performance white
LEDs using effcient and ineffcient fxture designs.
Several of the other challenges on the list above are also being
addressed by industry groups. In particular, regarding standards
development, the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America
(IESNA) is working with the American National Standards Institute
(ANSI) to develop standards for solid-state lighting. Representatives
from the LED industry and the lighting industry have formed com-
mittees to develop a broad set of standards which should be available
later this year. Other participants include the DOE, Energy Star and
the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA).
Conclusions
The solid-state lighting market is still at an early stage of development
and the market is highly fragmented. Hundreds of companies are both
offering and developing LED-based lighting fxtures, but volumes are
low and so manufacturing costs are high. However, as white LED
price/performance improves and the technology attracts the attention of
the larger lighting companies, LED-based fxture designs will become
more effcient, higher fxture manufacturing volumes and effciencies
will be achieved, and solid-state lighting products will greatly increase
their penetration of the mainstream general illumination market.
about the authors
Robert Steele is Director of Optoelectronics and Vrinda Bhandarkar is a
Senior Market Analyst at Strategies Unlimited (www.strategies-u.com),
a market research frm based in Mountain View, California. This article
was derived from the companys recent report The Market for High-
Brightness LEDs in Lighting: Application Analysis and Forecast.
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Effcient design
Start with one-watt white LEDs at 70 lm/W
(measured at 25 C junction temperature)
Assume: 90% electrical effciency
90% optical effciency
Operate at 65 C junction temperature.
Fixture effcacy = 70 0.9 0.9 0.85 = 48 lm/W
Ineffcient design
Start with one-watt white LEDs at 70 lm/W
(measured at 25 C junction temperature)
Assume: 80% electrical effciency
80% optical effciency
Operate at 100 C junction temperature.
Fixture effcacy = 70 0.8 0.8 0.75 = 34 lm/W
Table 2. Examples of fxture design using white LEDs
LEDs magazi nE
st rEEt Li ght s
18
An installation of 1 6 LED streetlights, the largest in Canada, has been
unveiled in Exhibition Place in Toronto, Ontario. The pilot project
is intended to show how LED lighting can dramatically reduce city
lighting costs. LED street lighting is one of the options we are enthu-
siastically examining in order to bring Toronto another step closer to
becoming the greenest city in North America, said the citys mayor
David Miller. This one step will reduce costs, increase safety and
improve our environment.
The LED luminaires were manufactured by Leotek Electronics,
and were supplied by electromega, a Canadian distributor. The initial
investment needed to cover the cost (approximately $1200 per lumi-
naire) and installation of the new LED streetlights is expected to be
recouped from electricity savings as well as reduced replacement and
maintenance requirements.
A total of 12 LED streetlights have been installed at Exhibition
Place on unique, bow-style streetlight poles surrounding the perim-
eter of the Automotive Building. An additional four LED streetlights
are positioned in the parking lot south of the Direct Energy Centre.
The street-lighting poles were ftted with electricity meters to mea-
sure precisely the power draw of the lighting fxtures. The result: the
LED fxtures drew 146 W compared with 314 W for the HPS fttings.
The HPS ballast consumes a signifcant amount of power since the
HPS lamps themselves are rated at 250 W. In contrast, the LED fx-
tures have a power effciency of 90% or greater.
The LED fxtures were built by Leotek Electronics, and contain
117 one-watt LEDs from Nichia. John McKinness from Leotek said
that these LEDs provide the highest effcacy (lm/W) among produc-
tion LEDs, and very good reliability. Leoteks luminaires contain
a built-in heat sink to deal with thermal issues, and have a fve-year
warranty.
The LED luminaires are designed as direct replacements for con-
ventional cobra-head fttings, and provide a type-II roadway dis-
tribution. IES fles for Leoteks SL-250 luminaire, the type used in
Toronto, show a downward fux distribution of 1202 lm on the house
side and 3505 lm on the street side for a total of 4708 lm, which puts
the overall fxture effcacy at around 32 lm/W. Very signifcantly, the
upward fux distribution is zero, while cobra-head fttings containing
other types of lamp can typically waste as much as 30% of their light
output in the upwards direction.
McKinness says that Leotek currently uses one-watt class LEDs
since these have been around longer and there is more life-testing data
available. Using a smaller number of LEDs driven at higher power
would change the arrangement of LEDs and require a different refec-
tor to meet the light distribution pattern, he says.
LED streetlights help toronto
become brighter and greener
LED streetlights illuminate Torontos Exhibition Place. Observers reported signifcant improvements in light quality.
An installation of 16 LED streetlights in
Toronto demonstrates reduced energy usage
and improved light quality.
st rEEt Li ght s LEDs magazi nE
Light output and quality
The launch ceremony on 28 February provided an excellent opportu-
nity for observers to study and compare lighting from LED fxtures
on one side of a street and conventional HPS fxtures on the other.
Peter Strasser of the International Dark-Sky Association was there,
and reported a very positive response to the new lights. All the observ-
ers said that the LED lighting appeared brighter, and enabled people
and objects to be viewed much more clearly, said Strasser. In fact,
I took measurements with
a simple light meter, and
the LEDs produced a little
under half the number of
foot candles that came
from the HPS lamps.
So, while drawing less
than half the power of the
HPS fxtures, and produc-
ing half the measured light
output, the LEDs provide
improved light quality as
far as the observers were
concerned.
The reason for t hi s
relates to the spectrum of
LED light, which has sig-
nifcant blue content (most
white LEDs are manufac-
tured by combining a blue-
emitting LED chip with a
yellow-emitting phosphor
material). In dim lighting conditions, the eye is more sensitive to the
blue end of the spectrum and can detect more light, explains Strasser.
While LEDs provide a better match with mesopic vision, which is
prevalent under dim lighting conditions, the standards and codes that
determine light distribution patterns are written in terms of photopic
lumens. This favours low-pressure sodium light, which matches the
eyes photopic response. There are suggestions that the standards
should be revisited and possibly rewritten to take mesopic vision into
account, but, of course, this will take a long time.
Strasser says that LED lighting is of considerable interest to the
Dark-Sky Association, which seeks to reduce light pollution and
preserve dark-sky heritage through good lighting design. By placing
light where it is needed, when it is needed, this approach saves light
and reduces energy expenditure. LEDs provide very good control,
and are excellent for reducing wasted light, says Strasser. They also
provide very good cut-off at the edge of the distribution.
Energy conservation
Torontos LED project was organized by greenTbiz, a program devel-
oped by the Toronto Association of Business Improvement Areas
(TABIA) to assist businesses and property owners with energy con-
servation and environmental improvement.
The City of Toronto has about 160 000 streetlights and if these were
all converted to LEDs the city could save $6 million a year in electric-
ity costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 18 000 tonnes, the
equivalent of removing more than 3600 cars from the streets. The
pilot program will continue through 2007 to test public acceptance,
durability, light performance and weather resistance. This is the frst
of several more pilots that will be introduced throughout the City of
Toronto, testing various LED product applications on the streets of
Business Improvement Areas and in parks and parking garages, said
Brian Owen, Program Advisor to greenTbiz and TABIA.
Leotek Electronics: www.leotek.com
International Dark-Sky Association: www.darksky.org
greenTbiz: www.greenTbiz.org
On the verge: LEDs ready to challenge incumbent light sources in
the street lighting market LEDs Magazine October 2006
www.ledsmagazine.com/features/3/10/4
Links
A conventional luminaire containing a
high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamp, and
Leoteks LED streetlight.
IMS, a lighting company based in Irvine, CA, has developed a
modular LED luminaire system suitable for street lighting and
other applications. Ron Holder, IMSs president and CEO, says
that the companys expertise is in optical design and optimizing
the output from LED sources. Its new LightBar is a white light
engine measuring 102 in and containing 10 LEDs with integrated
micro-optics. This approach is cheaper than using an individual
lens for each LED, says Holder. Were talking pennies per LED,
rather than dollars for the lensed approach, he says. With our
wide-beam optic we can generate a type-III beam pattern with
95% optical effciency.
More details: www.imslighting.com
IMS LightBar optimizes LED output
LEDs magazi nE
confErEncE
20
In its eighth year, the Strategies in Light
conference continued to address key issues
in the LED marketplace.
Opening the annual Strategies in Light event, held 1214 February
in San Jose, California, Bob Steele reported that the high-brightness
LED market reached $4.2 billion in 2006. The market will begin to
move away from its current low-growth-rate phase in the next one-to-
three years as new markets emerge, he said. These market segments,
including lighting, display backlights and automotive applications,
will push the overall LED market to $9 billion in 2001, said Steele.
For full details of Steeles presentation, see our article in the March
2007 issue of LEDs Magazine.
Entering the lighting market
Ruedi Hug, managing director of Ledon Lighting GmbH in Austria,
discussed success factors in accelerating the adoption of solid-state
lighting into professional lighting markets. Ledon is a wholly owned
subsidiary of the Zumtobel Group and was established to focus solely
on LED lighting.
Perhaps unsurprisingly for someone who runs an LED lighting
company, Hug was positive about the prospects for SSL and esti-
mated that, by 2021, SSL could replace up to 25% of the conventional
lighting business (see fgure 1).
With this level of penetration, the market for LED lighting fxtures
could potentially reach 16 billion in 2021, compared with 585 mil-
lion in 2007 (note that Bob Steeles fgures are for packaged LEDs,
not fxtures). Currently, professional indoor lighting dominates the
SSL market with a 55% share. However, residential lighting will grow
rapidly in importance and will account for 45% of the market by 2021,
with professional indoor at 32% and new applications at 21%.
The penetration of LED lighting implies the substitution of LEDs
for other lighting technologies, based on a model that looks at total
cost of ownership. Hug suggested that LEDs could replace almost
5% of halogen applications by 2008, growing to almost 25% by 2021.
Incandescent and fuorescent substitution will start slowly, but incan-
descent replacement is likely to accelerate rapidly after 2015, reach-
ing around 23% by 2021. Fluorescent replacement will reach about
14%, while HID substitution will be much lower.
Hug identifed lm/W and lm/ as the biggest barriers to penetration
facing LEDs in the general lighting industry. Figure 2 looks at values
of system effcacy and fxture costs the value of lm(eff) refers to
the number of lumens from the fxture/luminaire and not from the
LED itself. The prediction is that system effcacy will increase from
about 40 lm(eff)/W in 2007 to more than 100 lm(eff)/W by 2021.
Conversely, fixture cost is at about 6 lm(eff)/ in 2007 and will
decrease to about 20 lm(eff)/ by 2021.
Hug also identifed several other barriers to penetration, includ-
ing a lack of standardization, and poor color-rendering performance.
Also, LED lighting tends to be a project-specifc business with low
volumes, he said. There is a need to clarify maintenance issues of
LED lighting fxtures, and establish compatibility over lifetime.
Because the lighting industry is very conservative, and looks at
LEDs as a disruptive technology, there is less investment by lighting
fxture manufacturers in LED fxture development, explained Hug.
Also the industry requires more governmental initiatives like the
ban the bulb legislation announced in Australia, and subsequently
echoed around the world.
focus on light quality
Unlike many other speakers, Michael Siminovitch was not too con-
cerned about effcacy but stressed that high CRI was vital for many
emerging opportunities for LEDs. An effcacy of 30 lm/W is excel-
lent when compared with a heater at 10 lm/W, he said, referring
to the amount of heat produced by an incandescent bulb. There are
enormous opportunities even at 20 lm/W.
Siminovitch is a professor at UC Davis and director of the
California Lighting Technology Center, which has the mission to
advance the application of effcient lighting technologies in the State
strategies in Light sees LEDs
pushing the boundaries of lighting
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
2007 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

professional indoor
residential lighting
new applications
professional outdoor
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
/
l
m
(
e
f
f
)
l
m
(
e
f
f
)
/
W
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2013 2016 2021
year
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
6 lm(eff)/
20 lm(eff)/
Fig. 1. Market penetration of solid-state lighting in the global
lighting industry could reach 25% by 2021, with residential lighting
as the largest category.
Fig. 2. System effcacy and lighting cost trends for LED lighting
show that 100 lm/W fxtures and costs of 20 lm/ can be expected
by 2021.
confErEncE LEDs magazi nE
(a) Optical materials developed by Fusion Optix produce unique optical effects, in this case linear strips of color. Optical behaviour is
tailored by adjusting the bulk material structure rather than adding surface layers or features. (b) Enfs showed samples of its light engines,
a few weeks before listing on the UK stock market (see page 8). (c) Color-changing fxtures on the Color Kinetics stand. (d) Representatives
from Heatron entertain Honeywells Scott Mangum. (e) Lynk Labs showed further demos of its ThermaLynk technology, developed in
collaboration with Cool Polymers (www.ledsmagazine.com/features/3/12/2). Lynk Labs has succeeding in attaching LED strips directly to
thermally conductive polymer material fashioned into a heatsink (top), as well as building AC LED arrays. (f) Osram Opto Semiconductors
Ostar LED has been incorporated into LED lamps by Lighting Science Group. (g) A small integrating sphere on the Instrument Systems
stand. (h) Hymite has introduced silicon packages for the HB-LED industry see www.ledsmagazine.com/news/4/2/8. (i) Since the show,
Cotco has been acquired by Cree (see page 4). (j) KLA Tencor and PerkinElmer. (k) Teledyne displays its Photon Engine light source.
(a)
(c)
(b)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
LEDs magazi nE
confErEncE
22
of California. He explained that California utility companies are
desperate to save energy and have millions of dollars to invest in
energy-effcient lighting. The Title 24 regulations, requiring all new
homes in California to have energy-effciency lighting, have been
the single biggest sea change in lighting, said Siminovitch.
For commercial offce lighting, Title 24 in 2005 defned a light-
ing power density of 1.2 W/sq.ft. Moving down towards a level of
0.5 W/sq.ft requires the use of new technologies, rather than making a
knee-jerk reaction to reduce the overall light levels, said Siminovitch.
Very high performance task lighting, using a combination of light-
ing technologies and occupancy sensors, is the best approach, he
said, describing a personal lighting system with an individual power
supply, under-shelf luminaires and free-standing task lights that con-
sumes around 20 W per person. Siminovitch also stressed that the key
to good lighting design is to start with light quality, rather than starting
by focusing solely on energy effciency.
In relation to the residential market, Siminovitch said that cost
remains a major issue for LEDs, and home builders are very cost-
driven even when trying to focus on energy effciency. He said that,
because of the cheap cost of conventional lighting, it is diffcult for
consumers to take on the cost of ownership calculation for LED fx-
tures. In future, to beneft from energy-effcient technologies such
as LEDs, consumers will need to accept more expensive lighting fx-
tures, he said.
Distribution
Cary Eskow of Avnet LightSpeed, a global distributor, said that his
company and competitors such as Arrow and Future are vying to
provide the last mile link the most diffcult and expensive part of
the supply chain between component suppliers and customers.
LightSpeed recently carried out an HB-LED market study, profling
more than 500 customers involved in HB-LED lighting applications.
Among the questions was one concerning selection criteria for HB-
LEDs. Recognizing the name of the LED supplier was a very low
priority, while top of the list was total lumens; this rated much higher
than effcacy. As Eskow put it, if you cant get enough light out, then
effcacy doesnt matter. Product availability, cost and color binning
all rated highly.
Companies were also asked to evaluate perceived system-level
design challenges. The design of power and control electronics were
thought to require the most signifcant design effort, probably refect-
ing the lack of familiarity of lighting companies with such technolo-
gies. Eskow said that in his opinion the challenges associated with
thermal modelling and design should have been rated higher than they
were in the survey.
ifcs off-grid lighting project
In the December 2006 issue of LEDs Magazine, we described a proj-
ect launched by the International Finance Corporation (IFC) to bring
LED-based lighting to areas of the globe that lack electrical power
(see IFC project stimulates LED market for off-grid lighting: www.
ledsmagazine.com/magazine/toc/0612). At Strategies in Light, IFCs
Fabio Nehme provided an update on recent progress: We have more
than 200 organizations from more than 35 countries that expressed
interest in participating in the project. Also, we are currently setting
up some of the basic infrastructure of the project. For example, we are
preparing a comprehensive web portal that will enable participating
companies to network, promote their lighting products, and access
international and African partners that are also considering entering
the off-grid lighting market in Africa.
Also, IFC has short-listed companies to undertake the market
research, focusing in this frst round on two segments: households
and micro-businesses (night vendors, kiosks). The short-listed
companies are leading international market research companies with
established operations in Africa and extensive experience in the seg-
ments we will be looking into. We will look into other segments as the
project advances and based on the interests of the lighting industry.
Prior to commencing the market research, we will circulate the market
research plan to participating companies to obtain feedback and sug-
gestions for improvement, in order to make it as relevant as possible
to the marketing and engineering/product development teams.
Nehme says that IFC is also hiring an Africa-based team to sup-
port participating companies. In addition, while the project started
in Kenya and Ghana, it will now be expanded to an additional 810
countries in Africa, currently under selection. This will allow lighting
companies to reach a much larger market more rapidly.
Fig. 3. San Jose is home to
software supplier Adobe,
whose building is adorned
with an LED art-piece
known as the Semaphore,
designed by new-media
artist Ben Rubin. The
installation measures
70 10 feet (21 3 m) and
contains a total of 24 000
Luxeon LEDs donated by
San Jose-based Philips
Lumileds. The circles of
the Semaphore rotate
and are communicating
an encrypted message,
as well as generating a
soundtrack that can be
picked up on AM radio
(www.sanjosesemaphore.
com). B
E
N

R
U
B
I
N
,

A
R
T
I
S
T
W
I
L
L

P
I
C
K
E
R
I
N
G
,

P
R
O
J
E
C
T

E
N
G
I
N
E
E
R
LEDs magazi nE
confErEncE
24
LED makers highlight
current status and
next steps forward
cree
Crees Mark McClear described the companys cool-white roadmap,
starting with the introduction of a new XLamp power LED, the XR-C
(see www.ledsmagazine.com/news/4/2/9). This device has the same
package footprint as the current XR-E but incorporates a smaller chip
and occupies a lower price/performance segment of the power LED
market. McClear said that the XR-C is optimized for lowest $/lumen,
while the XR-E is optimized for maximum lm/W or (when driven at
currents up to 1000 mA) for maximum lumens.
The next imperatives, said McClear, are lighting class warm-
white LEDs (subsequently announced by Cree see page 9), higher
brightness and lower $/lumen, and application-specifc LEDs. There
are many different markets with separate requirements, he said, One
example might be an indoor lamp that lacks suffcient robustness for
outdoor operation. We see fragmentation and LED lamp specializa-
Fig. 4. LED City: The City of Raleigh, North Carolina, has teamed
with Cree to announce a joint, city-wide initiative to deploy and
evaluate a series of LED-based general lighting installations (see
www.ledsmagazine.com/news/4/2/2). The LED City initiative
aims to build a business case that will eventually enable Raleigh
to deliver the economic, environmental and usage benefts of LED
lighting to its residents. Over the next 18 months, Raleigh plans
to deploy LED lighting from multiple manufacturers, including
garage and parking lot lights, street lights, architectural and accent
lighting, portable lighting and pedestrian and walkway lighting.
As a frst step, LED-based lighting fxtures from Lighting Science
Group of Dallas, Texas, were installed by Amtech Lighting Services
in the Raleigh Municipal Building parking deck in December
2006. Progress Energy, the electric utility provider, says the foor
equipped with LED lights uses over 40% less energy than the
standard lighting system. Plus, a survey indicates that the bright-
white LED light improves public feelings of safety as a consequence
of higher light quality (see www.ledsmagazine.com/news/4/4/1).
confErEncE LEDs magazi nE
tion, going forward.
With continued investment Cree is confident of meeting DOE
targets for 50 000 hours lifetime at 70% lumen maintenance and
150 lm/W in a 1 W power LED, as well as hitting the required $/lumen
goals. However, asked McClear, are we (as an industry) missing
important opportunities in the rush to the future? There are applica-
tions that can be realized and real economic value that can be created
now, he said, citing the example of Raleigh, NC, which has made
a broad commitment to deploying LED lighting throughout the city
infrastructure (see fgure 4).
Philips Lumileds
Frank Steranka gave a rare, but very welcome, overview of some of
Philips Lumileds recent technology developments. Looking at the
DOE roadmap for high-power LEDs, he said that production units
of Luxeon LEDs will shortly surpass the 2007 roadmap numbers.
Production devices will achieve the 2012 numbers by 2010, he
said. These numbers are 1000 lumens from a device driven at 6.7 W,
equivalent to 150 lm/W, with a lifetime of 100 000 hours.
Among the technologies that Lumileds will push into production in
2007 are its new thin-flm fip-chip (TFFC) device; an improved epi-
taxial structure for increased effcacy at high current (see Lumileds
reduces high-current droop , p9); small format, high-power LED
packaging (see Luxeon Rebel redefines dimensions of power
LEDs, p9); and phosphor advances that expand the offerings in
white to include neutral white as an intermediate between warm and
cool. Steranka said that Lumileds has received input on real lighting
requirements from Philips and is targeting CCT variations of +/50 at
3000 K (higher variations are acceptable at higher CCT).
nichia
Nichia Americas Dan Doxsee started by revealing that the 100 lm/W
barrier will shortly be broken for commercial products: Nichia will
begin mass production in Q3 2007 of 5 mm LED lamps with effcacy
of 100 lm/W (20 mA drive current).
In the lab, Nichia has already demonstrated 150 lm/W from a Raiko
package that delivered 9.4 lm at 20 mA. At this effcacy level, Doxsee
estimated that 46% of the input power is converted into visible light,
while 54% is lost as heat.
In Q2, Doxsee said that Nichia plans to launch a high CRI power
LED (at a color temperature of 5000 K) with a color rendering index
of 90. In fact, an Ra value as high as 97 has been demonstrated for the
new phosphor blend, compared with 75 for standard YAG phosphor
blends. However, the very high CRI comes at the price of approxi-
mately 20% reduction in light output.
For power LEDs, Nichia plans to increase the output of its NS6x083
power LED from the current level of 60 lm and 53 lm/W (at 6500 K)
to 85 lm and 80 lm/W by the third quarter. A similar increase is
expected in warm white (3500 K) from 52 lm and 46 lm/W to 74 lm
and 70 lm/W. Doxsee admitted that at current levels, luminaires con-
taining warm-white LEDs may struggle to exceed Title 24 minimum
requirements for effcacy. However, with the improved devices,
even a poor system design will hit Title 24, said Doxsee.
osram opto semiconductors
For Osram Opto Semiconductors, Volker Hrle described how the
company is moving towards developing a 1000-lumen LED. In fact,
since the show, Osram announced that its latest Ostar multi-chip LED
would indeed reach that barrier.
By optimizing a 1 mm
2
chip, said Hrle, it should be possible to
achieve a fgure of 90% for both internal quantum effciency (IQE)
and light extraction effciency. In turn, this sets a limit to the output of
a white LED in a Dragon package with lens to 135250 lm at 350 mA.
To move further, the possible approaches are higher current density
in the same chip, or a larger chip size. At high current density, the
key issue is that effciency drops sharply. Osrams preferred route
is to increase the chip area by combining multiple chips in the same
Ostar package.
A new six-chip version of Ostar Lighting is expected to launch in
summer 2007 (www.ledsmagazine.com/news/4/2/10). Osram Opto
Semiconductors told LEDs Magazine that with a drive current of
around 1000 mA, the new device (with lens) has produced around
1100 lm with an input power of around 22 W, equating to effcacy of
around 50 lm/W. At 700 mA and 350 mA, the effcacy was 65 lm/W
and 75 lm/W, respectively.
Fig. 5. Osram
Opto aims to get
1000 lumens from
its latest Ostar.
Document2 27/6/03 1:50 pm Page 1
LEDs magazi nE
confErEncE
26
The keynote speaker at Strategies
in Light did not hold back in his
view that the LED industry needs
to address urgently the inaccurate
representation of LED performance
in the industry. Neal Hunter, CEO
of LED Lighting Fixtures (LLF),
entitled his talk Truth in lighting
and proceeded to discuss ways in
which LED component and fxture
manufacturers have provided
misleading performance data.
Theres a gap between data and
reality, he said. Bad data causes
confusion in the marketplace, and can
result in a loss of credibility for LED
technology.
As the DOE commercial product
testing program has demonstrated
(see LEDs Magazine February 2007,
p8), many commercial LED fxtures
fall far short of their stated values
of effcacy and lumen output. One
very obvious error is that a fxture
datasheet may quote the effcacy
value for an individual LED. Within
the fxture itself, depending on the
quality of its design, optical and
electrical losses can easily reduce the effcacy by 30%. The new
Energy Star ratings for LED fxtures are all based on luminaire
(rather than LED or LED system) effcacy.
Hunter criticized companies (both LED and fxture makers) for
producing fgures that are driven by marketing, and also criticized
the press for being willing participants/victims of the hype. A
result [for LED performance] might be reported in lumens/watt,
but the price, package type, chip size or measurement technique is
not disclosed, he said. Such results set up false expectations, and
have made some traditional light-fxture manufacturers sceptical
of stated performance. As a result, the industry suffers.
Invariably, LED measurements are made by rapid testing,
effectively instantaneously, before the device has reached thermal
equilibrium. As a result, datasheet values are quoted at an LED
junction temperature of 25 C, but of course this can never be
achieved in a real-life fxture. LED performance reduces as the
junction temperature increases. Unfortunately there is no easy
answer here if LEDs were measured at thermal equilibrium then
the measured value would be strongly dependent on the thermal
characteristics of the heat sink and other factors, just as it is in a
real-life fxture.
Another problem is that many properties of LEDs are
intrinsically dependent on one another. As an example, it is
possible to make warm-white LEDs with a very high CRI, but this
typically requires additional or less effcient phosphors, resulting
in lower effcacy. Hence, Hunter suggested a set of data that should
always be provided for LED performance: lumens per watt, input
power (or both voltage and current); lumens; chip size; correlated
color temperature (CCT); color rendering index (CRI); whether
the test was at thermal equilibrium,
and whether third-party testing was
used. Chip size is relevant because,
said Hunter, it is possible to make
a large chip and operate it at a low
drive current the results look good
on paper, but this is not a viable
approach based on cost.
At the fxture level, Hunter
advocated an industry-standard
Fixture Performance Certifcation
that would be verifed by third-party
testing or by a standard testing
procedure. Data should, he said,
include performance measured after
two hours operation or at thermal
equilibrium, as well as wall-plug
power input, color temperature/
coordinates, CRI and projected
lifetime and cost.
As one might guess, this is
the approach taken by LLF for
measuring the performance of its
6-inch downlight products that were
unveiled in early February and will
ship in the second quarter. LLF
has a 6-foot diameter integrating
sphere that it uses to measure the
lumen output of its fxtures at thermal equilibrium. The results
are impressive; the downlight produces 650 lm at 11 W wall-
plug power, corresponding to an effcacy of almost 60 lm/W (see
www.ledsmagazine.com/news/4/2/4). These are warm fxtures
with a color temperature of either 2700 K or 3500 K, and a color
rendering index of 92. (Interestingly, LLFs press release stated
they were using Crees XR-E warm-white LEDs. According to
Crees datasheet, XR-E LEDs in the CCT range of 26003700 K at
350 mA have a typical luminous fux of 65 lm, equivalent to 56 lm/
W. And the typical CRI is listed as 80.)
Since the conference, LLF has announced its frst order for 6-inch
recessed down lights, received from Loyd Builders, a custom home
builder located in North Carolina. The LLF LR6 product not only
has a clean concealed look, but greatly reduces the energy required
to produce a better light, said the companys owner, Tripp Loyd.
The minimal payback time versus the added expense is an easy sell
for our homeowners. As Hunter puts it, green builders looking
for energy and maintenance savings wont blink at the extra cost
of these fxtures. Typically the cost of an LED downlight is about
2.5 that of an equivalent incandescent fxture, and less than 2 the
cost of a fuorescent fxture. Hunter says that the payback is less
than two years, without even considering maintenance.
Custom home builders are an interesting specialist market,
but LEDs are aiming for the mainstream. Hunter says that LED
lighting is ready for many general illumination applications, but
warns that there is no long-term beneft from releasing tricked
numbers or unreliable products. LED lighting isnt guaranteed,
he concluded. We can either become mainstream, or we can be
regulated to niche status. You have been warned.
Hunter seeks realistic LED performance data
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LEDs magazi nE
st anDarDs
28
The solid-state lighting industry urgently needs
standards to assist its growth and to avoid
hype and negative reactions. The good news,
says Kevin Dowling, is that standards work is
proceeding rapidly in a number of directions.
Without standards, nothing would ft, things wouldnt connect; it
would be a miserable state of affairs. Lack of standards in any feld or
industry can slow adoption, growth and innovation. A lack of stan-
dards in a fast growing industry such as LED illumination has already
resulted in confusion, hype and frustration. While lighting, as a whole,
already has many standards for mechanical forms, electrical connec-
tions and measurement, LED lighting has many different character-
istics from lighting predecessors, making it different and requiring
new standards development.
The wonderful trends in LED lighting include increasing growth
and adoption in the marketplace. One negative aspect, causing confu-
sion to customers and manufacturers alike, relates to the specifca-
tions of LEDs, LED sub-assemblies and LED lighting systems. In
many cases, these specifcations are misleading.
A specifc bewildering aspect is that of light output specifcations.
The light output, or luminous fux, of LED devices is typically evalu-
ated using a pulse measurement at room temperature, whereas LED fx-
tures should use steady-state measurements. Thus, the announcements
by LED manufacturers regarding effcacy values in excess of 100 lm/W
(up to 150 lm/W) over the past months, while very encouraging, are
unrealistic levels for LED lighting systems with these same devices.
Figure 1 shows the decrease in light output of an LED fxture in
the 400500 lumen range over time. Steady-state light output is not
reached until approximately two hours of operation. This is approxi-
mately 85% of initial light output. This test was performance under
the auspices of the Lamp Testing Engineers Conference (LTEC), an
industry metrology group. This asymptotic decrease is due to thermal
considerations; as LEDs heat up, light extraction diminishes. This is
why realistic testing methods are required.
The recent US Department of Energy (DOE) product tests (see
www.netl.doe.gov/ssl/comm_testing.htm) highlighted the sizeable
gap between manufacturers published measurements and measure-
ments under more realistic conditions. Fixture manufacturers are
using nominal LED values for lumen output and simply summing
those values over the number of LEDs used in their system. This type
of specifcation game is disingenuous. The whole does not equal the
sum of its parts, especially when it comes to light output.
Some measurements can be made with existing equipment and
standards. But we need numbers, we need methods and we need them
soon. The bad news in the world of solid-state lighting is that there
are few, if any, standards specifcally applying to LEDs and LED
systems. Conversely, there are examples of existing performance
standards being applied to LED systems where the result is not quite
what people expected.
The good news is that many LED applications continue to grow
in spite of a lack of standards because the performance is considered
perceptible one doesnt necessarily need a measuring instrument to
tell whether light output is useful or not. But standards are necessary
to ensure consistency, to ensure we have metrics for fair comparison,
and to keep the dimensions and condition of measurement equivalent
so that were not comparing apples and rocks.
the path to standards
Efforts to emplace standards began several years ago. The National
Electrical Manufacturing Associations (NEMA) Solid State Lighting
Section was founded with standards in mind and there are now many
organizations working with each other to create a new family of stan-
dards. The network of standards organizations is an alphabet soup of
acronyms: IESNA, ANSI, UL, CIE and more (see Links box). The
DOE is also pressing for standards since energy effciency criteria are
needed for the Energy Star program to set thresholds for LED lighting
systems (see DOE accelerates Energy Star program for SSL box).
More recently ANSI Working Group C78-09 was formed in
December 2005, and the IESNA Testing Procedures Committee (TPC)
solid-state lighting subcommittee was formed in April 2006. These two
organizations have worked closely together to create LED standards.
general standards process
Each standards development organization (SDO) has a detailed pro-
cess for creating and administering standards. The process is methodi-
cal, which for many is a euphemism for slow. However, the LED
standards process is proceeding quite rapidly. Additionally, these
developments are not happening in a vacuum and we are able to build
upon existing lighting standards by adapting structure and format
from existing standards.
The process for such standards development is generally an open
one. People and companies can join these organizations and partici-
pate in the process. Each organization has its own policy but they are
similar. When complete drafts are voted on by the respective commit-
tees, then the standards are released for public review. There are many
conference calls and meetings resulting in a document submitted to the
standards required for further
penetration of solid-state lighting
520
500
480
460
440
420
15 30 45 60 75 90 120
operating times (minutes)
f
l
u
x

(
l
u
m
e
n
s
)
Fig. 1. Light output of an LED system showing a signifcant decrease,
approximately 15%, in light output over time before the LEDs
reach the steady-state temperature. LEDs are typically measured
instantaneously at room temperature, giving results that do not
relate to actual fxture performance.
st anDarDs LEDs magazi nE
full committee and, at some point, voted
upon by the members of the committee
and later, submitted to the board of the
respective organization.
standards in development
There are several standards under
development, as listed below, and
many are in committee review right
now:
Chromaticity (color): ANSI WG-
C78 (C78.377A) see fgure 2
Luminous fux (light output):
IESNA LM-79
Lumen depreciation (lifetime):
IESNA LM-80
SSL defnitions
Photobiological safety: CIE S009
Color quality
Electrical safety: ANSI C82.XX
Luminous fux (Lm-79)
Determining light output would seem
straightforward. Simply put the device
in an integrating sphere and measure it
or use a goniometer and integrate the
measurements. But placement, mea-
surement techniques and stabilization
Fig. 2. Draft version of the ANSI chromaticity specifcation (C78.377A) showing eight nominal
CCT quadrangles for LEDs. The specs are as consistent as possible with existing fuorescent
lamp standards; the ovals show the seven-step MacAdam ellipses for CFLs. Six of the eight LED
quadrangles have the same nominal CCT as Energy Star CFLs, and two CCTs (4500 and 5700 K)
have been added. The LED specs are quadrangles and are contiguous to refect the current
binning capabilities of LED makers.
0.46
0.44
0.42
0.40
0.38
0.36
0.34
0.32
0.30
0.28
y
0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.50 0.52
x
n
o
m
in
a
l C
C
T
6500 K
5700 K
5000 K
4500 K
4000 K
3500 K
3000 K
2700 K
7
0
0
0

K
6
0
0
0

K
5
0
0
0

K
4
0
0
0

K
3
0
0
0

K
2
5
0
0

K
seven-step
MacAdam ellipses
(CFL)
illuminant A
D65
Planckian locus
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Draft: subject to change
LEDs magazi nE
st anDarDs
30
of measurements are all very important and much care is required in
measuring any lighting system. Many of the factors covered in existing
IES LMs do not apply to LEDs. Thus a new standard, IES LM-79, is in
process and under committee review at this time.
Lifetime lumen depreciation (Lm-80)
Lasts forever! was how an enthusiastic LED lamp sales person
greeted me at one trade show. While LEDs do last a long time, any
LED is unlikely to live up to the forever label. One complicating
issue regarding lifetime is that the defnition of lifetime is not the same
for traditional lighting sources and LEDs. The primary reason for this
is that traditional flament-based sources usually fail completely; fla-
ment breach results in no light. Since LEDs do not have flaments they
do not fail in the same manner, but they do slowly fade over time. This
fading is termed lumen depreciation. The end-of-life criterion is then
determined by a percentage of initial light output. Today two num-
bers are used in this upcoming standard, L70 or 70% of initial light
output and L50 or 50% of initial light output. Selection of L50 or L70
depends on the application. Methods of modeling and providing early
measurements in the range of several thousand hours are required to
determine lumen depreciation to L70 or L50 levels. IESNA LM-80
is under process and in committee review at this time.
ssL defnitions
This standards activity may appear to be the simplest to put in place
but this topic has resulted in many long discussions. This activity has
focused on about two dozen defnitions of terms related to solid-state
lighting and LEDs. It includes such terms as module, assembly and
so forth. In cooperation with the IEC, the IES, ANSI and NEMA, this
smaller but important effort is aimed at clarifying the use of terms
around solid-state lighting.
Its important to delineate such terms so that when safety stan-
dards and listing standards are applied to such systems, it is clear
where those subsequent standards apply. These defnitions will be
adopted into IESNA RP-16, Nomenclature and Definitions for
Illuminating Engineers, which will now be updated on a regular
basis. Harmonization between ANSI/IESNA and the IEC defnition
lists are also in process.
Photobiological safety
Are LEDs considered eye-safe? They are narrow band sources but
LEDs used for general illumination are entirely within the visible
spectrum and do not emit UV or IR, which would seem even safer than
traditional sources. There have been active discussions over safety and
LEDs. Until recently LEDs were treated similarly to lasers in IEC 60825
but this standard now refers to CIE S009, now under development to
address the general issues of eye safety and LEDs. ANSI/IESNA RP
27.1-3 will be referenced; this addresses many of these issues as well.
Electrical safety
Although at an early stage compared to other standards work, ANSI
C82.XX is focused on drivers and electrical safety issues regarding
LEDs. A draft is in development.
Color quality
Color rendering index (CRI) has several known limitations. It uses an
obsolete non-linear color space, color samples used in the calculation
are of low saturation (unlike most LEDs), and CRI uses an outdated
adaptation formula. Its very non-linear in the red region and also
unfairly penalizes LED sources in the way it is calculated.
By tim Whitaker
The DOE has made further progress with its draft requirements for
SSL luminaires to be incorporated into its Energy Star program,
which identifes and promotes energy-effcient products (see LEDs
Magazine February 2007, p9).
After releasing version 1 in December 2006, DOE received a
great deal of constructive feedback from industry stakeholders
and from its workshop in February, according to Richard Karney
of the Energy Star program. Version 2 has now been released (see
www.netl.doe.gov/ssl/energy_star.html). Feedback is required by
4 May, before the fnal specifcations are released, says Karney.
The criteria will come into force in nine months time, which
allows manufacturers to gear up for production.
There are two categories of SSL luminaires considered by
Energy Star. Category A covers near-term niche applications,
while Category B looks further ahead and sets high targets for SSL
luminaires that are linked with the expected LED performance
gains in the next two to three years.
Category A focuses on currently available products such as
recessed cans, task lighting, under-cabinet task lighting and more.
The purpose is to guide consumers to buy products that are more
energy-effcient, says Karney. There are a lot of SSL products
on the market that are really not very good, as the DOE testing
program has highlighted.
In version 2, the luminaire effcacy requirements for products
qualifying under Category B have been increased to 70 lm/W,
regardless of correlated color temperature (CCT). In version 1,
lower effcacy targets were set for lower CCT values. Also, color
rendering index (CRI) requirements are 75 or above for indoor
luminaires, with no CRI requirements for outdoor products.
Some lighting manufacturers have criticized the Energy Star
program for setting the bar too low for SSL. However, says
Karney, we cannot set levels that only one company would meet.
The purpose of the category B criteria is to acknowledge the rapid
predicted increase in SSL performance during the coming years.
LED technology is improving every moment, and we will need
to be more fexible [with criteria for SSL luminaires] than we have
been with CFL technology, says Karney. This will mean regular
reviews of the SSL criteria, possibly as often as every year.
The fact that the criteria refer to luminaire effcacy is crucially
important. Luminaire effcacy relates to the effective light
output from the SSL fxture, i.e. the usable light delivered to the
point of use. It is measured as the luminaire light output (from
photometric measurements) divided by the driver input power. An
IESNA procedure (LM-79) is being developed for photometric
measurements. Lighting manufacturers have been known to quote
effcacy values provided by the LED makers, but the luminaire
effcacy will always be lower by a signifcant percentage due to
fxture losses and other factors. In contrast, product qualifcation
for CFLs relates to CFL system performance (i.e. the performance
of the lamp and ballast), and does not take into account typical
fxture losses that can often amount to around 50%.
DOE accelerates Energy Star program for SSL
st anDarDs LEDs magazi nE
While many efforts have been made to improve CRI, noth-
ing has persevered but a new color quality metric is needed.
This issue has come to the forefront and color quality was
the focus of a 2006 Color & Light Symposium, led by the
Lighting Research Offce (LRO). One outcome of that gath-
ering was the formation of a new technical committee, TC
1-69, within the CIE and headed by Wendy Davis of NIST
to address a new color quality metric. While new color qual-
ity metrics have already been formulated and proposed to
address CRI issues, this standards development will require
additional substantial human factors testing.
Color communication
Color temperature of lighting sources is not well understood outside
part of the lighting community and the notion of colors of white light
is not well addressed by lighting companies either. An ad-hoc group
within the lighting industry has also examined means to communicate
the color of white light sources to end-users and consumers. This
group, working with the environmental protection agency (EPA) and
the Lighting Research Center at RPI has done market research and
focus group studies that show communicating color can be a useful
and productive measure. While this is not currently a proposed stan-
dard, it is likely to be a widely accepted means of communicating
color to users (see fgure 3).
On the horizon
There are other standards that are on the list but not active at this time
until some of those under development are completed. These include
Photometric Testing of Indoor SSL Luminaires, Photometric Testing of
Outdoor SSL Luminaires and fnally, an ANSI document, Specifcations
for Performance of SSL devices, which will be a consolidated text.
accreditation
An oft-forgotten aspect of standards and measurement criteria is the
means to accredit those who measure to such standards. Accredited
laboratories are critical to the adoption and use of such standards.
Equipment must be traceable to national laboratories such as NIST in
the US, or NPL in the UK, and the laboratory personnel must be well
versed in the actual measurement procedures. Laboratory accredita-
tion procedures must be in place before standards can be used.
The National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Procedure
(NVLAP) led by NIST does exactly this. It provides third-party
accreditation to testing and calibration laboratories. NVLAP is in
full conformance with the standards of the International Organization
for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC), including ISO/IEC 17025 and ISO/IEC 17011
(see ts.nist.gov/Standards/214.cfm for more details). This NVLAP
accreditation process is underway as well.
Participation
If you have experience in standards development or in various areas
such as photometry, you are welcome to join these organizations and
participate in the standards development process. If you are interested
in actively participating, please contact me at Kevin@ colorkinetics.
com and I will put you in touch with the right folks (do not contact
me to simply get copies of the latest drafts, most are available on the
appropriate websites).
about the author
Kevin Dowling is Chairman of the NEMA Solid-State Lighting
Committee and the IES sub-committee on Solid-State Lighting, and
past Chairman of the NGLIA. In his spare time he works in the areas
of new product development, IP, technology developments and leads
government programs at Color Kinetics.
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ANSI American National Standards Institute: www.ansi.org
CIE International Council on Illumination: www.cie.co.at
DOE Department of Energy: www.netl.doe.gov/ssl
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission: std.iec.ch
IESNA Illuminating Engineering Society of North America:
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Fig. 3. Communication of color temperatures could use letters (as for other
consumer goods), as shown in this prototype merchandising display.
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color mi xi ng lEDs magazi nE
Lighting designers have always used colored light to add emphasis or
provide atmospheric effects. This was done using colored lamps or
luminaires with color flters, but thanks to electronically controlled
RGB color mixing luminaires it is now possible to produce any color
of light with LEDs. Using color compensation, the luminaire manu-
facturer is able to compensate for the deviations in luminous fux and
hue due to the manufacturing tolerances of LEDs, and thus to satisfy
the highest demands of designers for uniformity, e.g. for colored wall-
washing (see fgure 1).
manufacturing deviations
High color saturation is one of the characteristic properties of LEDs.
However, the actual color of the individual LEDs is determined by
two factors that are subject to certain manufacturing fuctuations: the
luminous fux and the dominant wavelength. In practice this means
that the colors of light from two identical LED luminaires can in fact
deviate from one other. Semiconductor manufacturers classify every
LED according to these two criteria, sorting them into different cat-
egories called bins.
Some luminaire manufacturers demand that their suppliers pro-
vide bins that are particularly stringently selected with respect to the
dominant wavelength. There is a good reason for this: the greater the
accuracy with which an individual light source emits a certain wave-
length from the outset, the more exact the match between light colors
of several luminaires. But even with the most stringent selection,
deviations in both the luminous fux and the dominant wavelength
between individual LEDs of one color still have to be accepted.
Perception of color differences
The problem of the manufacturing deviations of LEDs is aggravated
when mixed colors of light are used. In RGB color mixing, the toler-
ances of two of three LEDs are compounded together. On the one
hand, the dominant wavelength can deviate by 5 nm or more within
one bin, depending on the manufacturer; on the other, fuctuations of
20 to 30% can arise for one luminous fux bin. This means that the
mixed color of two LED luminaires can differ by more than 10 nm in
a worst-case scenario.
The eye, however, can detect differences starting from 13 nm,
depending on the wavelength and the background. Therefore, high-
quality color mixing for architectural lighting with several luminaires
cannot be implemented reliably on this basis. Achieving color con-
stancy between several luminaires when washlighting a white wall
especially with an amber or cyan hue is one of the most demanding
colour compensation for lED
technology enables color-
constant rgB luminaires
Deviations in luminous fux and hue occur during LED production, but color compensation
technology allows luminaire manufacturers to provide color-constant products for
demanding applications, writes Thomas Schielke of ERCO Leuchten.
Fig.1. Achieving colour constancy between several luminaires when
wash-lighting a white wall especially with an amber or cyan hue
is one of the most demanding challenges facing lighting engineers.
Fig. 2. Color mixing: CIE color diagram shows light colors with hue
and saturation. Connecting the color loci of the red, green and blue
light sources of RGB color-mixing luminaires gives a triangle that
contains all the colors that can be produced. Colored LEDs have
high saturation and therefore allow a large number of mixed colors
to be produced. The line from the central white point to the RGB
points serves as a scale for saturation. The numeric values on the
outer edge of the curve indicate the wavelength.
0.8 0.6 0.4
W
527
622
465
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.2
20
20
40
40
40
60
60
60
80
80
80
20
380
490
500
510
530
555
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lEDs magazi nE
color mi xi ng
34
challenges that lighting engineers have to face. The eye has a very
high sensitivity for these wavelengths and therefore detects even fne
differences in color.
On the technical side, fuctuations in luminous fux are more seri-
ous than fuctuations in dominant wavelength for the perception of
the color differences. Without color compensation technology, this
could cause the light colors produced by RGB color mixing to devi-
ate visibly from one luminaire to the next for the same DALI (Digital
Addressable Lighting Interface) control values.
Conversely, lighting users require lighting products that will
always reproduce exactly the same light color from a given DALI
control value even in diffcult applications such as strip lighting
or a row of LED luminaires acting as wallwashers (see fgure 3). To
ensure reliable color precision, ERCO has introduced color compen-
sation technology, whereby LED luminaires with RGB color mixing
capability (also known as varychrome luminaires) are individually
measured and calibrated at the factory.
color compensation process
Color compensation is performed in four steps: (i) the luminaires are
operated for a certain time period; (ii) their actual values are recorded;
(iii) compensation values are entered; and (iv) the compensation is
checked. To achieve a reliable and constant value for the measure-
ment, the luminaires are operated continuously for about two hours
under reproducible temperature conditions until the luminaire reaches
thermal saturation. Following this, a computer-aided measuring
instrument records the luminous fux and the dominant wavelength
for each of the luminaires RGB channels.
In the third step, the measured values are compared with the set
values. The software then calculates the compensation factors from
these fgures and permanently stores the result in the control gear (see
fgure 4). The set values are adjusted at certain production cycles to
keep them up to date with technological progress. This will enable
adjustment to suit the increasing luminous fux of future LEDs.
The resulting product versions are identifed on the label of the
luminaire to ensure that it can be reordered or reproduced as and
when required. Color compensation technology comes into play on
luminaires featuring their own control gear where the compensation
factors can be stored individually. Color compensation, control gear
and LED module are seen here as a single unit and can be replaced as a
single unit in a luminaire as and when necessary. Color compensation
is used, for instance, for spotlights or wallwashers in the indoor area
or for outdoor luminaires such as projectors, in-ground luminaires or
facade luminaires.
Encoded Dali control gear
The Light System DALI uses encoded DALI control gear, which
enables the central DALI controller to identify automatically the
luminaires and their properties and enable user-friendly functions.
Various data (including the article number, a unique luminaire ID
and an index for identifying the lamp type and lamp color) is saved
in the 16-byte memory of the DALI control gear to provide unique
identifcation within the system.
The advantage of the encoded DALI control gear is particularly
apparent when implementing colored lighting installations with lumi-
naires featuring RGB color mixing technology. These luminaires
have three addresses with which the light colors red, green and blue
are already assigned to the respective control gear. Compared with
conventional DALI systems, this does away with the time-consuming
task, performed on-site, of assigning the addresses to the luminaires
with their respective color channels and control gear. A light color can
now be selected and assigned to several luminaires via the software.
The LED compensation factors stored in the control gear are used to
compensate for the deviations in the LEDs, due to their manufacturing
process, so that the user always receives a uniform color of light.
output comparison of rgB luminaires
The prerequisite for color mixing luminaires is to have lighting tools
with individually dimmable light sources in the primary colors of
red, green and blue as components of additive color mixing. Colored
fuorescent lamps, as well as LEDs in particular, are suitable for this
task. The saturation of the individual primary colors will determine
the usable color space.
Due to their operating principle, LEDs have one advantage over
Fig. 3. Colored wall-washing (left) without color compensation, and (right) with color-compensated Quadra varychrome LED luminaire.
luminous
flux
dominant
wavelength
control gear coding
PC with interface
to measuring
device and
Light Server for
DALI control
measuring
device
Fig. 4. Color compensation process diagram.
color mi xi ng lEDs magazi nE
color mixing luminaires with fuorescent lamps: their very high color
saturation produces a large color space, which also includes highly
saturated mixed colors. A quantitative output comparison of LED
color mixing luminaires should therefore not be based on the maxi-
mum luminous fux for white mixed light, but on the entire spectrum
and the saturation. Color compensation allows the luminaire manu-
facturer to ensure that the user obtains the same hue on several adja-
cent luminaires; however, the trade off for this is that, in practice, the
luminous fux can be slightly below the LED modules maximum
possible level.
summary
Color compensation technology for color mixing luminaires with
LEDs makes it possible to compensate for the luminaires manufac-
turing tolerances and to achieve optimum lighting quality for the user.
Even when LED bins of the highest grade are sourced, the variation
of both the maximum luminous fux and the dominant wavelength
still represents a real problem for discerning architectural lighting
solutions. Compensation factors stored in each luminaires own con-
trol gear ensure a uniform color of light for luminaires of the same
type during operation. In addition, the version control also takes the
technical progress of the increasing luminous fux into account and
improves the reordering process for subsequent deliveries.
about the author
Thomas Schielke is an architect and lighting designer with ERCO
Leuchten (www.erco.com). ERCO is headquartered in Ldenscheid,
Germany, and specializes in engineering hardware and software for
architectural lighting.
465
506
527
622
0
10
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50
60
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90
100
S (%)
(nm)
S (%)
(nm)
600 575 555 530 510 500 490 480 380 780 569 493
561
0
50
100
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300
(lm)
(nm)
478
527
465
583
622
(lm)
(nm)
380 780 600 575 555 530 510 500 490 480 569 -493
Fig. 5. Because ERCO uses LEDs with a very high color saturation
in the varychrome luminaires, a particularly wide range of colors
can be obtained. The saturation diagram shows the mixed colors as
wavelength l with the respective saturation given as a percentage.
Fig. 6. ERCOs varychrome LED luminaires have been optimized
so that they produce high luminous fux levels even with extremely
saturated light colors. The luminous fux diagram indicates the
luminous fux of the LED module with respect to the wavelength.
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603-746-2000
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CENTER WAVELENGTH
CENTROID WAVELENGTH
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COLOR RENDERING INDEX
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LEDs magazi nE
backLi ght i ng
36
LCD modules are not self-emissive but require an independent light
source in the form of a backlight unit (BLU). Among the available or
emerging BLU technologies, LEDs offer numerous advantages based
on their light-source characteristics, suggesting that LEDs will achieve
widespread adoption in medium and large display segments. However,
price wars in the display market and resultant cost reductions have
emerged as the crucial problem for LED-based BLUs. Despite numer-
ous advantages, LED-based BLUs have not been widely adopted in
larger LCD panels, and need to reach attractive cost levels.
Figure 1 shows the overall BLU market for large LCDs (10-inch
diagonal and larger) including applications such as LCD TVs, LCD
monitors and notebook PCs. The total BLU market in these applica-
tions will increase from 337 million units in 2007 to 481 million units
in 2010. Penetration of LEDs in the BLU market will increase rapidly
from 1.5% in 2007, equivalent to 5.1 million units, to 14% in 2010,
equivalent to 67.8 million units.
Considering that only about 1% of large products (10-inch and
bigger) have LED-based BLUs as of March 2007, we foresee a tre-
mendous growth through 2010. Even on the assumption that OLED
displays become available with larger designs, LED BLU technology
is predicted to continue to take the lead before this happens.
LcD tVs
The frst LED-based BLUs for LCD TV appeared in the second half
of 2004, as 40- and 46-inch models from Sony. Due to problems
with cost and various manufacturing processes, only a small number
of commercial TV models have been developed, including products
from Samsung, Sharp and LG.Philips.
All major TV manufacturers as well as LCD panel makers and sup-
pliers of BLUs and LEDs are working on development of LED BLUs
for televisions. In addition, there are joint studies between manufac-
turers, academia and research frms.
RGB LEDs are the most popular choice for development of TV
BLUs, and are also leading the market in technology advances. Sharp
has developed a hybrid (CCFL+LED) light source, and white LEDs
are also being evaluated for large panels.
Displaybank estimates that BLU module demand for LCD TVs
should grow from 80 million units in 2007 to 140 million units in
2010, when the penetration of LEDs into this application should
exceed 6%. Specifcally for TVs with screen sizes of 40-inch and
larger, LED penetration will reach around 15% in a market of about
53 million units. As a consequence, Displaybank has estimated that
the LCD TV market will require 19.5 billion low-power LED chips
and 1.15 billion high-power LEDs in 2010.
monitor LcDs
LED BLUs for monitors have similar characteristics to those for TVs,
but far more severe pricing pressure in this market has hindered actual
product launches. Although there have been few commercial products
(some of which failed to sell), monitor-sized displays are often manu-
factured as prototypes in the review stage of TV BLU development.
NEC, Sony, Mitsubishi and Samsung have all introduced LED-back-
lit monitors in the past two-to-three years.
Prices for conventional (CCFL-backlit) 17- and 19-inch monitors are
between $200 and $300, meaning that the adoption of LED BLUs in
monitors will not happen in the near future unless LED prices plunge.
Recent attention has been focused on premium-range monitors for spe-
cial applications such as graphic design and industrial use (see Box).
notebook Pcs
LED BLUs frst appeared in notebook PCs in 2005 and have enjoyed
rapid growth, mainly due to the feasibility of building slimmer products.
In addition, because color gamut is not usually a strong consideration
for purchasing a notebook PC, the BLUs are able to use white LEDs,
which are more attractively priced than RGB LEDs. Commercial prod-
ucts are now being rolled out, and true mass production of such prod-
ucts is projected to commence from the second half of 2007.
Sony has already launched 12 LED-backlit notebook PCs, while
Toshiba has launched one and Fujitsu two models. Toshiba has also
introduced a large number of LCD panels (see Box). Sonys monop-
oly is likely to continue into the frst half of 2007, but from the second
half, products made in Korea and Taiwan may enter the market.
LED backlights will feature in
14% of all large LcDs by 2010
LED backlight units are beginning to appear in large commercial LCD panels, says Brian Bae
of Displaybank, but the penetration rate will increase dramatically in the next few years.
500
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0
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large-size BLU market (units)
LED BLUs (units)
LED BLUs (%)
Fig. 1. Market penetration of LED backlight units (BLUs) into large-
size LCD screens (10-inch diagonal and larger).
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backLi ght i ng LEDs magazi nE
conclusion
In the future, products with LED BLUs will continue to gain ground,
providing rich advantages and high added value. However, there
remain challenges to be solved for rapid penetration of LED BLUs,
including price, heat dissipation, uniformity and effciency of LED
chips. We believe that the market expansion of LED BLUs will be
dependent on the time when solutions to these issues are offered.
about the author
Brian Bae (brian@displaybank.com) is a researcher with Displaybank.
Contact Sue Chung (sue@displaybank.com) for information on
Displaybanks LED BLU reports and display-related events.
by tim Whitaker
Both Samsung and Toshiba are helping
to drive the growing popularity of LED
backlighting for LCD panels with a new
30-inch professional monitor and new LCD
panels for laptops, respectively.
At CeBit in Hanover, Germany, Samsung
Electronics introduced a professional-grade
30-inch LCD monitor (SyncMaster XL30)
that incorporates an LED backlight unit.
The monitors key feature is its ability to
reproduce 123% of the NTSC standard
color gamut. Ha Yoon-ho, Senior VP of
Samsungs Visual Display Division, said:
I predict that new Samsung LED BLU
monitors will create a color revolution
leading to a popularization of the products not only
for experts such as designers and photographers
but for the desktop publishing feld.
Until recently, graphic designers and those
working in the printing and publishing industries didnt use LCDs
at all, since the color reproduction was not
as accurate as conventional CRT displays.
With LED backlighting, the XL-30 provides
a massive leap ahead in performance.
The monitor expresses Adobe RGB color
ranges, which allows pictures taken with
DSLR cameras to transmit emerald green,
dark red, and other natural colors onto the
monitor in their true form. Users will be able
to view detailed, in-depth colors that were
previously only available through computer
imaging and printed copies. Also, consumers
will be able to print photo colors exactly the
way they see them on the monitors.
Meanwhile, Toshiba Matsushita Display
Technology has developed new 10.4- and 10.6-inch LCD
panels for notebook PC applications, each incorporating
an LED backlighting system to provide low-profle,
lightweight, and low-power consumption features.
TMD now sells seven LCD panels with LED backlights
in the 8.9- to 13.3-inch range, and sees strong growth in this area.
Samsung, Toshiba promote LED backlights for LCDs
October 24 26, 2007
Sheraton San Diego Hotel & Marina
San Diego, California, US
Join over 500 LED industry leaders
at this 8th annual international
business conference and exhibition
www.intertechusa.com

LEDs magazi nE
ledsmagazine.com april 2007 Copyright 2007 Cabot Media Ltd. All rights reserved 38
i nt Ernat i onaL Li ght t EchnoLogi Es
iLLUmaLED
tm
high-performance
LED under-cabinet lighting system
This ultra-thin (less than
1
2 inch), high-effciency, 12-inch long,
low-voltage light source has been designed, with dimming
capabilities, specifcally for under-cabinet, under-shelf, or
display-case lighting. The design uses state-of-the-art thermal
management techniques to produces over 250 lumens using only
7 watts of power with a 50,000-hour lifetime. The low-voltage
wiring makes installation extremely easy. Available in white,
black, brushed aluminum, and custom colors.
ISO 9001:2000 certifed
Contact: Pete Couture
Tel. +1 978-818-6180 x 130
Web: www.intl-lighttech.com
Contact joanna@ledsmagazine.com
Enfi s
Enfs Plug & Play LED Light Engines
The Enfs QUATTRO (pictured) and Enfs UNO ranges of Solid-
State LED Light Engines provide a complete solution, including
electronic and thermal management plus a simple user interface
just plug DC power in and you can use some of the brightest and
highest power LEDs on the market! They are available in a range
of wavelengths: UV, visible, white, RGBA, NIR and from 18 W
to 200 W.

Tel: +44 (0)1792 485660
Fax:+44 (0)1792 485537
Email: info@enfs.com
Web: www.enfs.com
Lightfair Booth #2380
aDVErt i sE YoUr ProDUct hErE
Promote your product in the Product
focus section of LEDs Magazine
The Product Focus section is a low-cost way to gain high
visibility for your products. The package consists of 75 words of
text, a photo and full company contact details. All you have to do
is send us the text and photo and we will create the advert for you.
For further information:
Contact: Joanna Hook
Tel. +44 (0)117 941 5378
Email: joanna@ledsmagazine.com
LEDs
magazi nE
PLD-C is a Global Lighting Design Convention for
lighting professionals worldwide, organised by
VIA Publishing for the international magazine
Professional Lighting Design in cooperation with
the European Lighting Designers Association
e.V., ELDA.
Other associations and Universities and manu-
facturers have shown interest
in becoming a strong partner involved in the glo-
bal convention, such as are Lighting Urban
Community International, LUCI, and the
Association des Concepteurs Lumire et
Eclairagistes, ACE, The Sociaty of Light and
Lighting, SLL, Lyskultur/N and many more.
Save the dates:
26. to the 28. October 2007 in London/UK
www.pld-c.com
A milestone
Dokument 3 10.04.2007 13:28 Uhr Seite 1
Lightfair ProDUct focUs
LEDs magazi nE
LYnk Labs i nc.
ac-LED technology and thermaLynk
packaging solutions
Lynk Labs Inc is the LED industrys leading provider of AC-LED
technology, a patented infrastructure solution that includes AC
LED devices, assemblies and drive technology. Lynk Labs most
recent LED innovation, ThermaLynk, delivers advanced LED
packaging solutions from die level to luminaire by integrating
die directly to thermal conductive, moldable polymers from Cool
Polymers Inc (see CoolPoly
thermal conductive materials from

Cool Polymers Inc).
Tel. +1 847-783-0123
Fax: +1 847-783-1230
Email: stewarth@lynklabs.com
Web: www.lynklabs.com
cooL PoLYmErs, i nc.
coolPoly thermally conductive,
moldable polymer materials
CoolPoly
is the LED thermal management SOLUTION!

Cool Polymers is the worlds only dedicated manufacturer of thermally
conductive plastics. CoolPoly
is the only LED industry standard for an

integrated thermal management solution, the weight/cost of aluminum,
no antenna affect, 3D net shaped molded, UNITIZED LED packaging
for: die, light engine, PCB substrate for SMT/refow, Chip on Board,
enclosures or complete luminaire. See Lynk Labs, ThermaLynk, Chip
on Luminaire COL solutions on CoolPoly
technology.
Contact: Gary Arnold, Sales Manager
Tel. +1 401-450-2496
Fax: +1 401-732-6119
Email: gary@coolpolymers.com
Web: www.coolpolymers.com
To promote your product here, please contact Joanna Hook at joanna@ledsmagazine.com
VossLohschwabE
LEDs Light in a new dimension
Conceived in a user-friendly manner, effciently realized our
LED competence center offers LED system solutions which are
ready to be assembled at the highest technological level.
More about the light of the
future can be found at:
www.vs-optoelectronic.com
VosslohSchwabe:
A New Lighting Experience
Visit us at the Lightfair in New
York, 8th to 10th May, 2007
Jacob Javits Center, Booth 1546
PowEr VEct or
iris 3-in-1 Driver Dimmer
ISO 9001:2000 Designers and Manufacturers of LED Driver
Dimmer Power Supplies, for power applications in the Solid State
Lighting industry. Power Vectors IRIS product is designed for
powering and controlling high-brightness LEDs incorporating
DMX512A control, power isolation and
programmable constant current drivers.
Power Vectors products incorporate
our unique dimming method and
are intended for any High Brightness
LEDs from 350 mA up to 1400 mA.
Tel. +1 888-LED-3IN1 (533-3461)
Email: info@powervector.com
Web: www.powervector.com
ocEan oPt i cs
simple LED measurement
Measure relative irradiance including color temperature and
color rendering index of radiant sources and absolute irradiance
of LEDs with modular optical-sensing tools from Ocean Optics.
Our miniature fber-optic spectrometers and accessories can
be confgured to measure absolute or relative irradiance of
LEDs, fat-panel displays and other radiant sources; for LEDs in
particular, we offer special optical fxtures, calibrated sources and
other tools for convenient measurement.
Tel. +1 727-733-2447
Fax: +1 727-733-3962
Email: Info@OceanOptics.com
Web: www.oceanoptics.com/applications/
samplesetups_ledanalysis.asp
carcLo
frosted technology fnish for rebels
A new range of optics with frosted technology fnish complete
with holders are available for LUXEON
Rebel LEDs. These

produce beam widths of between 9 and 22 degrees (FWHM),
also an elliptical beam of 10 40. All have effciency of 85%+,
allowing users to make the most of the Rebels already good
optical effciency. Particularly impressive for architectural
applications are the two frosted variants that feature integrated
diffusers. Other LED manufacturers supported as well.

Email: ian.bryant@carclo-plc.com
jim.oconnor@carclo-usa.com
Tel: +44 (0)1753 575011 (UK)
Tel: +1 724-539-6982 (USA)
Web: www.carclo-optics.com
Lightfair ProDUct focUs
Document3 3l/3/06 l3:23 Page l

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Up to 95% optical effciency

market s LeDs magazi ne

Available in multi-colored and monochromatic (4-chip)

Design Your Own 4-chip color combination

thermal conductive materials from

is the LED thermal management SOLUTION!

is the only LED industry standard for an

Rebel LEDs. These

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