SALMANASSAR IV. - SALMANASSAR V. fencesof Kallu which had been begun by zoor, z8).

his father (Oates/Oates At Nineveh S. is known to have carried out work on the IStar Temple (Ninive*' SSrl 4 t7.r); other monumentsof his include an inscribedaltar dedicated to the Sebettu(Siebengotter"). Like his father, S. erectedat Imgur-Enlil*'(Balawdt)a pair of enormous gates of cedar bound with bronze strips bearingrelief decorationand inscriptions (Schachner zoo7l. Other works include the IStar Temple at Sibaniba" and the Adad Templeat Thll al-Hawd. Inscriptions of S. have been found also at Thrbisu" and Til-Barsip",though without shedding light on what construction projects he carried out in those places.An inscribed statue of S. dedicatedto Adad of Kurba'il*- but found in Fort Shalmaneser could derive from a shrineof that deity in Kalbu (rather than from Kurba'il itself). Inscriptions of Assurbanipal name S. as the original builder of the Sin temple (Elrullul) in Harrdn" (R. Borger, BIVA 4z).
A. Fuchs 1998. Die Annalen des Jahres 7rr v. Chr. (= SAAS8). - M. Liverani zoo4: Assyria in the Ninth Century: Continuity or Change?, Fs. A. K. Grayson (= PIHANS ror) z's.3-226. A. Millard ry94: The Eponyms of the Assyrian Empire, 9rc-6tz BC (= SAAS z). J . O a t e s / D . O a t e s z o o r :N i m r u d . A n A s s y r i a n I m p e r i a l C i t y R e v e a l e d . - J .E . R e a d e r y 7 8 : A s syrian Campaigns, 84o-8r B. C., and the Babylonian Frontier, ZA 68, z5t-26o. - M. Roaf ry95: The Chief Cupbearer,his daughter, the king, and the eponym official for 86o B.C., NABU ry95194.- A. Schachner zooT: Bilder e i n e s ! f l e l t r e i c h s{ = S u b a r t uz o ) . - S . Y a m a d a 2ooo: The Construction of the Assyrian Empire: A Historical Study of the Inscriptions of Shalm a n e s e rI I I ( 8 5 9 - 8 2 4 B . C . )R e l a t i n gt o H i s C a m p a i g n s i n t h e ' W e s t( = C H A N E 3 ) . H. D. Baker

s8s

(Millard t994,38). The Eponym Chronicle entry for 772 refersto the number of years (broken) completedby S., king of Assyria (Millard D94, 39). Fewconcretedetailsconcerningthe reign of S. are preserved. Two of his highestofficials figure prominently in the extant contemporary inscriptions,acting with a considerabledegreeof independence. stele A found near Marag,written at the end of his reign rn 723, relatesthat the Commanderin-Chief, Sam5t-ilu",marched to Damasprecioustribute cus,whereuponS. received from its king Uadienu", including his daughter together with a rich dowry. On returning from Damascus set up the said S. steleas a boundary marker on behalfof U5pilulume, the king of Kummulru" (RIMA 3 A.o.ro5.r). A secondstele,from Thll Abta on the \WadiTharthar, was inscribedin the name of Bel-Harran-belu-u$ur'r') originally stated to be the palace herald of S. However, S.'s name was later effaced and replaced by that of Tiglath-pileser(III). The inscription commemorates founding of the the city Dur-Bel-Harran-bclu-u9ur*', act an attributed - unusually- to the palaceherald himselfrather than to the king (RIMA 3 A .o .ro 5 .z). A nother pal ace heral d of S ., (Bdlli5ir"), Bel-le5ir was eponymofficial for the year 778 (Mtllard ry94,9o).
A tablet which contains decrees from various kings' reigns includes details (mostly broken away) of items due from various members of the palace staff as laid down by S. (SAA rz, 77 i r'-ro'). Finally, a 'Letter to the God' may have been written early in the reign of S., in 78o, to commemorate the aforementioned campaign against Urartu (RIMA 3 A.o.ro5.3); however, the attribution of the text is u n c e r t a i n( s e eA . K . G r a y s o n ,R I M A 3 p . z $ ) . A . M i l l a r d r y 9 4 : T h e E p o n y m so f t h e A s s y r i a n Empire,9to-6rz BC (= SAAS z). H. D. Baker

Salmanassar (Shalmaneser. IV. Salmanua5arEd), king of Assyria, 782-273. \Written -dSILIM-ma-nu-MAS. S., the son of his predecessor Adad-nrdrI III (Adadnirdri m.") and brother of his successor A55urdan*' III, ruled for ten years accordingto the Assyrian King List (Konigslisten"und Chroniken p.n4 $ Zl). He was the eponym official for his first full regnal year, 78r, when a campaignto Urartu took place

Salmanassar (Shalmaneser, V. Salmdnuaiard), king of Assyria and Babylonia 727-722. Written Sul-man-a-id-red(Bab. Chron.)/ -dSILIM -ma-nu-MAS / -SILMman-MAS.S.,son and successor Tiglathof pileser" III, ruled for five years according to the Assyrian King List (Konigslisten" u n d C h ro ni kenp. 115 S ZZ).The E ponym

586

V. SALMANASSAR
suggests that Atalia acquired the property after Banltu'shusbandS. of her predecessor had been deposed,perhaps in the manner of trophiesrather than heirlooms.Very few contemporaryinscriptionsof S. are extant. A set of eight bronze lion weights,each inof scribed"Palace S.,king of Assyria",was excavated in the North-West Palace at Kall-ru (Curtis/Readery95, a93). A fragment of an inscribedbrick probably attests to building activity by S. at Apqu*' (Oates r94,73). The Eponym Chroniclementionsat least four military campaignsconductedduring the short reign of S., but the relevant passages are damaged beyond restoration (Eponymen"; Millard 7994, 4Sf.). Since there are no extant royal inscriptionsof S. these detailing his military achievements, have to be pieced together from other sources. was ableto add to Assyriathree S. new provinces: Que*-, Sam'al" and Samenna"' (Provinz'' C. S a.6 esp.Nr. 57-

Chronicle records that he accededto the throne in 727 during the eponymy of BclHarrin-blu-usur" (Millard 1994, 45). S. himself held the office of Eponym rn 723 (Millard a994, 46).The BabylonianChronicle names S. as ruler of both Assyria and Babylonia(TCS 5, 7j i 3o), which his father had conqueredtowards the end of his reign. Prior to his accession was known by S. his birth name, Ululaju. \il(henhe took the throne he adopted the name S. which was reserved for kings, though some later sources still referred to him by his birth name instead (Radner zoo3lo4, 96f.). As Crown Prince S. (writing as Ululaju) ada dressed his father, king Tiglath-pileser, to number of letters excavated at, Kalbu" (S 16; Radner zoqlo4). These show that he was involved in affairs concerningthe lands to the west of Assyria, a region to which he later directedcampaignsafter becoming king, thereby continuing the westward expansion begun by his father. In fact, a damagedpassage an inscription of of Tiglath-pileser concerninga campaignin northern Syria perhapsmentionsS. as havof ing been entrustedwith the governance that region by his father (Tadmor t994, 5zf.). S.'s letters to Tiglath-pileserreveal that the highest officials of the land were subordinateto him as Crown Prince;his responsibilitiesincluded securingthe supply for ensuring of snow (Schnee") the palace, the security of the queen, and monitoring to the journeys of foreign delegations Kal-

sel.

bu.

Hard facts about the reign of S. are scarce.He was overthrown by Sargon II, ruler: who portrayed him as an oppressive in the so-called "Assur Charter" (Sargon" II. SS 3-4) SaryonattributesS.'svioto lent overthrow, and his own accession, the gods' anger at S. for having imposed hard labour upon the citizens of Assur (Vera Chamaza !992, z7-;-5). T*o items inscribedwith the name of "Banltu, queen of S.", were found in Tomb II at Kallu in associationwith a body (the later one of which two placed in a stone sarcophagus) is most likely that of Atalia, queenof Sargon (A. Kamil, in: Damerj,ry99, r4f.). This

The precisechronology of S.'sannexation of Que (Cilicia) is uncertain. In his Annals, Sargon claimed in 7t5 to have reconqueredsome fortressesbelonging to Que which MitA" of Mu5ki" "had long before taken away" (Fuchs l.994, Ann. tryf.). Que must therefore have been an Assyrian province at some time prior to 715. Sargon himself is unlikely to have been responsible for annexing it since there is no mention of the fact in his inscriptions and, had he accomplished it between the beginning of his reign in 7zr and 7t5, the lapse of time involved was too short to be consistentwith the claim that MitA had "long before" taken away the said fortresses.On these grounds Forrer (t9zo,7of.) attributed the annexation of Cilicia to S., a view which prevails (cf. F u c h s1 9 9 4 , 4 5 5 ; P r o v i n z " C . N r . 5 7 ) . The annexation of Sam'al may be attribevidence: the

uted to S. on circumstantial

ruler of Sam'al is attested as paying tribute to Assyria during the reign of Tiglathpileser (e. g. Tadmor 7994, 69 Ann. t3"; rz), while administrative documents dated in the reign of Sargon indicate that by that time it had become a province (Provinz"' C. Nr. 58), with neither ruler explicitly claiming credit for having made it one. The fall of Samerina took place rn 7zL shortly before the death of S. rather than early in the reign of Sargon, as some interpretations of a passage in the Horsabad

SALMANU
Annals have maintained (Dfir-Sarrukin',1 Thdmor 1958, 33-9).The event is mentionedin the BabylonianChronicle (TCS 5, 7j i z8), the Bible (II Kings q:3-6; t8z9o) and in the accountof Josephus (Ant. IX r4). The latter two sourcesrelate that the city fell after a three-year siege.The siege of Tyros*', which was begun by S., lasted five years and was only ended during the reignof Sargon(Katzenstein t997', zz6). S. is also known to have been active in Babylonia:an Aramaic ostracon from Assur, datedc. 65o and dealing with Babylonian affairs, mentions that he (Ululaiu)deported captives from Bit-Adini* (Hus a993,, 2oi 7S). Babylonian A letter from Kuyunjik (Ninive*) may mention S. in a broken context togetherwith Tiglath-pilese apr, parently as having gone to Babylon (SAA L7, z3i zS').Soon afterthe end of S.'sreign, however,Babylonia beganto reassert lnits dependence.

s8z

LIM-man (Schreibungen jeweilsauch ohne Gottesdeterminativ). Aufgrund der Schreibung ilmn in aram. und hebr. Textenist die Realisierungdes Gottesnamens Assyriim schen als Salmanu (statt ',Sulmanu)glsichert; dies bestdtigen auch die seltenen syldSa-'allabischenSchreibungen (mittelass. ma-an; neuass.dSal-ma-nu). Der Gottesname kann mit ,,Der Wohlgesinnte"iibersetztwerden und bezeichnete urspriinglich vielleicht nur einen Aspekt eines anderen Gottes,in diesemFalle dann wohl ASSur.
Ftir Diskussion und Beleges. Radner ry98, 34f.

$ z. K u l to rt. D er Gott w i rd i n verschi edenenRitualtextenaus Assur vom rz. bis zum spdten7. Jh.genannt und einmal als einer der ,,Gotter des Palastes" identifiziert (VAT 9978 iii 3S).Nach dem heutigen Forschungsstand war dem Gott jedoch einzig in Dur-Katlimmu (D0r Igitlimj, = Sai!,, Hal mad) ein Tempelgeweiht.Dieses Heiligtum E. Artand J_E. Curtis/J. Reade Empire. wurde von Salmanassar gegriindetund ry95: I." Treasuresfrom Assyria in the British Museum. spdter von Adad-nrari III. (Adad-nirAri M . S . B . D a m e r j i r y 9 9 : G r a b e r a s s y r i s c h eK c i r III") nach dem Syrienfeldzug Jahr 8o5 im niginnen ?us Nimrud, mit einem Beitrag und unter Verwendungvon Zedernholzaus von Ahmed Kamil (Sonderdruck aus: Jahrbucf, des Romisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums45, dem Libanon renoviert. Diese Informatio1 9 9 8 ) . - E . F o r r e r r g z o P r o v i n z e i n t e i l u n g. nen sind der Inschrift einer in zwei FragA. Fuchs ry94: Sg. - V. H ug, t991i Altiramentenerhaltenen Konigsstele aus der Zett mdische Grammatik der Texte des 7. und 6. Jh.s Adad-nrdrls III. zu entnehmen, die von v.Chr. (= HSAO 4). - H.J. Katzensiein e 9 7 ' : T h e H i s t o r y o f T y r e . A . M i l l a r d 1 9 9 4 : Nergal-cre5", dem Statthalter von RaThe Eponyms of the Assyrian Empire, 9to-6rz sappa", Laqe* und Su!u',',im Tempeldes U6- (: SAASz). - D. Oares 1963- Excavarions Salmdnuaufgestellt wurde (erstes Fragment a t T e l l a r - R i m a h , u m e r7 9 , 6 9 - 7 7 . - K . R a d n e r S RIMA 3 A.o.ro4.5; zweitesFragmenrunz9o^3/o4:Salmanassar in den Nimrud Letters, V. A f O 5 o , 9 S - r o 4 .- H . T a d m o r r 9 s 8 : T h e C a m publiziert, s. Radner zooz, r5). DaB der paigns.of Sargon II of Assur: a ChronologicalTempelbis ins spdte 7. Jh.Bestandhatte, Historical StudS JCS rz, zz-4o) 77-roJ; id. belegt eine Rechtsurkundeaus Dur-Kat- G. W. Vera Chaiaza ry92; \99+:Tigl.III. limmu, die den Gott ,,Salmanu, in DurSargon II's Ascent to the Throne: the potiiiial der Situation, SAAB 6lt, zt-34. Katlimmu wohnt", nennt (Radner zoez) rrof. Nr. 69 Rs. 3). Noch nach dem UnterH. D. Baker gang des ass. Reichesist im Jahr 6oz ein Priester diesesHeiligtums belegt (Radner zo o z) 6 r-6 3 N r. 37 R s. r). Salminu. In zwei neuass. Texten aus Dur-Kat$ r. Name. - S z. Kultort. - $ 3. Onomastikon. limmu ist der Ort Kar-Salmdnu ,,Hafen des Salmdnu" belegt,der deswegen sicherlich r. Name. Der Gottesnameist aus$ in Dur-Katlimmus ndhererUmgebungund schlie8lichim ass.Kulturkreis belegt. beEr am Habur" zu lokalisieren ist. gegnet in mittel- und neuass.Texren vorRitualtexte: Radner ry98, 39f.; Tempel in Dnrrangig in logograph.Schreibung: mirtelass. Katlimlnu: Radner ry98, 49-5t; ead. zooz, t4-r6; dSILIM-za-nu,, seltener dStt_tM.tvtAoder Kar-Salmanu;ead. zooz,96 Nr. 5g Vs. 3, rr5 Nr. 7z dSILIM; neuass.dSILIM-ma-nu oder dSI. Rs. ro.