Ricardo Duron 11-5-12 Period 5 Ionic vs.

Covalent Bonding Lab Investigation Introduction: Most atoms are never found by themselves; instead they are bonded to other atoms in ionic or covalent bonds. Covalent bonds are when two non-metals bond and share their electrons to from a full octet, a full octet is when the atom has 8 electrons on its last electron shell. Ionic bonds are when a metal and a non-metal bond but the nonmetal takes away electrons from the metal. The purpose of this experiment is to see how the two different bonds react in different occasions. Hypotheses: Table 1: The expected results of testing five different chemical substances Compounds to Chemical Hypothesis 1: Hypothesis 2: Hypothesis 3: be Tested Formula Ionic or High or Low Will it conduct Covalent? Melting Point? electricity? Distilled (pure) H2O Covalent Low No water Sodium NaCl Ionic High Only when chloride dissolved Sucrose C12H22O11 Covalent Low No (sugar) Dextrose C6H12O6 Covalent Low No Sodium Sulfate NaSO4 Ionic High Only when dissolved Procedures: PART I. Melting Point and Strength of Bond 1. Fold aluminum into a square that will fit on the ring stand. Place small samples of each compound on the foil dont mix them up and record your results 2. Place it on the ring stand and burn with the Bunsen Burner (no more than 1-2 min)

Ricardo Duron 11-5-12 Period 5 3. Begin recording your observations which ones have a strong bond and which ones have weak bonds? 4. Wash off the foil in sink. PART II. Electricity Conductivity 1. Place 0.1 gram of each compound on different wells of a well plate 2. Test dry compounds for electricity with the tester 3. Add enough drops of distilled water to dissolve the compound 4. Test the compounds for conductivity with the tester after it is dissolved 5. Repeat for all of the samples Results: Table 2: The results of testing five different chemical substances Name/Chemical PART I: Melting PART II: Conducted Final Conclusion: Ionic or Covalent Formula Point (1-5; High Electricity? Bonds? Med. or Low?) (Yes/No) Dry Dissolved 1. Distilled (pure) Water/ H2O 2. Sodium Chloride/ NaCl 3. Sucrose (sugar) C12H22O11 4. Dextrose/ C6H12O6 5. Sodium Sulfate/ NaSO4 1 5 2 3 4 N/A No No No No No Yes No No Yes Covalent Ionic Covalent Covalent Ionic

Conclusion: After this laboratory, it was concluded that Sodium Chloride and Sodium Sulfate were ionic compounds, while sucrose, dextrose and distilled water were covalent compounds. All of the initial hypotheses were correct. From the results, the ionic

Ricardo Duron 11-5-12 Period 5 compounds were those that conducted electricity in water and had high melting points (strong bonds). However, the covalent compounds didnt conduct electricity in water and had low melting points (weak bonds). Ionic bonds are formed from metal cations and non-metals anions so when they dissolve in water, electricity can flow through the solution. Additionally, ionic bonds are very strong since metals transfer their electrons to non-metals and they end up having full electron shells following the octet rule. The covalent bonds are formed between two non-metals, the non-metals dont conduct electricity well since the electrons are strongly held together, due to its high electronegativety, electricity cant flow through the solution.