Canada National Math Olympiad 2008 Problems

Canada
National Olympiad 2008
1 ABCD is a convex quadrilateral for which AB is the longest side. Points M and N are located on sides AB and BC respectively, so that each of the segments AN and CM divides the quadrilateral into two parts of equal area. Prove that the segment M N bisects the diagonal BD. 2 Determine all functions f dened on the set of rational numbers that take rational values for which f (2f (x) + f (y)) = 2x + y, for each x and y. 3 Let a, b, c be positive real numbers for which a + b + c = 1. Prove that 3 a bc b ca c ab + + . a + bc b + ca c + ab 2 4 Determine all functions f dened on the natural numbers that take values among the natural numbers for which (f (n))p n mod f (p) for all n N and all prime numbers p. 5 A self-avoiding rook walk on a chessboard (a rectangular grid of unit squares) is a path traced by a sequence of moves parallel to an edge of the board from one unit square to another, such that each begins where the previous move ended and such that no move ever crosses a square that has previously been crossed, i.e., the rooks path is non-self-intersecting. Let R(m, n) be the number of self-avoiding rook walks on an m n (m rows, n columns) chessboard which begin at the lower-left corner and end at the upper-left corner. For example, R(m, 1) = 1 for all natural numbers m; R(2, 2) = 2; R(3, 2) = 4; R(3, 3) = 11. Find a formula for R(3, n) for each natural number n.
This le was downloaded from the AoPS MathLinks Math Olympiad Resources Page http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/ Page 1 http://www.mathlinks.ro/
China
Team Selection Test 2008
Day 1
1 Let ABC be a triangle, let AB > AC. Its incircle touches side BC at point E. Point D is the second intersection of the incircle with segment AE (dierent from E). Point F (dierent from E) is taken on segment AE such that CE = CF . The ray CF meets BD at point G. Show that CF = F G. 2 The sequence {xn } is dened by x1 = 2, x2 = 12, and xn+2 = 6xn+1 xn , (n = 1, 2, . . .). Let p be an odd prime number, let q be a prime divisor of xp . Prove that if q = 2, 3, then q 2p 1. 3 Suppose that every positve integer has been given one of the colors red, blue,arbitrarily. Prove that there exists an innite sequence of positive integers a1 < a2 < a3 < < an < , a1 + a2 a2 + a3 a3 + a4 such that ininite sequence of positive integers a1 , , a2 , , a3 , , has 2 2 2 the same color.
China
Day 2
4 Prove that for arbitary positive integer n 4, there exists a permutation of the subsets that contain at least two elements of the set Gn = {1, 2, 3, , n}: P1 , P2 , , P2n n1 such that |Pi Pi+1 | = 2, i = 1, 2, , 2n n 2. 5 For two given positive integers m, n > 1, let aij (i = 1, 2, , n, j = 1, 2, , m) be nonnegative real numbers, not all zero, nd the maximum and the minimum values of f , where n n ( m aij )2 + m m ( n aij )2 i=1 j=1 j=1 i=1 f= m m 2 . ( n aij )2 + mn n i=1 j=1 i=1 i=j aij 6 Find the maximal constant M , such that for arbitrary integer n 3, there exist two sequences
n
of positive real number a1 , a2 , , an , and b1 , b2 , , bn , satisfying (1):

k=1 k
bk = 1, 2bk bk1 +
bk+1 , k = 2, 3, , n 1; (2):a2 1 + k
i=1
ai bi , k = 1, 2, 3, , n, an M .
Croatia
Team Selection Tests 2008
1 Let x, y, z be positive numbers. Find the minimum value of: (a) (b) x2 + y 2 + 2z 2 xy + yz
x2 + y 2 + z 2 xy + yz
2 For which n N do there exist rational numbers a, b which are not integers such that both a + b and an + bn are integers? 3 Point M is taken on side BC of a triangle ABC such that the centroid Tc of triangle ABM lies on the circumcircle of ACM and the centroid Tb of ACM lies on the circumcircle of ABM . Prove that the medians of the triangles ABM and ACM from M are of the same length. 4 Let S be the set of all odd positive integers less than 30m which are not multiples of 5, where m is a given positive integer. Find the smallest positive integer k such that each k-element subset of S contains two distinct numbers, one of which divides the other.
Moldova
National Olympiad 11-12 2008
Day 1 - 01 March 2008

1 Consider the equation x4 4x3 + 4x2 + ax + b = 0, where a, b R. Determine the largest value a + b can take, so that the given equation has two distinct positive roots x1 , x2 so that x1 + x2 = 2x1 x2 . 2 Find the exact value of E =
0
2
cos
1003
xdx
0
cos1004 xdx.
3 In the usual coordinate system xOy a line d intersect the circles C1 : (x+1)2 +y 2 = 1 and C2 : 3 3 2 2 (x 2) + y = 4 in the points A, B, C and D (in this order). It is known that A , 2 2 and BOC = 60 . All the Oy coordinates of these 4 points are positive. Find the slope of d. 4 Dene the sequence (ap )p0 as follows: ap = Find lim (a0 + a1 + . . . + an ).
n p 0
24
p 1
35
p 2
46
. . . + (1)
p p
(p + 2)(p + 4)
Moldova
National Olympiad 11-12 2008
Day 2 - 02 March 2008

5 Find the least positive integer n so that the polynomial P (X) = least one root of modulus 1. 6 Find lim an where (an )n1 is dened by an =
n
3 X n+1 X n 1 has at
... +
1 . 9n2 1
n2
1 1 1 + + + 2 + 16n 1 2 + 24n 1 + 8n 1 n n
7 Triangle ABC has xed vertices B and C, so that BC = 2 and A is variable. Denote by H and G the orthocenter and the centroid, respectively, of triangle ABC. Let F (HG) so HF = 3. Find the locus of the point A so that F BC. that FG 8 Evaluate I =
0
4
sin6 2x + cos6 2x ln(1 + tan x)dx.
Moldova
National Olympiad 2008
1 Let fm : R R, fm (x) = (m2 + m + 1)x2 2(m2 + 1)x + m2 m + 1, where m R. 1) Find the xed common point of all this parabolas. 2) Find m such that the distance from that xed point to Oy is minimal. 2 Find f (x) : (0, +) R such that f (x) f (y) + f ( and f (2008) = 1 for x (0, +). 3 From the vertex A of the equilateral triangle ABC a line is drown that intercepts the segment [BC] in the point E. The point M (AE is such that M external to ABC, AM B = 20 and AM C = 30 . What is the measure of the angle M AB? 4 Let n be a positive integer. Find all x1 , x2 , . . . , xn that satisfy the relation: x1 1 + 2 x2 4 + 3 x3 9 + + n 1 xn n2 = (x1 + x2 + x3 + + xn ). 2 2008 2008 ) f( ) = 2f (x y) x y
Moldova
Day 1
1 Let p be a prime number. Solve in N0 N0 the equation x3 + y 3 3xy = p 1. 2 We say the set {1, 2, . . . , 3k} has property D if it can be partitioned into disjoint triples so that in each of them a number equals the sum of the other two. (a) Prove that {1, 2, . . . , 3324} has property D. (b) Prove that {1, 2, . . . , 3309} hasnt property D. 3 Let (I, r) and (O, R) denote the incircle and circumcircle, respectively, of a triangle ABC. Consider all the triangels Ai Bi Ci which are simultaneously inscribed in (O, R) and circumscribed to (I, r). Prove that the centroids of these triangles are concyclic. 4 A non-zero polynomial S R[X, Y ] is called homogeneous of degree d if there is a positive integer d so that S(x, y) = d S(x, y) for any R. Let P, Q R[X, Y ] so that Q is homogeneous and P divides Q (that is, P |Q). Prove that P is homogeneous too.
Moldova
Day 2 - 29 March 2008

x3 + 3xy 2 = 49, x2 + 8xy + y 2 = 8y + 17x. n . Find the minimal value of 2
1 Find all solutions (x, y) R R of the following system:
EDIT: Thanks to Silouan for pointing out a mistake in the problem statement. 2 Let a1 , . . . , an be positive reals so that a1 + a2 + . . . + an a2 + 1 1 + a2 2 a2 + 2 1 + ... + a2 3 a2 + n 1 . a2 1
3 Let be the circumcircle of ABC and let D be a xed point on BC, D = B, D = C. Let X be a variable point on (BC), X = D. Let Y be the second intersection point of AX and . Prove that the circumcircle of XY D passes through a xed point. 4 Find the number of even permutations of {1, 2, . . . , n} with no xed points.
Moldova
Day 3 - 30 March 2008

1 Determine a subset A N having 5 dierent elements, so that the sum of the squares of its elements equals their product. Do not simply post the subset, show how you found it. 2 Let p be a prime number and k, n positive integers so that gcd(p, n) = 1. Prove that and p are coprime. 3 In triangle ABC the bisector of ACB intersects AB at D. Consider an arbitrary circle O passing through C and D, so that it is not tangent to BC or CA. Let O BC = {M } and O CA = {N }. a) Prove that there is a circle S so that DM and DN are tangent to S in M and N , respectively. b) Circle S intersects lines BC and CA in P and Q respectively. Prove that the lengths of M P and N Q do not depend on the choice of circle O. 4 A non-empty set S of positive integers is said to be good if there is a coloring with 2008 colors of all positive integers so that no number in S is the sum of two dierent positive integers (not necessarily in S) of the same color. Find the largest value t can take so that the set S = {a + 1, a + 2, a + 3, . . . , a + t} is good, for any positive integer a. P.S.: I have the feeling that Ive seen this problem before, so if Im right, maybe someone can post some links... n pk pk
Poland
Finals 2008
Day 1
1 In each cell of a matrix n n a number from a set {1, 2, . . . , n2 } is written in the rst row numbers 1, 2, . . . , n, in the second n + 1, n + 2, . . . , 2n and so on. Exactly n of them have been chosen, no two from the same row or the same column. Let us denote by ai a number chosen from row number i. Show that: 22 n2 n+2 1 12 + + ... + 2 a1 a2 an 2 n +1 2 A function f : R3 R for all reals a, b, c, d, e satises a condition: f (a, b, c) + f (b, c, d) + f (c, d, e) + f (d, e, a) + f (e, a, b) = a + b + c + d + e Show that for all reals x1 , x2 , . . . , xn (n 5) equality holds: f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) + f (x2 , x3 , x4 ) + . . . + f (xn1 , xn , x1 ) + f (xn , x1 , x2 ) = x1 + x2 + . . . + xn 3 In a convex pentagon ABCDE in which BC = DE following equalities hold: ABE = CAB = AED 90 , Show that BCDE is a parallelogram. ACB = ADE
Poland
Finals 2008
Day 2
4 There is nothing to show. The splitting eld of a set of polynomials S F [X] is simply the eld over F generated by the set of roots of the polynomials in S in some algebraic closure of F . And clearly {f1 , . . . , fn } and f1 fn have the same sets of roots. 5 Let R be a parallelopiped. Let us assume that areas of all intersections of R with planes containing centers of three edges of R pairwisely not parallel and having no common points, are equal. Show that R is a cuboid. 6 Let S be a set of all positive integers which can be represented as a2 + 5b2 for some integers a, b such that ab. Let p be a prime number such that p = 4n + 3 for some integer n. Show that if for some positive integer k the number kp is in S, then 2p is in S as well. Here, the notation ab means that the integers a and b are coprime.
Serbia
National Math Olympiad 2008
Day 1
1 Find all nonegative integers x, y, z such that 12x + y 4 = 2008z 2 Triangle ABC is given. Points D i E are on line AB such that D A B E, AD = AC and BE = BC. Bisector of internal angles at A and B intersect BC, AC at P and Q, and circumcircle of ABC at M and N . Line which connects A with center of circumcircle of BM E and line which connects B and center of circumcircle of AN D intersect at X. Prove that CX P Q. 3 Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that a + b + c = 1. Prove inequality: 1 bc + a +
1 a
1 ac + b +
1 b
1 ab + c +
1 c
27 . 31
Serbia
National Math Olympiad 2008
Day 2
4 Each point of a plane is painted in one of three colors. Show that there exists a triangle such that: (i) all three vertices of the triangle are of the same color; (ii) the radius of the circumcircle of the triangle is 2008; (iii) one angle of the triangle is either two or three times greater than one of the other two angles. 5 The sequence (an )n1 is dened by a1 = 3, a2 = 11 and an = 4an1 an2 , for n 3. Prove that each term of this sequence is of the form a2 + 2b2 for some natural numbers a and b. 6 In a convex pentagon ABCDE, let EAB = ABC = 120 , ADB = 30 and CDE = 60 . Let AB = 1. Prove that the area of the pentagon is less than 3.
Turkey
Day 1
1 In an ABC triangle such that m(B) > m(C), the internal and external bisectors of vertice A intersects BC respectively at points D and E. P is a variable point on EA such that A is on [EP ]. DP intersects AC at M and M E intersects AD at Q. Prove that all P Q lines have a common point as P varies. 2 A graph has 30 vertices, 105 edges and 4822 unordered edge pairs whose endpoints are disjoint. Find the maximal possible dierence of degrees of two vertices in this graph. 3 The equation x3 ax2 + bx c = 0 has three (not necessarily dierent) positive real roots. 1+a+b+c c Find the minimal possible value of . 3 + 2a + b b
Turkey
Day 2
4 The sequence (xn ) is dened as; x1 = a, x2 = b and for all positive integer n, xn+2 = 2008xn+1 xn . Prove that there are some positive integers a, b such that 1 + 2006xn+1 xn is a perfect square for all positive integer n. 5 D is a point on the edge BC of triangle ABC such that AD = is a point such that D is on [AE] and CD = CD2 BD2 = . E AB + AD AC + AD
DE 2 . Prove that AE = AB + AC. CD + CE
6 There are n voters and m candidates. Every voter makes a certain arrangement list of all candidates (there is one person in every place 1, 2, ...m) and votes for the rst k people in his/her list. The candidates with most votes are selected and say them winners. A poll prole is all of this n lists. If a is a candidate, R and R are two poll proles. R is a good for R if and only if for every voter; the people which in a worse position than a in R is also in a worse position than a in R . We say positive integer k is monotone if and only if for every R poll prole and every winner a for R poll prole is also a winner for all a good R poll m(n 1) . proles. Prove that k is monotone if and only if k > n
USA
AIME 2008
1 Of the students attending a school party, 60% of the students are girls, and 40% of the students like to dance. After these students are joined by 20 more boy students, all of whom like to dance, the party is now 58% girls. How many students now at the party like to dance? 2 Square AIM E has sides of length 10 units. Isosceles triangle GEM has base EM , and the area common to triangle GEM and square AIM E is 80 square units. Find the length of the altitude to EM in GEM . 3 Ed and Sue bike at equal and constant rates. Similarly, they jog at equal and constant rates, and they swim at equal and constant rates. Ed covers 74 kilometers after biking for 2 hours, jogging for 3 hours, and swimming for 4 hours, while Sue covers 91 kilometers after jogging for 2 hours, swimming for 3 hours, and biking for 4 hours. Their biking, jogging, and swimming rates are all whole numbers of kilometers per hour. Find the sum of the squares of Eds biking, jogging, and swimming rates. 4 There exist unique positive integers x and y that satisfy the equation x2 + 84x + 2008 = y 2 . Find x + y. 5 A right circular cone has base radius r and height h. The cone lies on its side on a at table. As the cone rolls on the surface of the table without slipping, the point where the cones base meets the table traces a circular arc centered at the point where the vertex touches the table. The cone rst returns to its original position on table after making 17 complete rotations. the The value of h/r can be written in the form m n, where m and n are positive integers and n is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m + n. 6 A triangular array of numbers has a rst row consisting of the odd integers 1, 3, 5, . . . , 99 in increasing order. Each row below the rst has one fewer entry than the row above it, and the bottom row has a single entry. Each entry in any row after the top row equals the sum of the two entries diagonally above it in the row immediately above it. How many entries in the array are multiples of 67? 7 Let Si be the set of all integers n such that 100i n < 100(i + 1). For example, S4 is the set 400, 401, 402, . . . , 499. How many of the sets S0 , S1 , S2 , . . . , S999 do not contain a perfect square? 8 Find the positive integer n such that 1 1 1 1 arctan + arctan + arctan + arctan = . 3 4 5 n 4
USA
AIME 2008
9 Ten identical crates each of dimensions 3 ft 4 ft 6 ft. The rst crate is placed at on the oor. Each of the remaining nine crates is placed, in turn, at on top of the previous m crate, and the orientation of each crate is chosen at random. Let be the probability that n the stack of crates is exactly 41 ft tall, where m and n are relatively prime positive integers. Find m. 10 Let ABCD be an isosceles trapezoid with AD||BC whose angle at the longer base AD is . 3 The diagonals have length 10 21, and point E is at distances 10 7 and 30 7 from vertices A and D, respectively. Let F be the foot of the altitude from C to AD. The distance EF can be expressed in the form m n, where m and n are positive integers and n is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m + n. 11 Consider sequences that consist entirely of As and Bs and that have the property that every run of consecutive As has even length, and every run of consecutive Bs has odd length. Examples of such sequences are AA, B, and AABAA, while BBAB is not such a sequence. How many such sequences have length 14? 12 On a long straight stretch of one-way single-lane highway, cars all travel at the same speed and all obey the safety rule: the distance from the back of the car ahead to the front of the car behind is exactly one car length for each 15 kilometers per hour of speed or fraction thereof (Thus the front of a car traveling 52 kilometers per hour will be four car lengths behind the back of the car in front of it.) A photoelectric eye by the side of the road counts the number of cars that pass in one hour. Assuming that each car is 4 meters long and that the cars can travel at any speed, let M be the maximum whole number of cars that can pass the photoelectric eye in one hour. Find the quotient when M is divided by 10. 13 Let p(x, y) = a0 + a1 x + a2 y + a3 x2 + a4 xy + a5 y 2 + a6 x3 + a7 x2 y + a8 xy 2 + a9 y 3 . Suppose that p(0, 0) = p(1, 0) = p(1, 0) = p(0, 1) = p(0, 1) = p(1, 1) = p(1, 1) = p(2, 2) = 0. a b a b , , for which p = 0 for all such polynomials, where a, b, and c c c c c are positive integers, a and c are relatively prime, and c > 1. Find a + b + c. There is a point 14 Let AB be a diameter of circle . Extend AB through A to C. Point T lies on so that line CT is tangent to . Point P is the foot of the perpendicular from A to line CT . Suppose AB = 18, and let m denote the maximum possible length of segment BP . Find m2 . 15 A square piece of paper has sides of length 100. From each corner a wedge is cut in the following manner: at each corner, the two cuts for the wedge each start at distance 17 from
USA
AIME 2008
the corner, and they meet on the diagonal at an angle of 60 (see the gure below). The paper is then folded up along the lines joining the vertices of adjacent cuts. When the two edges of a cut meet, they are taped together. The result is a paper tray whose sides are not at right angles to the base. The height of the tray, that is, the perpendicular distance between the plane of the base and the plane formed by the upper edges, can be written in the form n m, where m and n are positive integers, m < 1000, and m is not divisible by the nth power of any prime. Find m + n. [asy]import math; unitsize(5mm); defaultpen(fontsize(9pt)+Helvetica()+linewidth(0.7)); pair O=(0,0); pair A=(0,sqrt(17)); pair B=(sqrt(17),0); pair C=shift(sqrt(17),0)*(sqrt(34)*dir(75)); pair D=(xpart(C),8); pair E=(8,ypart(C)); draw(O(0,8)); draw(O(8,0)); draw(OC); draw(ACB); draw(DCE); label(quot;36; 1736; quot; , (0, 2), W ); label(quot; 36; 1736; quot; , (2, 0), S); label(quot; cutquot; , midpoint(A C), N N W ); label(quot; cutquot; , midpoint(B C), ESE); label(quot; f oldquot; , midpoint(C D), W ); label(quot; f oldquot; , midpoint(CE), S); label(quot; 36; 30 36; quot; , shif t(0.6, 0.6) C, W SW ); label(quot; 36; 30 36; quot; , shif t(1.2, 1.2) C, SSE); [/asy]
USA
AIME 2008
II
1 Let N = 1002 + 992 982 972 + 962 + + 42 + 32 22 12 , where the additions and subtractions alternate in pairs. Find the remainder when N is divided by 1000. 2 Rudolph bikes at a constant rate and stops for a ve-minute break at the end of every mile. Jennifer bikes at a constant rate which is three-quarters the rate that Rudolph bikes, but Jennifer takes a ve-minute break at the end of every two miles. Jennifer and Rudolph begin biking at the same time and arrive at the 50-mile mark at exactly the same time. How many minutes has it taken them? 3 A block of cheese in the shape of a rectangular solid measures 10 cm by 13 cm by 14 cm. Ten slices are cut from the cheese. Each slice has a width of 1 cm and is cut parallel to one face of the cheese. The individual slices are not necessarily parallel to each other. What is the maximum possible volume in cubic cm of the remaining block of cheese after ten slices have been cut o? 4 There exist r unique nonnegative integers n1 > n2 > > nr and r unique integers ak (1 k r) with each ak either 1 or 1 such that a1 3n1 + a2 3n2 + + ar 3nr = 2008. Find n1 + n2 + + nr . 5 In trapezoid ABCD with BC AD, let BC = 1000 and AD = 2008. Let A = 37 , D = 53 , and m and n be the midpoints of BC and AD, respectively. Find the length M N . 6 The sequence {an } is dened by a0 = 1, a1 = 1, and an = an1 + The sequence {bn } is dened by b0 = 1, b1 = 3, and bn = bn1 + Find b32 . a32 b2 n1 for n 2. bn2 a2 n1 for n 2. an2
7 Let r, s, and t be the three roots of the equation 8x3 + 1001x + 2008 = 0. Find (r + s)3 + (s + t)3 + (t + r)3 .
USA
AIME 2008
8 Let a = /2008. Find the smallest positive integer n such that 2[cos(a) sin(a) + cos(4a) sin(2a) + cos(9a) sin(3a) + + cos(n2 a) sin(na)] is an integer. 9 A particle is located on the coordinate plane at (5, 0). Dene a move for the particle as a counterclockwise rotation of /4 radians about the origin followed by a translation of 10 units in the positive x-direction. Given that the particles position after 150 moves is (p, q), nd the greatest integer less than or equal to |p| + |q|. 10 The diagram below shows a 4 4 rectangular array of points, each of which is 1 unit away from its nearest neighbors. [asy]unitsize(0.25inch); defaultpen(linewidth(0.7)); int i, j; for(i = 0; i 4; ++i) for(j = 0; j 4; ++j) dot(((real)i, (real)j));[/asy]Dene a growing path to be a sequence of distinct points of the array with the property that the distance between consecutive points of the sequence is strictly increasing. Let m be the maximum possible number of points in a growing path, and let r be the number of growing paths consisting of exactly m points. Find mr. 11 In triangle ABC, AB = AC = 100, and BC = 56. Circle P has radius 16 and is tangent to AC and BC. Circle Q is externally tangent to P and is tangent to AB and BC. No point of circle Q lies outside of ABC. The radius of circle Q can be expressed in the form m n k, where m, n, and k are positive integers and k is the product of distinct primes. Find m + nk. 12 There are two distinguishable agpoles, and there are 19 ags, of which 10 are identical blue ags, and 9 are identical green ags. Let N be the number of distinguishable arrangements using all of the ags in which each agpole has at least one ag and no two green ags on either pole are adjacent. Find the remainder when N is divided by 1000. 13 A regular hexagon with center at the origin in the complex plane has opposite pairs of sides one unit apart. One pair of sides is parallel to the imaginary axis. Let R be the region outside 1 the hexagon, and let S = { |z R}. Then the area of S has the form a + b, where a and z b are positive integers. Find a + b. a 14 Let a and b be positive real numbers with a b. Let be the maximum possible value of b for which the system of equations a2 + y 2 = b2 + x2 = (a x)2 + (b y)2 has a solution in (x, y) satisfying 0 x < a and 0 y < b. Then 2 can be expressed as a m fraction , where m and n are relatively prime positive integers. Find m + n. n
USA
AIME 2008
15 Find the largest integer n satisfying the following conditions: (i) n2 can be expressed as the dierence of two consecutive cubes; (ii) 2n + 79 is a perfect square.
USA
Harvard-MIT Mathematics Tournament Cambridge, MA 2008
Algebra
1 Positive real numbers x, y satisfy the equations x2 + y 2 = 1 and x4 + y 4 =
17 . Find xy. 18
key on a calculator to get a number 2 Let f (n) be the number of times you have to hit the less than 2 starting from n. For instance, f (2) = 1, f (5) = 2. For how many 1 < m < 2008 is f (m) odd? 3 Determine all real numbers a such that the inequality |x2 + 2ax + 3a| 2 has exactly one solution in x. 4 The function f satises f (x) + f (2x + y) + 5xy = f (3x y) + 2x2 + 1 for all real numbers x, y. Determine the value of f (10). 5 Let f (x) = x3 + x + 1. Suppose g is a cubic polynomial such that g(0) = 1, and the roots of g are the squares of the roots of f . Find g(9). 6 A root of unity is a complex number that is a solution to z n = 1 for some positive integer n. Determine the number of roots of unity that are also roots of z 2 + az + b = 0 for some integers a and b.
n1
7 Compute
n=1 k=1
k . 2n+k
8 Compute arctan (tan 65 2 tan 40 ). (Express your answer in degrees.) 9 Let S be the set of points (a, b) with 0 a, b 1 such that the equation x4 + ax3 bx2 + ax + 1 = 0 has at least one real root. Determine the area of the graph of S. 10 Evaluate the innite sum
n=0
2n 1 . n 5n
USA
Calculus
1 Let f (x) = 1 + x + x2 + + x100 . Find f (1). 2 (3) Let of . be the line through (0, 0) and tangent to the curve y = x3 + x + 16. Find the slope
y
3 (4) Find all y > 1 satisfying

1
1 x ln x dx = . 4
(ln(2 x))2 = 1. Determine the pair (a, b). x1 x2 + ax + b x x + cos6 for all real numbers x. Determine f (2008) (0) (i.e., f 5 (4) Let f (x) = sin6 4 4 dierentiated 2008 times and then evaluated at x = 0). 4 (4) Let a, b be constants such that lim
n
6 (5) Determine the value of lim 7 (5) Find p so that lim xp

x ln 2
k=0
n k 3
. x 1 2 3 x is some non-zero real number.
x+1+
8 (7) Let T =
0
2e3x + e2x 1 dx. Evaluate eT . e3x + e2x ex + 1

1 1 1 n2
9 (7) Evaluate the limit lim n 2 (1+ n ) 11 22 nn

n 1
10 (8) Evaluate the integral

0
ln x ln(1 x) dx.
USA
Combinatorics
1 A 333 cube composed of 27 unit cubes rests on a horizontal plane. Determine the number of ways of selecting two distinct unit cubes from a 3 3 1 block (the order is irrelevant) with the property that the line joining the centers of the two cubes makes a 45 angle with the horizontal plane. 2 Let S = {1, 2, . . . , 2008}. For any nonempty subset A S, dene m(A) to be the median of A (when A has an even number of elements, m(A) is the average of the middle two elements). Determine the average of m(A), when A is taken over all nonempty subsets of S. 3 Farmer John has 5 cows, 4 pigs, and 7 horses. How many ways can he pair up the animals so that every pair consists of animals of dierent species? (Assume that all animals are distinguishable from each other.) 4 Kermit the frog enjoys hopping around the innite square grid in his backyard. It takes him 1 Joule of energy to hop one step north or one step south, and 1 Joule of energy to hop one step east or one step west. He wakes up one morning on the grid with 100 Joules of energy, and hops till he falls asleep with 0 energy. How many dierent places could he have gone to sleep? 5 Let S be the smallest subset of the integers with the property that 0 S and for any x S, we have 3x S and 3x + 1 S. Determine the number of non-negative integers in S less than 2008. 6 A Sudoku matrix is dened as a 9 9 array with entries from {1, 2, . . . , 9} and with the constraint that each row, each column, and each of the nine 3 3 boxes that tile the array contains each digit from 1 to 9 exactly once. A Sudoku matrix is chosen at random (so that every Sudoku matrix has equal probability of being chosen). We know two of the squares in this matrix, as shown. What is the probability that the square marked by ? contains the digit 3?
USA
1 2 ?
7 Let P1 , P2 , . . . , P8 be 8 distinct points on a circle. Determine the number of possible congurations made by drawing a set of line segments connecting pairs of these 8 points, such that: (1) each Pi is the endpoint of at most one segment and (2) no two segments intersect. (The conguration with no edges drawn is allowed. An example of a valid conguration is shown below.)
[asy]unitsize(1cm); pair[] P = new pair[8]; align[] A = E, NE, N, NW, W, SW, S, SE; for (int i = 0; i 8; ++i) P[i] = dir(45*i); dot(P[i]); label(quot;36;Pquot;+((string)i)+quot;36;quot;,P [i],A[i],f ontsize(8pt)); draw(u P [1]); draw(P [2]P [4]); draw(P [5]P [6]); [/asy]Determinethenumberof waystoselectasequenceof 8 sets A1 , A2 , . . . , A8 , such that each is a subset (possibly empty) of {1, 2} and Am contains An if m divides n. 9 8 On an innite chessboard (whose squares are labeled by (x, y), where x and y range over all integers), a king is placed at (0, 0). On each turn, it has probability of 0.1 of moving to each of the four edge-neighboring squares, and a probability of 0.05 of moving to each of the four diagonally-neighboring squares, and a probability of 0.4 of not moving. After 2008 turns, determine the probability that the king is on a square with both coordinates even. An exact answer is required. 10 Determine the number of 8-tuples of nonnegative integers (a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 , b1 , b2 , b3 , b4 ) satisfying 0 ak k, for each k = 1, 2, 3, 4, and a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + 2b1 + 3b2 + 4b3 + 5b4 = 19.
USA
General 1
1 Let ABCD be a unit square (that is, the labels A, B, C, D appear in that order around the square). Let X be a point outside of the square such that the distance from X to AC is equal 2 . Determine the value of CX 2 . to the distance from X to BD, and also that AX = 2 2 Find the smallest positive integer n such that 107n has the same last two digits as n. 3 There are 5 dogs, 4 cats, and 7 bowls of milk at an animal gathering. Dogs and cats are distinguishable, but all bowls of milk are the same. In how many ways can every dog and cat be paired with either a member of the other species or a bowl of milk such that all the bowls of milk are taken? 4 Positive real numbers x, y satisfy the equations x2 + y 2 = 1 and x4 + y 4 = 5 The function f satises f (x) + f (2x + y) + 5xy = f (3x y) + 2x2 + 1 for all real numbers x, y. Determine the value of f (10). 6 In a triangle ABC, take point D on BC such that DB = 14, DA = 13, DC = 4, and the circumcircle of ADB is congruent to the circumcircle of ADC. What is the area of triangle ABC? 7 The equation x3 9x2 + 8x + 2 = 0 has three real roots p, q, r. Find 1 1 1 + 2 + 2. 2 p q r 17 . Find xy. 18
8 Let S be the smallest subset of the integers with the property that 0 S and for any x S, we have 3x S and 3x + 1 S. Determine the number of non-negative integers in S less than 2008. 9 A Sudoku matrix is dened as a 9 9 array with entries from {1, 2, . . . , 9} and with the constraint that each row, each column, and each of the nine 3 3 boxes that tile the array contains each digit from 1 to 9 exactly once. A Sudoku matrix is chosen at random (so that every Sudoku matrix has equal probability of being chosen). We know two of the squares in this matrix, as shown. What is the probability that the square marked by ? contains the digit 3?
USA
1 2 ?
1 10 Let ABC be an equilateral triangle with side length 2, and let be a circle with radius 2 centered at the center of the equilateral triangle. Determine the length of the shortest path that starts somewhere on , visits all three sides of ABC, and ends somewhere on (not necessarily at the starting point). Express your answer in the form of p q, where p and q are rational numbers written as reduced fractions.
USA
General 2
1 Four students from Harvard, one of them named Jack, and ve students from MIT, one of them named Jill, are going to see a Boston Celtics game. However, they found out that only 5 tickets remain, so 4 of them must go back. Suppose that at least one student from each school must go see the game, and at least one of Jack and Jill must go see the game, how many ways are there of choosing which 5 people can see the game? 2 Let ABC be an equilateral triangle. Let be its incircle (circle inscribed in the triangle) and let be a circle tangent externally to as well as to sides AB and AC. Determine the ratio of the radius of to the radius of . 3 A 333 cube composed of 27 unit cubes rests on a horizontal plane. Determine the number of ways of selecting two distinct unit cubes from a 3 3 1 block (the order is irrelevant) with the property that the line joining the centers of the two cubes makes a 45 angle with the horizontal plane. 4 Suppose that a, b, c, d are real numbers satisfying a b c d 0, a2 + d2 = 1, b2 + c2 = 1, and ac + bd = 1/3. Find the value of ab cd. 5 Kermit the frog enjoys hopping around the innite square grid in his backyard. It takes him 1 Joule of energy to hop one step north or one step south, and 1 Joule of energy to hop one step east or one step west. He wakes up one morning on the grid with 100 Joules of energy, and hops till he falls asleep with 0 energy. How many dierent places could he have gone to sleep? 6 Determine all real numbers a such that the inequality |x2 + 2ax + 3a| 2 has exactly one solution in x. 7 A root of unity is a complex number that is a solution to z n = 1 for some positive integer n. Determine the number of roots of unity that are also roots of z 2 + az + b = 0 for some integers a and b. 8 A piece of paper is folded in half. A second fold is made at an angle (0 < < 90 ) to the rst, and a cut is made as shown below. [img]12881[/img] When the piece of paper is unfolded, the resulting hole is a polygon. Let O be one of its vertices. Suppose that all the other vertices of the hole lie on a circle centered at O, and also that XOY = 144 , where X and Y are the the vertices of the hole adjacent to O. Find the value(s) of (in degrees). 9 Let ABC be a triangle, and I its incenter. Let the incircle of ABC touch side BC at D, and let lines BI and CI meet the circle with diameter AI at points P and Q, respectively. Given BI = 6, CI = 5, DI = 3, determine the value of (DP/DQ)2 .
USA
10 Determine the number of 8-tuples of nonnegative integers (a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 , b1 , b2 , b3 , b4 ) satisfying 0 ak k, for each k = 1, 2, 3, 4, and a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + 2b1 + 3b2 + 4b3 + 5b4 = 19.
USA
Geometry
1 How many dierent values can ABC take, where A, B, C are distinct vertices of a cube? 2 Let ABC be an equilateral triangle. Let be its incircle (circle inscribed in the triangle) and let be a circle tangent externally to as well as to sides AB and AC. Determine the ratio of the radius of to the radius of . 3 Let ABC be a triangle with BAC = 90 . A circle is tangent to the sides AB and AC at X and Y respectively, such that the points on the circle diametrically opposite X and Y both lie on the side BC. Given that AB = 6, nd the area of the portion of the circle that lies outside the triangle. [asy]import olympiad; import math; import graph; unitsize(20mm); defaultpen(fontsize(8pt)); pair A = (0,0); pair B = A + right; pair C = A + up; pair O = (1/3, 1/3); pair Xprime = (1/3,2/3); pair Yprime = (2/3,1/3); ll(Arc(O,1/3,0,90)XprimeYprimecycle,0.7*white); draw(ABCcycle); draw(Circle(O, 1/3)); draw((0,1/3)(2/3,1/3)); draw((1/3,0)(1/3,2/3)); label(quot;36;A36;quot;,A, SW); label(quot;36;B36;quot;,B, down); label(quot;36;C36;quot;,C, left); label(quot;36;X36;quot;,(1/3,0), down); label(quot;36;Y36;quot;,(0,1/3), left);[/asy] 4 In a triangle ABC, take point D on BC such that DB = 14, DA = 13, DC = 4, and the circumcircle of ADB is congruent to the circumcircle of ADC. What is the area of triangle ABC? 5 A piece of paper is folded in half. A second fold is made at an angle (0 < < 90 ) to the rst, and a cut is made as shown below. [img]12881[/img] When the piece of paper is unfolded, the resulting hole is a polygon. Let O be one of its vertices. Suppose that all the other vertices of the hole lie on a circle centered at O, and also that XOY = 144 , where X and Y are the the vertices of the hole adjacent to O. Find the value(s) of (in degrees). 6 Let ABC be a triangle with A = 45 . Let P be a point on side BC with P B = 3 and P C = 5. Let O be the circumcenter of ABC. Determine the length OP . 7 Let C1 and C2 be externally tangent circles with radius 2 and 3, respectively. Let C3 be a circle internally tangent to both C1 and C2 at points A and B, respectively. The tangents to C3 at A and B meet at T , and T A = 4. Determine the radius of C3 .
USA
1 8 Let ABC be an equilateral triangle with side length 2, and let be a circle with radius 2 centered at the center of the equilateral triangle. Determine the length of the shortest path that starts somewhere on , visits all three sides of ABC, and ends somewhere on (not necessarily at the starting point). Express your answer in the form of p q, where p and q are rational numbers written as reduced fractions. 9 Let ABC be a triangle, and I its incenter. Let the incircle of ABC touch side BC at D, and let lines BI and CI meet the circle with diameter AI at points P and Q, respectively. Given BI = 6, CI = 5, DI = 3, determine the value of (DP/DQ)2 . 10 Let ABC be a triangle with BC = 2007, CA = 2008, AB = 2009. Let be an excircle of ABC that touches the line segment BC at D, and touches extensions of lines AC and AB at E and F , respectively (so that C lies on segment AE and B lies on segment AF ). Let O be the center of . Let be the line through O perpendicular to AD. Let meet line EF at G. Compute the length DG.

Canada National Math Olympiad 2008 Problems

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Canada National Math Olympiad 2008 Problems

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Canada

National Olympiad 2008

of positive real number a1 , a2 , , an , and b1 , b2 , , bn , satisfying (1):

Day 1 - 01 March 2008

Day 2 - 02 March 2008

sin6 2x + cos6 2x ln(1 + tan x)dx.

Day 2 - 29 March 2008

1 Find all solutions (x, y) R R of the following system:

Day 3 - 30 March 2008

DE 2 . Prove that AE = AB + AC. CD + CE

1 Positive real numbers x, y satisfy the equations x2 + y 2 = 1 and x4 + y 4 =

3 (4) Find all y > 1 satisfying

6 (5) Determine the value of lim 7 (5) Find p so that lim xp

. x 1 2 3 x is some non-zero real number.

2e3x + e2x 1 dx. Evaluate eT . e3x + e2x ex + 1

9 (7) Evaluate the limit lim n 2 (1+ n ) 11 22 nn

10 (8) Evaluate the integral

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