EE201.3 INDUCTANCE Resistance opposes current; Capacitance opposes changes in voltage; Inductance opposes changes in current.

Recall Faradays Law: E M = "q

d! for the voltage dt

induce in a loop of wire. (Which resulted in: Em = lvel X B) If we have N turns, its like multiplying the flux linkages by N, so: d! d ( N! ) EM = N = , and since ! = BA dt dt d ( BA) EM = N ; and A is constant, so ! dt dB E M = NA ; B = H dt d ( H ) NI E M = NA ; NI = Hl , H = dt l V NI d( ) l ; N , l , constant, E M = NA dt N 2 A d ( I ) N 2 A EM = ; define L = , l dt l d (I ) EM = L ! dt Where the letter L is used to represent self inductance, usually referred to as just inductance, and the unit is the Henry (H). (E.g. A rate of change of current of 1 ampere per second in a 1 Henry inductor will produce a voltage of 1 Volt across the inductor.) Now looking at the expression for Inductance,
L=

N 2 A l N2 (1); and recall that ! = ; so that L = (2) (always valid!) l A !

For an air-core coil, the reluctance outside the coil is small compared to the reluctance inside the coil (Ri >> Ro). Thus, for an air-core inductor where the length is >> than the diameter (i.e. l/d > 10), the inductance can be estimated using: N2A l L= 0 ; where ! 10, the error is typically < 4%. l d
(Note: for l/d < 10, you can apply Nagoakas correction factor)

RI RO

Denard Lynch

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EE201.3 Now go back for a moment to: N2 NI L= ; and # = NI = $", (similar to V = IR) and substituting " = " $ N$ we are left with L = (also, always valid!). I Example 1:

An air-core coil find the inductance, L.

12mm 15cm 120t

Example 2: A Laminated sheet steel core (S.F. = .93) with dimensions as shown. Calculate the inductance, L. (Note: Assume we are operating in the linear region of the B-H curve).

S.F. = .93

1cm X 1cm

100t

10cm

Denard Lynch

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EE201.3 Example 3: A laminated Sheet Steel C core inductor (S.F. = .96) with an air gap cut to prevent saturation.

1cm X 1cm 6cm 100t 1mm

6cm

Denard Lynch

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EE201.3 Back to the expression for voltage across an inductor: di V =L . dt For nice straight line (constant slope) changes in current, the calculation of voltage across an inductor is straight forward. Example 4: Determine the voltage across a 50mH inductor for the current shown in the following graph. Graph the voltage on a comparable time-scale.

i(A) 4 2 00 -2 2 4 6 8 10 T (msec)

Denard Lynch

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EE201.3

10

T (msec)

Denard Lynch

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EE201.3 Up til now weve considered inductors excited by direct current (D.C.) in situations where the circuit conditions have reached steady state. Now lets look at the transient response of inductors to step changes in current (still using a D.C. source). (Note: the derivations and expressions below apply to a Thevenin Equivalent circuit specifically as shown at right. To apply most of these formulas, the circuit should first be reduced to its Thevenin Equivalent.) Using Kirchhoffs Voltage Law:

@ t=0

R
+

E i -

" Vrises = " Vdrops ; recalling that VR

E = iR + L di , re - arranging... dt

=iR, and VL = L

di , dt

di E # iR R = , take out an from the right side... dt L L di R ) E & dt = ' # i $, and multiply both sides by , dt L ( R % )E & ' # i$ (R % di R = dt , and multiply each side by - 1, )E & L ' # i$ (R % di #R 1 ) du & = dt , now integrate both sides ' ! = ln au + b $, a = 1, b = -E/R L ) E& ( au + b a % 'i # $ ( R%
I

!)
0

E& 'i # $ ( R%

di =

#R t dt L ! 0

Denard Lynch

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EE201.3

- & E #* 'R t []0 , t +ln$ i ' !( = R ") 0 L , % E# & & E# 'R &a# ln$ I ' ! ' ln$ ' ! = t , recall ln$ ! = ln (a )' ln(b), reverse this... R" L % % R" %b" E & $I' R ln$ $ E $ ' % R
E & $ I' R $ ln $ E $ ' % R # ! ! ! ! "

# ! ! = ' R t , now use each side as an exponent of ' e' ! L ! "

=e

'R t L

, and recall that e ln( x ) = x, we get...

I'

E 'R R = e L t , multiply both sides by - E , E R ' R

'R t L

E E I' =' e R R E E I= ' e R R

, and add -

E to both sides... R # !, note define L as . , the time constant, ! R "

'R t L

E& = $1 ' e R$ %

'R t L

E& I = $1 ' e . R$ %

't

# ! !! ! "

Denard Lynch

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EE201.3 A similar derivation can be used to determine VL as a function of time:

VL = L di , and using the expression for current derived above... dt

"t '' $ $ & E &1" e # )) d )) &R& (( % % VL = L , taking out the constants... dt "t '' $$ d&&1" e # )) )) && (( EL %% VL = , and d(1) = 0, R dt

"t $ "t ' &e # ) = "1 e # , and L = # , d & ) # R Th % (

"t '' $ $ &0 " & "1 e # )), VL = E# )) & &# (( % %

VL =

"t Ee #

!!

It can also be shown that for circuits under D.C. excitation, the decaying transient can be described by:
$ "t ' iL = ISteady"State & e # ), where # again = L/R Th , & ) % ( and $ "t ' v L = "I0 RTh &e # ), where I 0 is the steady state current, & ) % ( and R Th is the effective resistance "seen" by the inductor.

Note: In such exponentially rising/decaying circuits, the varying quantity (i or v) is generally assumed to have reached steady state after 5 time constants have elapsed (i.e. 99.3% of ultimate value).

Denard Lynch

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EE201.3 Consider the following example: Consider the circuit at right. a) find vL, i, i1, and i2 at t=0. b) Find all the above at t=5= .418s. c) Find iL and vL as a function of time before and after the switch is opened.
i E=10V @ t>5! @ t=0 i2 100"

2"

10" i1 L=1H

Denard Lynch

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EE201.3 Energy stored in an Inductor: Consider now the energy stored in an inductor. This can be thought of as the energy or work required to establish a magnetic field, and since it is not lost in heating (in an ideal inductor at least), it is available to be returned to the system as the magnetic field collapses.
W (work,= energy) = (Power)(Time) = " Pdt = " V L IL dt
# 0 t2 t1

, substituting the expressions previously derived for V and I,

!
* $ "t ' E $ "t ' W = + E & e # ) &1" e # ) dt ( R% ( , taking the constants out of the integration, 0 %
" t ' / E 2 ,* $ "t "2t '/ E 2 ,* $ "t # '$ + &e )&1 " e # )dt1 = .+ &e # " e # )1 . R -0 % (% ( 0 R -0 % (0 , and integrating the two terms separately, * $ "2t ' / E 2 ,* $ "t # ' + &e )dt " + &e # )dt 1 . R -0 % ( ( 0 0%
0

W =

W =

, recalling that

ax ax " e = e ,a =

1 a

#1 #2 ,and $ $ ,

E 2 * "t # $ # "2t # 'E 2 * "t # $ # "2t # 'W = "#e " & " e )/ = )/ , ,"#e + & e R + % 2 (.0 R +! %2 (.0 , evaluating the integral,

+ E 2 % "$ # % # "2$ # (( % "0 # % # "(2 )0 # -' "#e W = " '" e " '" e ** " ' "#e ' 2 R -& & 2 )) ' & & , + E 2 % "$ # % # "2$ # (( % "0 # % # "(2 )0 # -' "#e W = " '" e " '" e ** " ' "#e ' 2 R -& & 2 )) ' & & ,

((. **0 ** ))0 / ((. **0 ** ))0 /

recalling that:
W =

a"# =

1 1 = =0 a# # , and (anything)0 = 1,

$ # '' $ $ # ''E 2 *$ E2 * #- E2 # L "# (0) " & " (0)) ) " & "# (1) " & " (1)))/ = 0 + # " /= , and # = ,& , ! +% % 2 (( % % 2 ((. R R + 2. R 2 R

W =

E2 L L E2 E = , and since = I 2R R 2 R 2 R , then

W=

I 2L 2

!
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EE201.3 Consider as an example the inductor and the circuit from the previous example. At steady state, the current in the Inductor was 0.8196A. This means that the energy stored in the inductor would be:
2 I 2 L .8196A (iH) W = = = 0.336watt " sec( joules,J) R 2

This energy is discharged as the current decays (i.e. the magnetic field collapses) and in this case was dissipated as heat in the resistances in the circuit. This concept of energy temporarily stored in ! the magnetic field of an inductor is also important in understanding how the Conservation of Energy law is true in circuits with reactive components like capacitors and inductors. Energy supplied by the source would not equal the amount dissipated in other elements of the circuit without considering the energy temporarily stored in these devices. Inductors in Series or Parallel: The inductance of a combination of inductors in series or parallel can be determined in a manner very similar to that of resistors. For inductors in series: LT = L1 + L2 + L3 + ...

For inductors in Parallel:

1 1 1 1 = + + + ... LT L1 L 2 L3

Example: Find the total equivalent inductance of the circuit show below:

Denard Lynch

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EE201.3 Mutual Inductance: The opposition to changes in current we have considered previously have been due to a devices reaction to magnetic lines of flux produced by a current flowing in its own windings and the resulting induced voltage. This characteristic or parameter was called self-inductance, commonly referred to a just inductance. In a similar fashion, a coil of wire can react to the field established as a result of a current flowing in another coil adjacent to, or at least in the vicinity of, the first (and vice-versa). This reaction is referred to as mutual inductance M, and is measured in the same units as self inductance, the Henry(H). Mutual inductance is defined as:
M 21 = N 2"21 I1

where M21 is the mutual inductance of coil 2 with respect to coil 1; N2 is the number of turns in coil 2; 21 is the flux produce by coil 1 that links coil 2; and I1 is the current in coil 1. Similarly, M12 is ! the mutual inductance of coi1 with respect to coil 2: N" M12 = 1 12 I2 The voltage induced in coil 2 as a result of flux created by coil 1:
!

V2 = "N1

d#21 dI = "M 21 1 , dt dt

and similarly for the voltage induced in coil 1 as a result of coil 2 is given by:

V1 = "N 2

d#12 dI = "M12 2 , dt dt .

It can be shown that M12 = M21, and can be called simply M. Using this simplification, the induced voltages are: ! dI dI V1 = "M 2 , and V2 = "M 1 dt dt If the coefficient of coupling between the two coils is 100% (i.e. 12 = 21), we can also write a simplified expression for the mutual inductance, M: N " N" M= 2 = 1 ! I1 I2 While mutual inductance can be a nuisance in some circumstances (e.g. stray interference), it is exploited in devices called transformers, where the mutual coupling between two coils is, by design, ! virtually 100%. This is usually accomplished by winding both coils on one continuous core so that all the flux produced by one coil links the other. By manipulating the above expressions, it can also be shown that under these circumstances, the ratio of the induced or output voltage to the input voltage is the same as the turns ratio; a very useful result for electrical engineers.

Denard Lynch

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