Labour and Employment in Kosovo 2007

REPUBLIC OF KOSOVA GOVERNMENT OF KOSOVA MINISTRY OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL WELFARE
DEPARTMENT OF LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT
LABOUR
AND
EMPLOYMENT KOSOVA
2007
A
N N U A L
E P O R T
ii
Editors: Julius Krause Senior Policy Advisor, MLSW / DLE GTZ / CIM Julius.Krause@ks-gov.net Shpetim Kalludra Chief for Labour Market Analysis Section , MLSW / DLE Shpetim.Kalludra@ks-gov.net Labour Market Analysis Section Department of Labour and Employment Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare Responsible: Ylber Shabani, Director General Department of Labour and Employment Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare Rruga Tiarna, N.N. 10000 Prishtina, Kosova
iii
IV
Table of Contents
MAP OF KOSOVA ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... vii .......................................................................................................... ix .......................................................................................................... xi ........................................................................................................ xiii ................................................................................... xv
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 01 1.1. Objectives and Methodology ........................................................................... 03 1.2. Definitions and Terminology .............................................................................. 04 2. Registered Unemployment .......................................................................................... 07 2.1. Skills and Unemployment ...................................................................... 09 2.2. Age and Unemployment ................................................................................. 10 2.3. Ethnicity and Unemployment ........................................................................... 10 2.4. Gender and Unemployment ............................................................................ 11 2.5. Regional Developments ................................................................................... 12 2.6. Unemployment Staff Ratio / Regional Capacities ........................................ 12 3. Employment Mediation ............................................................................................... 15 3.1.Vacancies ............................................................................................................ 16 3.1.1. Vacancies by Sector .......................................................................... 16 3.1.2. Vacancies by Skills ............................................................................. 17 3.1.3. Vacancies by Region .......................................................................... 18 3.2. Placements ........................................................................................................ 18 3.2.1. Placements by Sector ........................................................................ 19 3.2.2. Placements by Skills .......................................................................... 20 3.2.3. Placements by Age ............................................................................ 21 3.2.4. Placements by Ethnicity ...................................................................... 21 3.2.5. Placements by Gender ....................................................................... 22 3.2.6. Placements by Region ....................................................................... 22 4. Vocational Training .................................................................................................... 25 4.1. Training by Skills .............................................................................................. 26 4.2. Training by Age ............................................................................................... 27 4.3. Training by Ethnicity ........................................................................................ 27 4.4. Training by Gender ......................................................................................... 27 4.5. Training by Region .......................................................................................... 28 5. Rsum ...................................................................................................................... 29 6. References ................................................................................................................ 31 APPENDIX ......................................................................................................................... 33
A. Labour Market Indicators ......................................................................................... 34 A.1. Population Estimates ........................................................... 35 A.2. Scenarios on Employment and Unemployment ................................................. 35 A.3. Labour Market Performance ............................................................................. 37 ............................................................................. 37 A.3.1. Activity Rate ....................................... 37 A.3.2. Unemployment Rate ....................................... 38 A.3.3. Registration Rate ...................................... 38 A.3.4. Inflow Ratio ........................................................................... 38 A.3.5. Employment Rate B. Employers Survey on Wages .................................................................................. 39 C. Employment Data and Charts .... 40 ....................................... 40 C.1. Regional Unemployment & PES Performance .......................................... 41 C.2. Labour Demand: Vacancies & Placements ............................................... 44 C.3. PES Performance Data ... 44 C 3.1. Gender Skills - Age . 45 C 3.2. Registration by Ethnicity . 46 C 3.3. Registered Impaired D. ISCED . 47
vi
MAP OF KOSOVA
Department of Labour and Employment Employment Offices Vocational Training Centres in Kosova vii
viii
ABBREVIATIONS
DLE DSW ED ILO IOM IMF MAFRD MCYS MEF MEO MEST MLSW MTI REC SOK UNDP VTC VTD WB AHS DHS HDS ISCED ISCO LFS NACE Department of Labour and Employment Department of Social Welfare Employment Division International Labour Organisation / International Labour Office International Organisation of Migration International Monetary Fund Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports Ministry of Economy and Finance Municipal Employment Office Ministry of Education, Science and Technology Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare Ministry of Trade and Industry Regional Employment Centre Statistical Office Kosova United Nations Development Programme Vocational Training Centre Vocational Training Division World Bank Agriculture Household Survey Demographic and Health Survey Human Development Survey International Standard Classification of Education International Standard Classification of Occupations Labour Force Survey International Standard Classification of Economic Activities
ix
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 Table 7 Table 8 Table 9 Table 10 Table 11 Table 12 Table 13 Table 14 Table 15 Table 16 Table 17 Table 18 Table 19 Table 20 Table 21 Table 22 Table 23 Table 24 Table 25 Table 26 Table 27 Table 28 Table 29 Table 30 Table 31 Table 32 Table 33 Table 34 Table 35 Content Unemployment 2007 (Inflow, Outflow, Increase) Unemployment by Skills Unemployment by Age Unemployment by Ethnicity Unemployment by Gender Unemployment flows by Region Unemployment-Staff-Ratio Vacancies by Skills Vacancies by Regions Placements, Vacancies, Rates Placement by Skills/Placement-Rates Placements by Age Placements by Ethnicity Placements by Gender Placements by Region Training by Skills Training by Age Training by Ethnicity Training by Gender Training by Region Unemployment Overview Scenario A Scenario B Scenario C Scenario D Placement Rates by Municipality Regional Unemployment Overview Placements by Sector / Nace Vacancies by Sector / Nace Internal Performance Indicators Gender / Skills / Age Registration by Ethnicity / Albanians Registration by Ethnicity / Serbs Registration by Ethnicity / Other Minorities Registration by Ethnicity / All Minorities Registered Impaired Page 09 09 10 10 11 12 13 17 18 19 20 21 21 22 22 26 27 27 28 28 35 36 36 36 37 40 41 41 42 44 45 45 46 46 46
xi
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21 Figure 21a Figure 22 Figure 23 Figure 24 Figure 25 Figure 26 Figure 27 Figure 29 Figure 30 Figure 37 A C2 Figure 38 A C2 Figure 39 A C2 Figure 40 A C2 Figure 41 A C2 Figure 42 A C2 Content Increase Rate Registrations Increase Registrations by Skills Increase Rate / Age Increase Rate by Ethnicity Proportional Outflow by Gender Increase Rate by Regions Outflow to Staff Ratio 2006 Outflow to Staff Ratio 2007 Employment Services Vacancies 2003-2007 Vacancies by Economical Sectors Vacancies by Owner VRR by Skills VRR by Regions ASR by Regions Placements 2001-2007 Placement by Sector Placement by Owner 2003-2007 Placement Rate by Skills PVR by Skills Placement Rate by Age Outflow Rate Rate by Age Placement Rate by Ethnicity Placement Rate by Regions Placement-Staff Ratio VT Participants 2002-2007 Activation Rate by Skills Activation Rate by Age Activation Rate by Gender Activation Rate by Regions Inflow by Gender Outflow by Gender Placements by Gender Placements by Sector Placements by Owner Placements Priority Groups Young and Unskilled Page 09 09 10 11 11 13 13 13 16 16 16 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 21 22 23 23 26 26 27 27 28 42 42 43 43 43 43
xiii
xiv
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In absolute figures 334595 persons registered as unemployed with the Kosovan public employment services until the end of 2007 resulting in an increase of 2,6% compared to 2006. Similar to the previous year, the registered unemployed represent a registered unemployment rate in a range of 39% to 43% out of the economically active population. About 93% of the registered unemployed are long-term unemployed (12 months +). Almost 47% of the registered unemployed are female. Compared to 2006, the number of female registrations increased by about 2,9%. The female unemployment rate is about 56 to 61%, while the male unemployment-rate is about 32-36%. Nearly 60% of the registered unemployed refer to the educational level unskilled. The number of unemployed out of this skills group increased by 3%. More than 72% of all registered unemployed dispose an educational level below secondary school. These lower skilled unemployed suffer from a registered unemployment rate of 67 to 71%. The higher skilled population faces comparatively low unemployment rates of 6 to 7%. The youngest age group - from 15-24 years - faces the highest yearly inflow to unemployment (inflow rate 7,7%) as well as the highest increase rate (3,4%) in registrations. The eldest age group in 2007 even shows a decrease in unemployment by about -1%. On the average, one Kosovan employment officer in 2007 had to care for 1838 unemployed: This is 12 times more, than on the European average. With 1202 unemployed per officer, the region of Gjilan/Gnjilane faces the most comfortable situation within Kosova, while the region of Mitrovic/Mitrovica, with 2413 unemployed per officer, suffers from the worst unemployment-staff ratio. 6535 vacancies were acquired by the Kosovan employment offices during 2007, representing a decrease of more than -23% compared to 2006. Statistically every month more than 612 unemployed had to compete for 1 vacancy offered, increasing from a relation of 454-to-1 in 2006. Regarding the sectors by owner, 31% of all vacancies were offered in the public sector, but 69% in the private sector. Concerning the economical sectors, the tertiary sector demand (services) increased up to 67%, while the secondary sector (production) still covers 30% of all vacancies. At least 5993 unemployed found a job through the mediation of the employment services in 2007, representing a decrease of more than 18% compared to 2006 as well as a placement rate of 1,8% (declining from 2,3% in 2006). 18,5% of all placements referred to the public sector and 81,5% to the private sector. Distinguishing the economical sectors, almost 68% of all placements in 2007 referred to the tertiary sector (all services). About 64% of all unemployed placed in new jobs were male representing a placement rate of 2,2% - about 27% were female, representing a placement rate of 1,4%. With a placement rate of more than 21%, unemployed with an university degree faced the most comfortable situation in comparison to other skills levels: unskilled unemployed
xv
reached a placement rate of 1,1% in 2007 - whereas the placement rate of unskilled female unemployed is as low as 0,7%. Female unemployed with a university degree reached a placement rate of about 27%. The higher the skills level, the lower the female disadvantage in terms of job placements.
Different from previous reporting periods, the results achieved for Kosova-Serbs, for all minorities and for the non-Serb minorities are for the first time clearly below the Kosovan average: While Kosova-Albanians reach a placement rate of about 1,9%, the Kosovan minorities face a placement rate of 1,5%. In total 3047 registered unemployed entered a vocational training during 2007, representing a 12 months decrease of -12% and a decline of the activation rate (respectively training rate) down from 1,1% to about 0,9%. The activation rate of female unemployed remained at about 0,7% in 2007 while the activation rate of male unemployed decreased from about 1,4% down to 1,1%. Unemployed in the age of 15-24 years reached the highest activation rate (1,4%) and the highest proportion (45%) out of all training participants (also) in 2007. Although unskilled persons represent 60% of all unemployed only 28% out of all training participants refer to this skills level. The activation rate of unskilled unemployed decreased from 0,5% in 2006 down to 0,4% in 2007 while disproportional to existing employment restrictions the activation rate of unemployed with an university degree increased from 3,3% to 5,4% at the same time.
xvi
MLSW / DLE - Kosova Labour and Employment 2007
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
1. Introduction In continuation since 2003, the 2007 DLE annual report addresses the issues of labour and employment in Kosova. Special attention is paid to the performance of activities carried out by the Department of Labour and Employment (DLE) of the Kosovan Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare (MLSW) - respectively its Employment Division and its Vocational Training Division. 1.1. Objectives and Methodology The current report presents - as far as possible the socio-demographical structure as well as the development of the registered unemployment, the employment mediation and the vocational training. The focus - predominantly - is set on the development of internal figures and internal performance indicators - by comparing figures and developments in 2007 to the results of 2006 - and partially to previous years: Therefore the figures used in this report mainly refer to data collections carried out by the statistical officers of the Municipal Employment Offices (MEO) and the respective Regional Employment Centres (REC). On account of this, the DLE developed data forms, covering registrations, vacancies, placements and vocational training, as far as possible differentiated by gender, skills, age, ethnicity, region, sector of activity, sector by owner etc. The DLE statistical officers proved, compiled and processed the data in order to prepare monthly reports, which are the basis for the DLE annual report. As far as necessary, concerning external determinants of the labour market, such as the population, the working age population, the active population and the employment, the report refers to secondary research based on external Kosovan and international sources - as well as to the outcome of own - primary - research. The main objective of this report is to support the decision making process and the policy design within the MLSW, particularly by the Minister and its advisors, the Vice-Minister, the DLE Director as well as the heads of the ED and the VTD. Further on it aims to provide transparent information about the development of labour and employment in Kosova to Kosovan and international stakeholders as well as to the interested public, by Presenting and analysing the structure and facets of unemployment in Kosova and its regions in particular regarding the socio-demographical aspects gender, skills, age and ethnicity. Analysing vacancies offered and placements realized, through the Kosovan employment services, regarding the socio-demographical aspects as well as the structural aspects of the demand side, such as the sectors by activity and by owner. Highlighting the structure of participants and the outcome of the vocational training as a measure to enhance the employability of registered unemployed. Referring - wherever possible the analysis to internationally accepted and comparable indicators as defined by Euro Stat, ILO or European common practice.
Labour and employment is a most serious topic regarding the state of the Kosovan development. Therefore, dont hesitate to give us your feedback! 3
1.2. Definitions and Terminology

In order to allow a suitable differentiation and interpretation concerning the outcome of this report, the used terminology and definitions are listed below: o o The Population is the resident population within the Kosovan territory. The Working Age Population consists of the part of the resident population within the age 15-64, orientated on the existing labour law. Unemployment refers according to ILO definitions to persons within the working age, who are a) without work, b) looking for work and c) are available for work. Classical and cyclical unemployment: refers to a situation, in which the number of jobseekers exceeds the number of vacancies. This is in a classical case caused by a limited aggregate labour demand while cyclical based on a misfit of real wages. Search Unemployment: involves people being temporarily between jobs, searching for new ones, also called frictional unemployment and wait unemployment. Structural Unemployment: involves a mismatch between the workers looking for jobs and the vacancies available, includes mismatch unemployment and technological unemployment. o The (registered) Unemployed - refers to the persons who registered as unemployed (These should be persons, who are without work, but are looking for work however, this requirement is implemented only partially in Kosova and most other countries). The long-term Unemployed are persons, who are registered as unemployed for more than 12 month: this report refers to a calculative proportion of long-term unemployment, which is under the condition [outflow<registrations] and [inflow<registrations] in a
- best case = - worst case = - worst case =
[unemployed-(inflow+outflow)] unemployed [unemployed-(inflow-outflow)] unemployed [unemployed-(outflow-inflow)] unemployed
*100
*100
| under the condition of increasing registrations.
*100
| under the condition of decreasing registrations.
The Employed are identified by the following ILO/EUROSTAT definition: A person is considered as having an employment if he or she did any work for pay or profit (in cash or in kind). Self-employed persons are also considered to be working, if (the person) works in his own business, professional practice or farm for the purpose of earning a profit spends time on the operation of a business is in the process of setting up a business, An unpaid family worker is said to be working if the work contributes directly to a business, farm or professional practice owned or operated by a related member of the same household. The term employed covers regular employed persons, self-employed persons (incl. small business- and farm owners), farm-workers, contributing family members (e.g. in shops and farms) and within all that under-employed persons: anybody, who is elder than 15 and somehow - working for the purpose to gain a profit or income (including those who are not successful doing so).
The Active Population consists of registered - unemployed plus employed.
The Labour Force Participation Rate (or Activity Rate) is the proportion of the active population out of the working-age population. The Unemployment Rate respectively the registered unemployment rate is the proportion of registered unemployed out of the active population. The Absolute Unemployment Gap: Total difference in percentage points between female and male unemployment rates. The (registered) Youth Unemployment Rate is the proportion of registered unemployed from 16 to 24 years out of the active population of the same age. The Unemployment Ratio refers the registered unemployed to the working-age population, the unemployment ratio here is equal to the registered unemployment ratio respectively to the registration rate. The (registered) Youth Unemployment Ratio is the proportion of registered unemployed from 16-24 out of the working-age population of the same age. The Inflow (to WAP) Ratio refers the total inflow to registered unemployment over the year to the working-age population. The Employment Rate refers the employed to the working age population (it is not a mirror of the unemployment rate but corresponds to the unemployment ratio). The Absolute Employment Gap: Total difference in percentage points between female and male employment rates. The Unemployment-Staff Ratio refers the number of unemployed to the number of employment officers (without cleaner and security - but including administrative staff). Further performance indicators referring to the unemployment-staff relation are the o o o o Acquisition-Staff Ratio (total 12-months cumulated vacancies-to-staff) Placement-Staff Ratio (total 12-months cumulated placements-to-staff) Outflow-to-Staff relation (total 12-months cumulated outflow-to-staff) Inflow-to-Staff relation (total 12-months cumulated inflow-to-staff)
The Inflow Rate is the share of the average number of monthly newly registered unemployed out of the average number of registered unemployed during the year. In order to allow a better comparison this report partially refers to a 12 month cumulated rate. The Outflow Rate is the share of the average number of the monthly sum of placed and deleted former registered unemployed out of the average number of registered unemployed during the year. In order to allow a better comparison this report partially refers to a 12 month cumulated rate. The Deleted represent those persons as a part of the outflow, which will be removed from the classification registered unemployed apart from the reason placement - if a) b) c) d) e) a job was found by own affords, no further interest in the services of the employment offices, no contact to the employment offices within an agreed time period, working age was exceeded, the registered person died.
The Placement Rate is the number of former unemployed mediated into new jobs by the employment services during the year in relation to the average number of registered
unemployed during the year (its a derivate of the placement ratio as the number of placements per registered unemployed persons). o The Vacancy-Registration Rate is the number of vacancies acquired by the employment services during the year in relation to the average number of registered unemployed during the year (its a derivate of the vacancy/unemployed ratio as the number of vacancies per registered unemployed persons). The Placement-Vacancy Rate is the number of placements realized in relation to the number of vacancies acquired by the employment services during the year. The Activation Rate shows the share of persons starting a vocational training during the year out of the average number of registered unemployed during the year. The Graduation Rate shows the share of persons graduating a vocational training during the year out of the number of participants during the year. ISCED: International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED 97 see Annex) Skill Groups - former classification translated to ISCED: - Unskilled (ISCED 0 - 2): No school, not completed elementary school. - Semi-skilled (ISCED 3): Elementary school completed, 3-6 month in-service training. - Skilled (ISCED 3A): 2nd. School not completed, 3-6 month technical training. - Secondary school (ISCED 3C): 2nd. School completed, 4 years tech. gymnasium. - High School (ISCED 4): Not completed university, engineer graduation. - University (ISCED 5A or 6): completed faculty, graduates, post-graduates. o Sectors by Activity are orientated on International Standard Classification of economic activities, NACE (Rev. I), but still not fully compatible: (A) Agriculture / Forestry (B) Fishing (C) Mining (D) Manufacturing (E) Electricity / Gas / Water (F) Construction (G) Trade (H) Hotel/Gastronomy ( I ) Transport / Communication (J / K) Finance / Real Estate etc. (M) Education (N) Health / Social Protection (O) Services (Q) NGO's / Organisations o Economical Sectors: Primary Sector (NACE: A-B), Secondary Sector (C-F), Tertiary Sector (G-O,Q). Sectors by Owner: Public Sector: Governmental and governmental controlled institutions and enterprises. Private Sector: Private individuals, farms, businesses and companies. Ethnical Groups: Albanian, Serbian, Montenegrin, Ashkali, Roma, Turkish, Bosniak, and Other. For analyses purposes a shorter classification will also be used: Albanian, all minorities, Serbian, and other minorities (without Serbian).
o o
Chapter 2 REGISTERED UNEMPLOYMENT
2. Registered Unemployment
In total 334595 persons registered as unemployed with the Kosovan public employment services until the end of 2007. The shown figures represent an increase of 2,6% over 12 months, what is slightly higher compared to the 12 months increase in 2006 but still far below the outcomes of previous years (see fig. 1).
9.7% 8.2% 6.7% 5.7% 2.4% 2.6% F ig.1 Increase R ate . R egistratio n
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
While the 12-months cumulated inflow to unemployment significantly decreased by more than 23% compared to the results in 2006 at the same time the cumulated outflow from unemployment over proportionally declined by more than 35%.
2004 2005 2006 2007
Regarding both declining inflow and outflow rates (see tab. 1) confirms the overall trend of the labour 12 months Outflow 11428 12585 22691 14710 market since 2000, indicating a low circulation and Monthly Outflow Rate 0,32% 0,34% 0,58% 0.37% limited dynamics in terms of job-creation and the 12 months Increase 6,7% 5,7% 2,4% 2.6% reintegration of unemployed to employment: In a Table 1: Unemployment 2007 best case scenario the calculative proportion of long-term unemployed increased from 84% to more than 86%, while on the calculative average (of best and worst case scenario) in 2007, it increased from 91% to 93%. In other words: 93% of all registered unemployed are registered for more than 12 months (definitions). Long-term unemployment increased and remains to be the core problem of the Kosovan labour market.
Monthly Inflow Rate 0,86% 0,79% 0,78% 0.58%
12-months Inflow
30395
29661
30327
23279
2.1. Skills and Unemployment
Unskilled 3.0%
Sem iSkilled 2.6%
Skilled 1.7%
2nd. Scho o l 2.4%
uni 1.9%
Comparing the skills levels, with 199648 persons, the unskilled unemployed (ISCED 0-2) in 2006 still represent the highest proportion out of the Fig.2. Increase Registratio n by Skills H igh Scho o l -4.0% total number of unemployed (59,6%) as well as the highest increase rate in registrations (+3%). At the same time this skills level again represents the highest number of new registrations (12412 persons) increasing from a share of 50% to 53% of the total inflow (tab.2, fig.2). As the only skills group, unemployed on the skills level higher school show a decrease in the number of registrations (-4%), what most likely refers also to administrative changes concerning the institutional definitions of skills levels: many of the former higher school degrees, referring to ISCED 4, are more and more 12 12 Monthly Monthly formally offered within bachelor Months Months Inflow Outflow Registered .Skills Rate ISCED Unemployed % Inflow Outflow Rate programmes referring to ISCED 5. .Unskilled 0-2 199648 59,6 12412 6658 0.52% 0.28% The respective new registrations are .Semi-skilled 3 14009 4,2 668 314 0.40% 0.19% .Skilled 3a 29767 8,9 1341 857 0.38% 0.27% now referred to the skills level .2nd. school 3c 86309 25,8 7487 5469 0.73% 0.53% university the net effect regarding
.High school .University 4 2211 2651 0,7 0,8 386 985 477 935 1.43% 3.04% 1.77% 2.88% 5a+
both groups should be zero.
Table 2: Unemployment by Skills 2007
Despite a missing linear correlation regarding the skills levels and the increase of unemployment (fig. 2), a closer look on the outcome of the figures in 2007, like in 2006, reveals an ongoing segmentation of the Kosovan labour market. Particularly a proportional comparison of the outflow by skills may emphasise most the direct relation of skills levels and a possible reintegration to employment (fig. 2a and tab. 2): The higher educated skills levels (higher school and university) face both the highest average monthly inflow rates as well as the far highest average monthly outflow rates, indicating over proportional labour market dynamics respectively a lower risk to remain (long-term) unemployed. While the calculative proportion of long-term unemployed in Kosova is 93% on the average, the calculative proportion of long-term unemployed referring to the higher skilled levels is about 71% on the average. In addition the higher skilled groups realise an average decrease in registrations of about -1%. Contrasting that especially unemployed on the three lowest skills levels suffer from a combination of both increasing registrations and low dynamics regarding the labour market flows. Besides the limited absorption capacities of the Kosovan economy, high-skilled Kosovars most probably face search (younger age groups) and mismatch respectively technological (elder persons) unemployment, while the unemployment of the lowest skilled groups might be seen as predominately structural.
Age
2.2. Age and Unemployment
15-24 25-39
Registered Unemployed 2007 98695 147411
12 Months Inflow 7453 9602
12 Months Outflow 4194 5895
Monthly Inflow Rate 0.64% 0.55%
Monthly Outflow Rate 0.36% 0.34%
Regarding the unemployed by age, most unem- 40-54 66286 4629 2806 0.58% 0.35% ployed in total figures still refer to the age from 55-64 22203 1595 1815 0.59% 0.67% 25-39 years. However, a direct comparison of to- Table 3: Unemployment by Age tal figures by age suffers from the different number of years the defined age groups cover. Like in previous years the highest pressure in terms of unemployment is again on the youngest age group, particularly as far it concerns the increase in registrations (+3,4%) and the inflow rate (see table 3 and fig. 3). Different from the general tendency but confirming according results of 2006, unemployed in the age of 55-64 years again profit from a decrease in registrations, which is by about -1% in 2007 (see fig. 3).
3.4% Fig.3: 12- M o nths Increase Rate by age 2.8% 2.6%
15-24
25-39
40-54
-1.0% 55-64
2.3. Ethnicity and Unemployment

A presentation of registrations by ethnicity follows with first priority the aim to comparatively regard developments concerning the access of minorities to the Kosovan public employment services: The 2007 increase rate in registrations still displays higher results for registered minorities (6,2%), than for registered Kosova-AlRegistered 12 12 Monthly Monthly Ethnicity Unemployed Months Months Inflow Outflow banians (2,3% - see fig. 4). In addition the 2007 % Inflow Outflow Rate Rate Kosovan minorities reach over proportio- .K-Albanians 304461 91 20800 13978 0.57% 0.38% nal results regarding the average monthly .K-Serbs 13428 4 1404 341 0.90% 0.22% .All Minorities 30133 9 2479 732 0.70% 0.21% inflow rates (tab. & fig. 4).
Table 4: Unemployment by Ethnicity
10

Fig.4. 12 M o nths Increase R ate by Ethnicity
On the one hand higher inflow rates and increase rates in this case 8.6% 6.2% positively indicate continuing progress in the inclusion of minorities Serbs A ll and a particularly high acceptance of services offered as far it conM in 2.3% cerns the group of the Serb unemployed. On the other hand, the A lb. Kosovan minorities face an over proportional decrease in the outflow from unemployment. Different from previous reporting periods, in 2007 the respective outflow-rates are even below the results reached on the Kosovan average (tab. 4, compare DLE Annual Report 2006). However, with an average proportion of less than 92%, long-term unemployment of Kosovan minorities remains below the Kosovan average (with an average proportion of 89% Kosova Serbs face the lowest long-term unemployment).
2.4. Gender and Unemployment

At the end of 2007 the total stock of persons registered as unemployed with the Kosovan public employment offices consists of 156679 female and 177916 male. While the number of female registrations increased by 2,9% during 2007, the number of registered male unemployed under proportionally increased by about 2,4%.
Fig.5: Proportional Outf low by Gender
M ale 62.0% Fem ale 38.0% Fem ale 35.5% M ale 64.5% M ale 67.6% M ale 65.4% Fem ale 40.2% M ale 59.8%
Fem ale 32.4%
Fem ale 34.6%
As the female registrations show a higher relative and total increase than the male registrations, the share of female unemployed in 2007 again slightly grew.
Nevertheless it is worth to remark that with 0,5 percentage points the total gender gap in the increase rates in 2007 reveals an ongoing decline (tab. 5). Further on female unemployed under proportionally suffer from a decreasing outflow from unemployment: Subsequently the female share on the total outflow in 2007 for the first time grew up to a level of more than 40% (compare fig. 5)
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Considering a relation of gender divergences to the risk groups of young (15-24) and unskilled unemployed, there is a slightly positive development: Regarding the figures of male unemployed of the same age group (15-24) as 2005 2006 2007 well as of female unemployed of Female Male Female Male Female Male M. Inflow Rate 0,80% 0,79% 0.67% 0.88% 0.56% 0.61% elder age groups, in 2007 young M. Outflow Rate 0,24% 0,42% 0.43% 0.72% 0.32% 0.41% female unemployed profit from a 12 M. Increase 9811 8596 4333 3303 4481 4088 7,1% 4,5 2.9% 1.9% 2.9% 2.4% lower (and declining) increase rate 12 M. increase rate Unemployed 147865 170525 152198 173828 156679 177916 in registrations in both cases (tab. 5) Proportion 46,3% 53,7% 46.7% 53.3% 46.8% 53.2% A look on the skills levels by gender Registered unskilled 104632 84316 108411 shows a reduced gender gap, which Proportion unskilled 55,1% 44,9% 55.9% 12 M. Increase 15-24 8,9% 8,4% 5.0% is based on a declining increase in Registered 15-24 43967 46975 46184 48,3% 51,7% 48.4% registrations for unskilled female on Proportion 15-24 Table 5: Unemployment by Gender the one hand and a growing increase in registrations for unskilled male unemployed on the other hand.
12 M. Increase unsk. 7,5% 4,6% 3.6% 1.4% 85483 44.1% 4.8% 49252 51.6% 3.4% 112097 56.1% 2.6% 47398 48.0% 2.4% 87551 43.9% 4.2% 51297 52.0%
11
Regarding the female and unskilled unemployment in general, it is worth mentioning again the procedures to apply for financial social assistance, which in Kosova is given to more than 40.000 families: A basic requirement for this is to prove, not to receive any further income. To do so affords to register all adult family members of a household as unemployed! The employment offices only rudimentarily started to distinguish according cases. So, most probably there remain a high number of opportunistic registrations: Although a detailed analysis on this suffers from data gaps, it is highly plausible to refer many of those registrations to unskilled female, who are administratively pushed from a personal status definition as economic inactive to a status of registered unemployed. Biased estimates would quantify these cases by at least 30000 to 40000 persons, what should be taken into account regarding the current stock of female registrations as well as subsequent activities of employment promotion, based on analysing existing gender gaps (see MLSW-DLE 2003, 2004, see WB 2003, 2004, see MLSW-DSW 2003, 2004, see SOK 2006).
2.5. Regional Developments

Equal to previous years, the highest stock in the number of registered unemployed at the end of 2007 refers to the employment offices in the region of Prishtina (68437), just followed by those in the region of Mitrovica (62735 table 6). Significant divergences and changes are displayed by a look on the regional increase rates regarding the registered unemployed persons. Different from 2006 (and from all other regions) the region of Mitrovica showed a decrease in registrations.
Regions 2007
.Ferizaj/Uroevac .Gjakov/Gjakovica .Gjilan/Gnjilane .Mitrovic/Mitrovica .Pej/Pe .Prishtin/Pritina .Prizren/Prizren
Current monthly 12-months monthly 12-months registered average cumulative average cumulative unemployed 0.52% 0.55% 0.94% 0.37% 0.47% 0.60% 0.72% 6.27% 6.58% 11.32% 4.44% 5.58% 7.23% 8.65% 0.28% 0.27% 0.51% 0.39% 0.27% 0.42% 0.38% 3.36% 3.22% 6.16% 4.66% 3.30% 5.02% 4.61% 34877 38860 36068 62735 38154 68437 55464
Inflow Rate %
Outflow Rate %
Table 6: Inflow/Outflow Rates / Registrations
2006
.Ferizaj/Uroevac .Gjakov/Gjakovica .Gjilan/Gnjilane .Mitrovic/Mitrovica .Pej/Pe .Prishtin/Pritina
Inflow Rate % Outflow Rate % Current monthly 12-months monthly 12-months registered average cumulative average cumulative unemployed 0.92% 0.58% 1.21% 0.55% 0.57% 0.76% 11.03% 6.91% 14.54% 6.57% 6.81% 9.16% 0.58% 0.31% 0.89% 0.51% 0.49% 0.53% 6.94% 3.72% 10.67% 6.13% 5.86% 6.40% 33868 37564 34246 62871 37289 66933
1.01% 12.15% 0.80% 9.66% 53255 The highest increase rate in regis- .Prizren/Prizren Table 6a: Inflow/Outflow Rates / Registrations trations in 2007 refers to the region of Gjilan, which also faces repeatedly the highest relative inflow to unemployment (inflow rate). Despite this, the relative outflow from unemployment (outflow rate) within the region of Gjilan again represents the highest results compared to all other regions. Contrasting that unemployed in the region of Gjakova and Peja suffered from the far lowest results, facing a monthly outflow of (only) 0,27%: The results reported from those regions represent (only) 73% of the outflow reached on the Kosovan average and 53% of the regional maximum rate (see table 6 and 6a).
2.6. Unemployment - Staff Ratio and Regional Capacities

In order to support an appropriate performance indication, the analysis and comparison of results should take into account differentiations of regional capacities: In total 182 regional employment officers (without support staff) had to care for more than 334 thousand registered unemployed -
12
resulting in an unemployment-staff ratio of 1838:1 (for an orientation on this figure: the EU ratio is 150:1, 12 times less despite this, the operational staff was decreased by about 10% - see DLE Annual Report 2006). Similar to previous years, the public employment offices in the region of Mitrovica continuously suffer from the highest (worst) unemployment-staff ratio, followed by the offices in the region of Prizren. The regions with the lowest (best) Total Unemployment Inflow- OutflowRegistered to-Staff-Ratio to-Staff to-Staff unemployment-staff ratio in 2007 are again GjiFerizaj/Uroevac 34877 1836:1 114:1 61:1 lan and Prishtina (tab. 7).
Gjakov/Gjakovica Gjilan/Gnjilane 38860 1850:1 121:1 59:1
According to a common experience of all PES, Mitrovic/Mitrovica 62735 2413:1 108:1 113:1 a high capacity effort - caused by a combination Pej/Pe 38154 1908:1 106:1 63:1 68437 1629:1 117:1 81:1 of a relatively higher unemployment-staff and Prishtin/Pritina 55464 2311:1 197:1 105:1 inflow-staff ratio - tends to results in a relatively Prizren/Prizren ALL 334595 1838:1 128:1 81:0 lower outflow-to-staff relation and vice versa. Table 7: Unemployment-Staff Ratio For the Kosovan PES this might be verified only partially. While the employment offices in the region of Prizren face a far over proportional unemployment staff ratio as well as the highest inflow-staff relation, the concerned employment officers still realize the most successful outflow-to-staff performance. Contrasting that the employment offices in the regions of Gjakova and Ferizaj provide the lowest outflow-to-staff performance in 2007, despite facing an unemployment and inflow staff relation near or below the Kosovan average (compare tab. 7 and fig. 7).
Fig.8:12-Months Outflow-Staff Ratio 2007 113 Mitrovic Mitrovica 81 Prishtin Pritina 105 Prizren Prizren 81 Kosovan Average
36068
1202:1
133:1
73:1
61 Ferizaj
59 Gjakov
73 Gjilan Gnjilane
63 Pej Pec
Uroevac Gjakovica
Fig.7:12-Months Outflow-Staff Ratio 2006 123 Ferizaj 73 Uroevac Gjakov 114 Gjilan 133 Mitrovic
203 Prizren Prizren 114
80 However, the shown outcome Kosovan Pej Mitrovica Prishtin Gnjilane Average may indicate different econoPec Pritina Gjakovica mical developments within the regions as well as different priorities, regarding regional employment promotion support activities implemented on the central level of DLE (partially in co-operation with external partners, such as UNDP, ILO, IOM, EAR, GTZ, AWO etc.). Nevertheless, they most probably also reveal disparities regarding the performance and implementation of administrative procedures.
98
Regarding further and external indicators of the labour market (see chapters below), both a declining outflow and outflow-staff performance refers less to the general economic performance in Kosova rather than to a more and more unfavourable situation in terms administrative operational capacities and staff.
13
14
Chapter 3 EMPLOYMENT MEDIATION
15
3. Employment Mediation
Considering the procedures of public Employment Services employment services in general, their main task is focused on the registration of unemployed in order to reintegrate Training them to employment: After the registration, this means to advice unemployed persons in terms of their future employment and / or career development. If necessary concerning an adjusted labour market orientation, a vocational training is switched between to update required skills.
Unemployed
Employer
Registration
Vacancy Advice Information Incentives
Counselling
Matching Procedure No success Success
The next step refers to the employers: The objective to lead unemployed to employment is based on the successful acquisition of vacancies - as well as to properly match unemployed as the personnel offered with the demand reported. This procedure usually is called employment-mediation: Contact employers, acquire vacancies (labour demand) and place jobseekers (labour supply). As far as possible, the outcome of this procedure will be illustrated in the following chapter.
Fig.10: 12-Months cumulated Vacancy
Placement
3. 1. Vacancies
7948 8400 7121 8561 6535 In 2007 the Kosovan public employment services acquired 6535 vacancies cumulated over the year. Compared to 2006 this is a decrease of more than 23%. Referring to the number of persons who registered as unemployed, the 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 number of acquired vacancies results in a vacancy-registration-rate (VRR) of 1,97% in 2007, while it was about 2,7% in 2006 (fig. 10, MLSWDLE Monthly Labour Market Information 12/2007):
Within a 12 months period, there was 1 vacancy available for about 51 unemployed (38 in 2006). Considering a monthly average gives a more realistic impression on the situation. Statistically every month more than 612 unemployed had to compete for 1 vacancy offered.
3.1.1. Vacancies by Sector

2007
Fig.11: 12-Months cumulated Vacancies by Sector 67%
Regarding the classical classification of 3% the economical sectors, like in previous 60% years, most vacancies offered in 2007 2006 32% referred to the tertiary sector (services, 8% 67%), followed by the secondary sector 74% 2005 15% (production, 30%) and the primary sec11% tor (agriculture, 3%). All three sectors Primary Secondary Tertiary faced a decrease in the number of vacancies reported. Decreasing under proportionally, the tertiary sector - different from previous
30%
16
Fig.12: 12-Months comulated V acancies by Ow ner

5776 public 73% 21 67 private 27% 4651 public 55% 5363 private 63% 2026 public 31 %
3750 private 45%
3526 public 49%
3595 private 51 %
31 98 public 37%
4509 private 69%
reporting periods nonetheless in 2007 realised a growing share on the total demand (+7 percentage points, see fig. 11).
A look on the sectors by owner reveals 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 ambivalent results concerning the development of the Kosovan labour market: On the one hand the absolute number of vacancies referring to both - public and private sector - according to the general outcomes in 2007 significantly decreased. On the other hand the private sector shows an ongoing increase regarding its share on the total demand in 2007, which grew from a proportion of 63% to 69% (fig. 12).
3.1.2. Vacancies by Skills
Skills unskilled
ISCED 0-2
Prop.
cumulated 12-Months
Change to 2006
VRR 2006
VRR 2007
Analysing the vacancies by skills levels semi-skilled 3 5% 346 -16.8% 3.0% 2.5% shows some changes compared to the skilled 3a 6% 389 -38.4% 2.2% 1.3% 2nd. school 3c 39% 2577 -14.0% 3.6% 3.0% outcome of 2006: With a share of 39% in high school 4 4% 293 208% 4.1% 13.0% 2007 the highest number of vacancies university 5a+ 12% 814 -31.0% 48.2% 30.1% refers to the skills level secondary Table 8: Vacancies by Skills school instead to unskilled unemployed. Unemployed on almost all skills levels suffered from a decreasing labour demand (tab. 8). As an exception after a tremendous decline in 2006 vacancies referring the skills level higher school significantly increased (what most likely refers to technical reasons rather than to a fundamental development. On the average the total number of vacancies acquired for both groups of higher skilled unemployed declined by about 13%). However, to gain a realistic impression on the relation of skills levels and labour demand affords to refer to the vacancy registration rate by skills (by proportionally referring the vacancies offered to the distinguished skills groups):
Fig.13: 12-Months V RR by Skills High school 13.0% Uni 30.1%
32%
2116
-34.7%
1.7%
1.1%
Unskilled 1.1%
Semiskilled 2.5%
Skilled 1.3%
2nd. School 3.0%
Despite a significant decline regarding the general development of the vacancy-registration rates (VRR) (except for unemployed on the skills level higher school - see tab. 8), the according chart (see fig. 13) still reveals an almost linear positive correlation: Higher skills more jobs !!! Particularly unemployed with an university degree realize a 12-months VRR (30,1%), which is very far above the Kosovan average of 1,97%. Contrasting that unskilled unemployed are remaining not unexpected repeatedly clearly below (12-months VRR=1,1%): While on the monthly average in 2007 about 39 unemployed with an university degree competed for 1 vacancy offered, statistically this relation is about 400-to-1 for unemployed on the skills level
17
secondary school, 625-to-1 on the Kosovan average and more than 1112-to-1 for unskilled unemployed.
3.1.3. Vacancies by Region

Resuming finally the vacancies by regions shows unexceptionally decreasing results respectively acquisitions all over Kosova:
Uroevac Gjakovica 1 .8% 1 .4%
In comparison to the further regions, the highest decrease in labour demand as well as the lowest vacancy registration rate (VRR) in 2007 was reported from the offices in the region of Gjakova just followed by the region of Peja. While the region of Mitrovica in 2007 faced the lowest decrease in vacancies offered, the highest VRR again was achieved in the region of Gjilan. A look on the regional disparities regarding the VRR reveals that the worst performing region in Fig.14: 12-M o nths VR R by R egio ns 2007 reached 73% of the Kosovan average Gjilan and only 47% of the maximum VRR (tab. Gnjilane Prizren Prishtin Prizren 3.1 % Ferizaj Gjakov 9). M itrovic Pej Pritina
M itrovica 1 .6%
Regions cumulated Change 2007 12-Months to 2006 .Ferizaj/Uroevac 610 -37.9% .Gjakov/Gjakovica 553 -39.9% .Gjilan/Gnjilane 1084 -15.0% .Mitrovic/Mitrovica 1010 -9.4% .Pej/Pe 572 -21.9% .Prishtin/Pritina 1376 -22.3% .Prizren/Prizren 1330 -24.6% Table 9: Vacancies by Region
ASR 2006 52:1 48:1 40:1 38:1 33:1 33:1 71:1
VRR 2006 2.9% 2.4% 3.7% 1.8% 2.0% 2.6% 3.3%
ASR 2007 32:1 26:1 36:1 39:1 29:1 33:1 55:1
VRR 2007 1.8% 1.4% 3.1% 1.6% 1.5% 2.0% 2.4%
In other words: While in the region of Gjakova on the monthly average statistically about 834 unemployed had to compete for 1 vacancy offered, this relation was about 385-to-1 in the region of Gjilan (for the monthly average performance see also MLSW-DLE 12/2007). Considering different service capacities in terms of staff within the regions and the respective employment offices, different to its VRR, the highest vacancy-staff-ratio respectively acquisition-staff ratio (ASR) in 2007 was achieved by the employment officers in the region of Prizren (55:1). Similar to the results of the VRR, the lowest performance concerning the ASR refers to the employment officers in the regions of Gjakova (26:1) and Peja (29:1) (see table 9 and fig. 15).
Fig.15: 12-M o nths A SR by R egio ns Gjilan Gnjilane 36 M itro vic M itro vica 39 P rishtin P ritina 33 P rizren P rizren 55
Pe 1 .5%
2.0%
2.4%
Ferizaj Uro evac Gjako v Gjako vica 32 26
P ej P e 29
Although referring to different regions, the outcome regarding regional disparities under the consideration of different regional capacities in 2007 is near to the results of the VRR by region (see above): The region with the worst performing officers concerning the ASR achieves about 78% of the Kosovan average and 47% of the maximum ASR.
Fig.16: 12-Months cumulated Placements 6370 7348 5993 5863
3.2. Placements
Besides the outflow (which inclu4528 3730 des de-registrations for several reasons, e.g., self found jobs after 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 a DLE based vocational training etc.) the placements may be regarded as the most important performance-indicator concerning all
5242
18
activities in the field of employment promotion. The Placements, as a main part of the outflow, represent the main objective of the Kosovan public employment services, the integration to the labour market. Leading unemployed to employment: In 2007 the Kosovan public employment offices realized 5993 direct placements of registered unemployed persons into new jobs. Compared to the total number of placements in 2006, this outcome represents a decrease of about 18% (see fig. 16 and tab. 10). Referring the placements in 2007 to the number of persons currently registered as unemployed, accordingly results in a 12-months placement rate (PR) of about 1,8% - which is the lowest result since 2003 (see table 10). Referring the cumulated number of placements Placements 5242 6370 5863 7348 5993 realised to the number of vacancies reported re- Vacancies 7943 8401 7121 8561 6535 sults in a placement-vacancy-rate (PVR) of 92% in PVR 66% 76% 82% 86% 92% 1,9% 2,1% 1,9% 2.3% 1.8% 2007, growing from 86% in 2006 and 82% in 2005 PR Table 10: Placements / Vacancies/ Rates (tab. 10). In the long-term view the current PVR indicates an obviously progressing success in the matching procedures of the employment offices. Nevertheless in a short term comparison the growth of the PVR is at least partially administratively based on an over proportional decline of vacancies offered (see tab. 10).
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
3.2.1. Placements by Sector

Confirming the development concerning the vacancies, also in terms of placements 2007 the tertiary sector (services) in 2007 shows a growth of its dominant position up 2006 to a share of almost 68%. Correspondingly the secondary sector (production) 2005 almost kept its position compared to 2006, while the share on all placements referring to the primary sector continuously declines (fig. 17).
Fig.1 2-M onths Placements by Owner 8:1
P ublic 64% P rivate 36% P rivate 67% P ublic 33%
Fig.17: 12-Months cumulated Placements by Sector 67.8% 28.7% 3.5% 61.2% 29.2% 9.6% 67.5% 17.6% 14.9% Primary Secondary Tertiary
P rivate 82%
P rivate P ublic 54% 46%
P ublic P rivate 51% 49%
P ublic 18%
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Comparing the sectors by owner in 2007 again corresponds to the above shown general tendency: While in 2007 the share on all placements referring to the public sector declined down to about 19%, the private sector economy at the same time absorbed almost 81% of all realised placements (see fig. 18).
Regarding the 2007 development in absolute figures reveals a nearly stable development of placements referring to the private sector economy (-1,1%). Sharply contrasting, the total number of placements absorbed by the public sector tremendously decreased by about 54% in 2007 (compare MLSW-DLE Monthly Kosova Labour Market Information 12/2006, 12/2007).
19
3.2.2. Placements by Skills

Analysing the job-placements by skills levels reveals an ongoing polarisation:
Placements Total Change ISCED 12 Months to 2006 2007 .Unskilled .Semi-skilled .Skilled .2nd. school 0-2 3 3a 3c 2202 174 348 2548 -23.8% -23.0% -29.3% -20.6%
PR 2006
PVR 2006
PR 2007
PVR 2007
1.49% 89% 1.66% 54% 1.68% 78%
1.11% 104% 1.25% 1.17% 50% 89% 99% 51%
While the number of placements referring .High school 4 148 92.2% 3.34% 81% to higher skills levels (high school and .University 5a+ 573 26.2% 18.45% 38% university) increased, those unemployed Tab. 11: Placement by Skills on the skills levels below faced a significant decrease in placements, which in 2007 is at least -20% and more (see table 11).
3.81% 107% 2.97% 6.59%
21.21% 29%
Despite in absolute figures the highest number of placements refers to the skills levels secondary school and unskilled (compare tab. 11), similar to the outcomes regarding the outflow from unemployment and the vacancies, only a proporFig.1 1 onths Placement 9: 2-M Uni Rate by Skills tional comparison of the placement results may allow 21 .2% emphasising the strong relation of education and emHigh ployment opportunities: The three upper skills-groups again achieved 12months cumulated placement rates (PR) above the Kosovan average of 1,8% in 2007, while the three groups below secondary school remain below. In particular the results for the skills levels university and higher school are far above all others and even increasing (see fig. 19, compare tab. 11).
Skilled 1 .2% Unskilled 1% .1 Semiskilled 1 .3% 2nd. school 3.0% school 6.6%
Referring the placements realized to the vacancies reported reveals particularly high and increasing results of the placement-vacancy rate (PVR) for the skills levels unskilled and secondary school: Considering decreasing placements as well as over proportionally decreasing vacancies may allow questioning whether improvements in the PVR in 2007 are different from 2006 mainly based on technical-administrative reasons - or on progress in the matching performance (what is surly the case for the longer-term development see tab. 10,11).
Fig.20: PVR by Skills As far it concerns the skills level university, Un2nd. skilled, school there is seemingly a continuously very limited 1 04% Skilled 99% 89% offer (labour supply) relative to the demand High Semischool skilled (vacancies). As mentioned already in previous 51 % 50% Uni reports, the situation dismantles a high need 29% for an adequate adjustment of concrete skills requested - in order to further improve the affordable employability of this group: Especially elder unemployed with a higher education most likely suffer from a so called structural mismatch respectively technological unemployment.
The whole situation indicates a high number of still not covered employment opportunities for higher educated Kosovars. The Kosovan labour market in this case continuously suffers from limited (respectively wrong adjusted) labour supply rather than from restrictions in labour demand.
20
3.2.3. Placements by Age
Placements Total 12 Change PR PR 2007 Months to 2006 2005 2006 15-24
PR 2007
POS 2007
2445 -18.3% 2.7 3.1 2.51 58% Concerning the placements by age groups, the 25-39 2622 -18.3% 1.7 2.2 1.79 45% first aspect to remark is the again successfully 40-54 849 -17.8% 1.4 1.6 1.28 31% implemented priority given to young unemployed. 55+ 77 -31.9% 0.7 0.5 0.34 4% Like in 2005 and 2006 also in 2007 the placement Tab. 12: Placement by Age rates are reversely correlated to the age: The younger the age-group the higher the placement rate (fig.21).
Nevertheless, according to the general outcomes in 2007, both the placement rates (PR) as well as the total number of placements show a decrease for all age Fig.21: 1 onths Placement 2-M Rate by age groups, whereas the highest decrease in job-placements refers to 2.5% the eldest group of registered unemployed. 1 .8%
1 .3% 0.3% 1 5-24 25-39 40-54 55+
Worth highlighting is the almost inverse relation of outflow and placements (fig. 21 and 21a). In other words, the placements-
outflow-share (POS) is negative correlated to the age groups. As to see by comparing placements and outflow by age (fig. 8.0% 21, 21a, tab. 12), the outflow of the elder age groups is much less based on assisted job placements than the outflow of the 4.3% 4.2% 4.0% younger age groups. While the elder groups seem to count more on own efforts in order to realise a successful reintegration to the labour market, this development seemingly 1 5-24 25-39 40-54 55+ confirms the high dependence of younger unemployed on active measures of public employment promotion:
Fig.21a. 12 M o nths Outflo w R ate by age
In this context it should be mentioned again that more than 30000 young persons cross the border to working age each year. Many of those try to enter the labour market. Therefore, the younger age groups in Kosova obviously face an over proportional demographical pressure. Further on they partially still suffer from the exclusion from formal education during the 1990s. In addition they mostly dont dispose professional experience and they are missing adequate social networks (see GTZ 2006 and ILO 2006), which are essential particularly on the Kosovan labour market. Accordingly supportive measures including counselling, employment mediation, financial employment support and vocational training - are highly needed to compensate at least these structural disadvantages.
3.2.4. Placements by Ethnicity

Corresponding to the high dominant proportion of Kosova-Albanians within the registered unemployed (tab. 4), also the highest 12-months cumulated number of placements in 2007 refers to this group. Placements Total PR Regarding the relation of placements and registrations, the Kosova-Albanians realize a 12-months placement rate (PR) of about 1,9%, what is slightly above the results reached on the Kosovan average.
2007 Albanians Other Minorities Serbs All Minorities 12 Months 5658 254 81 335 2007 1.87% 1.54% 0.62% 1.13%
Tab. 13: Placement by Ethnicity
21
Different from previous reporting periods, the results achieved for Kosova-Serbs, for all minorities and for the non-Serb minorities are for the first time clearly below the Kosovan average (tab. 13, fig. 22), what most probably goes together with an over proportional reduction of public employment schemes (compare chapters 3.2.1. and 3.1.1.) as well as with restrictions in official documentation of private-sector placements referring to the northern Mitrovica municipalities.
Fig.22: 1 onths Placement 2-M Rate by Ethnicity Alb. 1 .87% M in. 1 .54% Serbs 0.62%
3.2.5. Placements by Gender

Placements
2005 Female 1475 1,0% 25% 0,1% 0,4% 1,9% Male 4388 2,6% 75% -10% 2,5% 3.60%
2006 Female 2006 1,3% 27% 36.0% Male 5342 3.1% 73% 21.7%
2007 Female 2182 1.41% 36% 8.8% 0.66% 2.48% Male 3811 2.2% 64% -28.7% 1.68% 2.54%
Taking into account a female share out of all unemployed by almost 47% and a female share on all placements by about 36%, female unemployed continuously face an under proportional placement performance.
Total PR Proportion Increase PR unskilled PR 15-24
However, regarding the overall development Tabela 14: Placement by Gender concerning the gender gap leads to more positive results: The share of female placements increased from 27% in 2006 to 36% in 2007. While male unemployed faced a decreasing placement rate (PR) the PR of female unemployed increased. Subsequently also the total gap of the female and male placement rates decreased from 1,8 percentage points in 2006 down to 0,8 percentage points in 2007 (compare table 14). A look on the unemployment risk groups of young (15-24) and unskilled unemployed by gender almost follows the above shown tendency: For unskilled unemployed the gender gap in the PR decreased down to about 1 percentage point. The youngest age group even achieves a decline in the PR gender gap down to 0,6 percentage points. In both cases female unemployed under proportionally suffer from a decrease in total placements (tab. 14).
3.2.6. Placements by Region

Regarding the development within the Kosovan regions, like in previous reporting periods the employment offices in the region of Prizren also in 2007 realized the highest number of job-placements in absolute figures.
Regions 2007 .Ferizaj/Uroevac .Gjakov/Gjakovica .Gjilan/Gnjilane .Mitrovic/Mitrovica .Pej/Pe .Prishtin/Pritina .Prizren/Prizren
Cumulated Increase PR 12-Months to 2006 2006 637 646 841 718 577 1235 1339
PSR 2006
PR 2007
PSR 2007
-26.9% 2.57% 46:1 -5.0% 1.81% 36:1
1.84% 34:1 1.68% 31:1 2.38% 28:1 1.14% 28:1 1.52% 29:1 1.81% 29:1 2.45% 56:1
-15.2% 2.90% 31:1 -20.5% 1.44% 31:1 -17.7% 1.88% 32:1 -15.1% 2.17% 27:1 -23.3% 3.28% 70:1
Table 15: Placements by Region
The lowest number of placements was reported from the region of Peja (tab 15). All regions face a decrease in placements. While the lowest decrease (-5%) refers to the region of Gjakova, the employment offices in the region of Ferizaj faced highest decrease in total placements (about -27%) (tab. 15). Regarding the placements within the regions relative to their stock of registered unemployed, with a placement rate (PR) of about 2,5% unemployed in the region of Prizren repeatedly profit from the best regional placement performance, while unemployed in the region of Mitrovica again suffered from the lowest PR (about 1,4%) in 2007 (see fig. 23, tab. 15).
22
Taking into consideration the different regional capacities in terms of staff partially confirms the shown tendency concerning regional disparities in the placement performance: The employment officers in the region of Prizren again realize similar to the PR in this region the far highest placement-staff ratio (PSR: 56:1), followed by the region of Ferizaj (PSR 34:1).
Fig.23: 12-M o nths P R by R egio ns Gjilan Gnjilane 2.4% M itro vic M itro vica 1.1% P rizren P rizren 2.4%
Ferizaj Uro evac 1.8%
Gjako v Gjako vica 1.7%
P ej P e 1.5%
P rishtin P ritina 1.8%
Fig.24: 1 2-M o nths P SR by R egio ns
P rizeren P rizren 56 P rishtin P ritina 29
F erizaj Uro evac 34
Gjako v Gjako vica 31
Gjilan Gnjilane 28
M itro vic M itro vica 28
P ej P e 29
The far worst regional performance in 2007 regarding the PSR was reported from the employment officers in the regions of Gjilan (28:1) and Mitrovica (28:1).
23
24
Chapter 4 VOCATIONAL TRAINING
25
4. Vocational Training
Besides its Employment Division (ED), which is responsible for the registration, counselling and jobplacement of unemployed, the DLE is also managing the Vocational Training Division (VTD).
Fig.25: 12-Months cumulated V T participants 3108 1658 2201 3928 3455 3047
The objective of this Division is to support the employability of registered unemployed. To reach this, the VTD runs a network of 8 regional vocational training centres (VTC) and co-ordinates vocational training capacities of external allied training institutions. During 2007 in total 3455 registered unemployed entered a vocational training (VT). Compared to 2006 the number of VT participants (again) decreased by almost 12%. Referring the total number of VT participants (respectively entries) in 2007 to the average number of registered unemployed at this time, results in a 12-months activation rate (AR) of about 0,9% - decreasing from 1,1% in 2006 and 1,3% in 2005 (see fig. 25). Referring to the cumulated number of VT entries in 2007, the number of graduates from VT (2381), results in a graduation rate (GR) of about 78% - declining from a GR of 84% in 2006.
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
4.1. Training by Skills

Concerning the different skillslevels of the VT participants in 2007, the figures reported repeatedly reveal an ambivalent outcome:
2007 Unskilled Semi-skilled Skilled 2nd. school High school University
cumulated Increase Prop ISCED 12-Months to 2006 Entries 0-2 3 3a 3c 4 5a+ 846 41 132 1807 73 148 -3.6% -31.7% -48.2% -14.8% 30.4% 74.1% 28% 1% 4% 59% 2% 5%
AR 2006 0.5% 0.4% 0.9% 2.5% 2.4% 3.3%
GR 2006 79% 112% 77% 85% 73% 105%
AR GR 2007 2007 0.4% 78% 0.3% 93% 0.4% 73% 2.1% 78% 3.2% 82% 5.4% 76%
Table 16: Vocational Training by Skills
Disproportional to the existing employability restrictions, the three upper skill groups still realize activation rates (AR) far above the Kosovan average, while the activation rates of the three lower skill groups remain far below (see fig. 26). Although representing almost 60% of all unemployed, the group of the unskilled only represents 28% of all VT participants in 2007. Contrasting that 59% of the training participants refer to the skills level secondary school, which represents 26% of all unemployed (compare tab. 16 and chapter 2.1., tab. 2).
Fig.26: 12-M o nths A ctivatio n R ate by Skills (%)
Uni 5.4% 2nd. school 2.1 % High school 3.2%
Unskilled 0.4%
Semiskilled 0.3%
Skilled 0.4%
In addition only unemployed with a higher school or university degree show an increasing tendency in VT participation respectively an increasing activation rate in 2007 unemployed on all further skills levels face a decreasing activation rate (compare fig. 26, tab. 16).
26
4.2. Training by Age

1.43%
Fig.27: 1 onths Activation 2-M Rate by age

0.94% 0.53% 0.03%
Regarding the VT participants by age, shows increasing capacities respectively an increasing activation rate only for unemployed in the age from 40-54 years.
15-24
Nevertheless, like in previous reporting periods, the actual figures confirm an ongoing priority given by MLSW / DLE to young unemployed (compare tab. 17). As to see from the chart (fig .27), similar to the placement rates also the activation rates are reversely correlated to the age: While the youngest age group achieved an activation rate (AR) of about 1,4%, in particular the VT participation of unemployed belonging to the eldest age group (55-64), remains on an almost insignificant low (and decreasing) level (tab. 17).
2007 .Age 15-24 .Age 25-39 .Age 40-54 .Age 55+ cumulated Increase Prop 12-Months to 2006 Entries 1363 1337 341 6 -27% 1% 41% -40% 44.7% 43.9% 11.2% 0.2% AR 2006 1.96% 0.92% 0.38% 0.04% GR 2006 AR 2007 GR 2007
25-39
40-54
55+
84% 1.43% 81% 82% 0.94% 75% 91% 0.53% 75% 70% 0.03% 283%
Table 17: Vocational Training by Age
However, a total decrease in VT participation by about -21% referring to the age group from 1524 years as well as a significantly decreasing share on all VT participants (from 54% down to 45% in 2007) gives reason to carefully observe an appropriate future implementation of vocational training concerning mentioned priorities (see tab. 17).
4.3. Training by Ethnicity
2007 Albanians Minorities
cumulated Increase Prop 12-Months to 2006 Entries 2947 -8.96% 97%
AR 2006 1.09%
GR 2006
AR GR 2007 2007
82% 0.97% 78%
100 -54.13% 3% 0.77% 114% 0.34% 89% Confirming the results of 2006, a look on Serbs 41 -73.38% 1% 1.25% 95% 0.31% 41% the figures of VT by ethnicity shows an Other 59 -7.81% 2% 0.40% 159% 0.36% 122% ongoing decline in the inclusion of the Table 18: Vocational Training by Ethnicity Kosovan minorities. While all ethnical groups face a decreasing VT participation, this tendency reveals an over proportional impact particularly on the Serb unemployed (tab. 18):
Referring the cumulated number of VT participants during 2007 to the average number of unemployed out of the ethnical groups, results in the lowest activation rate (AR) for registered KosovaSerbs. While also the AR results for the non-Serb minorities remain far below the Kosovan average, the activation rate referring to the Kosova-Albanians is slightly above (see tab. 18).
4.4. Training by Gender

Compared to 2006, the 12-months cumulated figures of vocational training by gender in 2006 show a decreasing VT participation for both registered male and female unemployed. Nevertheless the female decrease of about 4,4% is under proportional to the male decrease of about 15%. Accordingly the female share on all VT capacities grew from 32% in 2006 up to 35% in 2007 (tab. 19).
Fig. 29: 12-M o nths activatio n Rate by Gender M ale 1.11% Fem . 0.68% A ll 0.91%
While the male activation rate (AR) declined down to about 1,1%, the female AR in 2007 under proportionally declined down to about 0,7% (fig. 29 compare also table 19).
27
Regarding in addition the VT inclusion of the unemployment-risk group of unskilled unemployed by gender still reveals a clear disadvantaged situation for unskilled female unemployed:
2007 Female Male All Unskilled Fem. Unskilled Male
cumulated Increase Prop AR 12-Months to 2006 Entries 2006 1057 1990 3047 207 614 -4.43% -15.28% 35% 65% 0.73% 1.35%
GR 2006
AR GR 2007 2007
89% 0.68% 94% 81% 1.11% 69% 84% 0.91% 78% 88% 0.19% 203% 77% 0.70% 39%
-11.81% 100% 1.06% 7.81% -10.50% 0.18% 0.80%
While the share of unskilled female on Table 19: Vocational Training by Gender all unemployed is more than 33%, it is still less than 7% out of the VT participants. Although profiting from total increase in VT participation, unskilled female still suffer from a far under proportional activation rate: While on the Kosovan average statistically in 2007 about 110 unemployed competed for a free place in a vocational training centre, this relation is 143-to-1 for unskilled male, but 526-to-1 for unskilled female unemployed.
4.5. Training by Region
2007 .Ferizaj/Uroevac
cumulated Increase Prop 12-Months to 2006 Entries 245 -42.49% 8%
AR 2006 1.26%
GR 2006 56%
AR 2007
GR 2007
A look on the development of vo- .Gjakov/Gjakovica 568 -0.70% 19% 1.52% 75% 1.47% 52% cational training (VT) capacities by .Gjilan/Gnjilane 325 -23.17% 11% 1.24% 84% 0.92% 82% region, leads to contradicting re- .Mitrovic/Mitrovica 348 -45.02% 12% 1.01% 92% 0.55% 66% .Pej/Pe 365 -1.62% 12% 0.99% 73% 0.96% 72% sults: While 5 of the Kosovan regi618 19.31% 20% 0.77% 89% 0.91% 98% ons face a decreasing VT partici- .Prishtin/Pritina .Prizren/Prizren 553 8.01% 18% 0.96% 107% 1.01% 106% pation, 2 regions realise increaTable 20: Vocational Training by Region sing capacities. The highest decrease in VT capacities refers to the region of Mitrovica (about -45%). The highest increase was realised in the region of Prishtina (about +19%)(tab. 20). Referring the realised VT capacities in absolute figures to the average stock of unemployed registered in the different regions, the highest activation rate (AR) in 2007 was again reached in the region of Gjakova (about 1,5). According to the above shown decrease, the lowest AR in 2007 refers to the region of Mitrovica (about 0,6% - compare tab. 20, fig.30). The development of the AR reveals an ongoing increasing disparity concerning the regional VT participation respectively VT capacities: In 2007 the lowest AR only represents 37% of the maximum (while it was 51% in 2006 compare tab. 20).
Gjako v Gjako vica 1.47% Ferizaj Uro evac 0.71% Gjilan Gnjilane 0.92% Fig.30: 12-M o nths A ctivatio n R ate by Regio ns P ej P e 0.96% P rizren P rizren 1.01%
0.71% 53%
M itro vic M itro vica 0.55%
P rishtin P ritina 0.91%
In other words, in the region of Gjakova statistically 68 unemployed persons faced 1 free place in a vocational training centre of DLE or an allied partner during 2007 - at the same time in the region of Mitrovica about 182 registered unemployed persons had to compete for a free place in vocational training (respectively for the chance to adjust required skills to labour market needs).
28
Rsum
29
5. Rsum
First it should not remain unmentioned that extrapolating general tendencies from the results of this report in comparison to the outcomes of previous reporting periods is limited due to an ongoing decrease in service capacities (regarding equipment and staff). The current unemployment staff ratio increased from a level of about 1600-to-1 up to more than 1800-to-1, what is now more than 12 times higher (respectively worse), than on the European average. A reduction of quantities cant be considered to be without impact on the quality of the workflow procedures. A decrease in the outflow from unemployment, in the acquisition of vacancies and in job-placements therefore cant be referred directly to the general economic environment and development. Despite above mentioned there are still a few aspects worth to remark: Increasing from a share of 91% to 93% the extreme high (registered) long-term unemployment continuously remains to be the major problem which goes together with discouraging decreases in the outflow from unemployment as well as in the 12 months results of vacancies and placements. However, a closer look on the development of vacancies and placements dismantles a decreasing outcome as mainly caused by limitations of public sector demand. Contrasting that, the private sector still reveals a stable tendency. A proportional comparison of public and private sector shows that cumulated over 12 months almost 70% of the vacancies and more than 80% of all placements referred to the private sector economy. Concerning the concrete performance of employment promotion, the current development leads to ambivalent results: To remark positively, is the again successful inclusion of minorities to the services offered by DLE. A revisable indicator is the still over proportional inflow rate regarding this target group. Nevertheless, under proportional results concerning the respective outflow, activation and placement rate, require to carefully observe this issue. A main point to mention is the constantly successful support given to young unemployed: As this is the explicitly expressed priority of the DLE, unemployed in the age of 15-24 years again realize the highest activation and placement rates. Bearing in mind an ongoing over proportional share of assisted job-placements on the total outflow referring to the younger age-groups may emphasise an extended need for intensive counselling, vocational training and employment mediation. Considering an obvious relation of skills and employment it should be mentioned that the group of the unskilled unemployed is facing both an under proportional activation rate and an extreme low placement rate. Overcoming the disproportional inclusion of lower skilled unemployed and in particular intensifying the support of unskilled female - remains to be an inevitable duty for future activities of employment promotion. Regarding finally the gender aspect, there are slightly positive developments: Confirming the results of 2006 female unemployed profit from a growing share on the total outflow from unemployment as well as from an increasing inclusion to employment mediation respectively job-placements. Different from male unemployed, female unemployed even realise an increasing placement rate in 2007. Further on the increase rate in registrations shows a declining gender gap, which is 0,5 percentage points in 2007 (while it was 1 percentage point in 2006 and 2,6 percentage points in 2005).
30
References
Euro Stat (2003): ETF / Pirher, Sonja (2003): GTZ / MCYS (2006): IMF (2005): ILO (1982): The European Union Labour Force Survey, Methods and Definitions 2001, Luxembourg Development and Capacity Building in the field of Education and Labour Market Statistics, Torino The Kosovo Youth Policy and Action Plan, Prishtina Kosov0: Gearing Policies Towards Growth and Development, Washington Resolution concerning statistics of the economically active population, employment, unemployment and underemployment, Geneva Resolution concerning the measurement of underemployment and inadequate employment situations Key Indicators of the Labour Market (KILM), Geneva Kosovo Youth Employment Action Plan Labour and Employment 2003, Annual Report, Prishtina Labour and Employment 2004, Annual Report, Prishtina Labour and Employment Kosovo Performance Report 06/2006, Prishtina Labour and Employment 2005, Annual Report, Prishtina Labour and Employment 2006, Annual Report, Prishtina Labour and Employment Kosovo Employment Promotion Performance Report 2006/2007, Prishtina Kosovo Labour Market Information (monthly), Prishtina Employers Survey Kosovo 2007 Statistical Tables Social Welfare Statistics Labour Market and Unemployment in Kosova, Prishtina Labour Force Survey (LFS) 2006 and 2005, Prishtina Statistics on Agriculture in Kosova 2005, Prishtina Kosovo in Figures 2006 Women and Men in Kosovo - 2006 Human Development Report Kosovo 2004, Prishtina The Economic Foundations of Status: Kosovo Economic Outlook 2006, Prishtina Kosovo Labor Market Study: Policy Challenges of Formal and Informal Employment, Washington D.C. Kosovo Macroeconomic Memorandum, Washington D.C. Kosovo Poverty Assessment, Washington D.C., Prishtina
GTZ /MCYS / MLSW (2006): Questionnaire Report about Youth and Employment, Prishtina
ILO (1998): ILO (2004): ILO / MLSW-DLE (2006): MLSW-DLE (2004): MLSW-DLE (2005a): MLSW-DLE (2006a): MLSW-DLE (2006b): MLSW-DLE (2007a): MLSW-DLE (2007b): MLSW-DLE (2007c): MLSW-DLE / ILO (2007): MLSW-DSW / SOK (2007): Riinvest (2003): SOK (2007): SOK (2006a): SOK (2007a): SOK (2007b): UNDP (2004): UNMIK / EU Pillar (2006): World Bank (2003): World Bank (2004): World Bank (2005):
31
Many further sources are to find at
Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare Kosova www.mpms-ks.org Government of Kosova www.ks-gov.net Statistical Office Kosova www.ks-gov.net/esk International Labour Office www.ilo.org UNDP in Kosova http://www.Kosova.undp.org/ World Bank in Kosova www.worldbank.org/Kosova EU in Kosova www.euinKosova.org OSCE in Kosova www.osce.org/Kosova Labour resources webpage www.lmps.gofor.de
32
< Appendix >
A. B. C. D.
Labour Market Indicators Employers Survey on Wages Performance Data Sheets ISCED Definitions
33
Appendix A. Labour Market Indicators

Different from above shown performance indicators based on internal figures - e.g. the inflow, outflow, placement and activation rate the labour market indicators aim to refer the shown performance results and further general developments to external figures: These external indicators are again - as far as possible - based on Euro Stat and ILO standards and structures. They are mainly not resulting directly from the primary and registered data gathered by MLSWDLE, but from data collections, surveys and reports of external governmental, non-governmental and international institutions. - Limited Data Access Besides the DLE registration database the only source of own primary research for this report is a frequently implemented employers survey with focus on wages paid in the formal economy. A presentation of labour market indicators accordingly requires further secondary research about the Kosovan resident population, the ethnical, age, gender and skills structure of the working age population and particularly of the active and the employed population. For now the availability of most of the affordable data about Kosova and its socio-demographical structure is limited to the access on still not fully implemented administrative and statistical procedures. Many surveys and reports even implemented by the same institution, show inconsistent results and contradictory outcomes. Subsequently, the shown labour market indicators partially have to refer to a range of the different socio demographical figures as plausibly estimated and / or researched by the most relevant institutions and organisations (e.g. IMF, SOK, RI, UNDP, WB etc.). Regarding above mentioned, all presented results have to be seen mainly as a very general approach to comparatively observe and analyse according tendencies and developments, what gives a reason to repeat that all data still shows potential for a further development of its accuracy. - Converging results A remarkable outcome over the past years since 2003 is a convergence of results particularly regarding the unemployment rate as researched by UNDP and the Statistical Office Kosova to the registered unemployment rate as presented by MLSW-DLE. Both the registered unemployment rate as well as the researched unemployment rate as shown by MLSW-DLE, UNDP and SOK (and partially Riinvest), tends to stabilize in a range of 40-45% (see tab. 24): - Not employed, unemployed, employed The mentioned unemployment rate for Kosova is dramatically high in comparison to other countries. Nevertheless a social conclusion has to take into account in addition that the terminus unemployed is not equal to not working or without work: E.g. housewives, students, discouraged and retired persons - and the big part of the Kosovan population below working age (15) might be not employed resp. without work but are not counted as unemployed. It also should be mentioned that according to ILO and Euro Stat definitions the terminus employed includes besides full and part time wage-employment also under-employed persons,
34
self-employed and contributing family members in small businesses and farms. All these have to work for the purpose (!) to earn income, wages or profit in cash or in kind: Focusing on the purpose means to include those, who are not achieving to realize a profit or income it only counts that they try to do so. Income in kind means to include nonmonetary income, e.g. food or other goods.
Source IOM 05/2000 SOK 03/2004 UNDP 2002 SOK 03/2004 Riinvest 01/2003 SOK 03/2004a SOK 2005 UNDP 2004 MLSW 03/2004* DHS LFS 2001 KHDR LFS 2002 LFS DHS LFS 2003 KHDR/HDS 2003 Annual Report Report Report
Reference Year 2000 2001 2001 2002 2002 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003
Unemployment Rate 50 % 57 % 50-55 % 55 % 39-49 % 53 % 50 % 44 % 43 % 23-33 % 30%
A.1. Population estimates
World Bank IMF 2004
2004 42 % The most important problem regarding the MLSW 03/2005* Annual Report SOK 2005a LFS 2004 2004 40 % population figures is to outline the so called MLSW 05/2006* Annual Report 2005 42-44 % (economic) active population. The active popuSOK 2006 LFS 2005 2005 41% lation consists of the sum of the employed and MLSW 06/2007* Annual Report 2006 39-42 % the unemployed population. The core problem SOK 2007 LFS 2006 2006 45% here repeatedly refers to the identification of MLSW 03/2008* Annual Report 2007 39-43 % Table 21: Unemployment Overview *Registered Unemployment the right number of employed persons in Kosova. Concerning the employment almost all sources show differences and inconsistencies: For more details about that especially regarding publications of the Statistical Office Kosova and significant contradictions of SOK LFS to SOK AHS please have a look at the same chapter of the MLSW-DLE Labour and Employment Annual Report 2006.
As far it concerns the employment in Kosova, consistent to previous reporting periods, this report refers to a range and (biased) extrapolation of figures as researched and estimated within different reports of mainly IMF, Riinvest, SOK, MTI, MEF and MLSW.
A.2. Scenarios on Employment and Unemployment figures

Resuming the above mentioned the following presentation of labour market indicators is based on 4 scenarios:
A: SOK LFS data - and MLSW-DLE registered data B: SOK LFS data - and MLSW-DLE biased registered data
Biased DLE data refers to a criticized inclusion of so called forced opportunistic registrations of adult persons, D: C: IMF SOK biased data - and IMF SOK biased data - and who in order to receive social assistanMLSW-DLE biased registered data MLSW-DLE registered data ce payments for their family, registered as unemployed without looking for employment and without being available for the labour market (see 2.4. and WB 2003). Further data regarding the resident and working age population as well as the gender, age, skills and ethnical structures are kept constant throghout the different scenarios. They are biased and extrapolated, based on the various publications of mainly SOK (LFS), IMF and of MLSW-DLE.
35
Scenario A
Resident Population Resident Total WAP WAP Total reg. Unemployed Employed Active Population Participation Rate Reg. WAP Ratio Inflow Total Inflow WAP Ratio Employment Rate
ALL
male
female
15-24
Elementary Secondary Higher skills level skills level education Albanian
All Min.
Serbs
Other Min
100,0% 50,9% 2130 62,6% 1333 334,6 391 725,6 54% 25% 23,3 1,7% 29% 1084 60,8% 659 177,9 308 485,9 74% 37% 27% 12,9 2,0% 47%
49,1% 1046 64,4% 674 156,7 83 239,7 36% 65% 23% 10,4 1,5% 12%
19,2% 409 56,0% 409 98,6 70 168,6 41% 58% 24% 7,5 1,8% 17% 747 243,4 86 329,4 44% 74% 33% 18 2,4% 12% 37,0% 493 86,3 238 324,3 66% 27% 17% 10 2,0% 48% 7,0% 93 4,9 66 70,9 76% 7% 5% 1,6 1,7% 71%
92,0% 1960 62,4% 1222 304,5
8,0% 170 111 30,1
5,3% 113 77 13,4
2,7% 58 34 16,7
65,0% 68,0% 59,0%
Unemployment Rate 46%
25% 20,8 1,7%
27% 2,5 2,3%
17% 1,4 1,8%
49% 1,1 3,2%
Table 22 total figures rounded to thousand (*000)
Scenario B
Resident Total WAP WAP Total reg. Unemployed Employed Active Population Participation Reg. WAP Ratio Inflow Total Inflow WAP Ratio Employment Rate
ALL
male
female
15-24
All Min.
Serbs
Other Min
Resident Population 100,0% 50,9%
49,1% 1046 64,4% 674 126,7 83 209,7 31%
19,2% 409 56,0% 409 95 70 165 40% 747 213,4 86 299,4 40% 37,0% 493 81,3 238 319,3 65% 7,0% 93 5 66 71 76%
92,0% 1960 62,4% 1222 274,5
8,0% 170 111 25,1
5,3% 113 77 11,9
2,7% 58 34 13,2
2130 62,6% 1333 299,6 391 690,6 52% 22% 23,3
1084 60,8% 659 172,9 308 480,9 73%
65,0% 68,0% 59,0%
Unemployment rate 43%
36%
26% 12,9
60%
19% 10,4
58%
23% 7,5
71%
29% 18
25%
16% 10
7%
5% 1,6 22% 20,8 23% 2,5 16% 1,4 39% 1,1
1,7%
29%
2,0%
47%
1,5%
12%
1,8%
17%
2,4%
12%
2,0%
48%
1,7%
71%
1,7%
2,3%
1,8%
3,2%
Scenario C
Resident Population Resident Total WAP WAP Total reg. Unemployed Employed Active Population Participation Rate Unemployment Rate Reg. WAP Ratio Inflow Total Inflow WAP Ratio Employment Rate
ALL
male
female
15-24
All Min.
Serbs
Other Min
100,0% 50,9% 2130 62,6% 1333 334,6 467 801,6 60% 1084 60,8% 659 177,9 367,2 545,1 83%
49,1% 1046 64,4% 674 156,7 99,8 256,5 38%
19,2% 409 56,0% 409 98,6 83,3 181,9 44% 747 243,4 103,9 347,3 47% 37,0% 493 86,3 283,9 370,2 75% 7,0% 93 4,9 79,2 84,1 90%
92,0% 1960 62,4% 1222 304,5
8,0% 170 111 30,1
5,3% 113 77 13,4
2,7% 58 34 16,7
65,0% 68,0% 59,0%
42%
25% 23,3
33%
27% 12,9
61%
23% 10,4
54%
24% 7,5
70%
33% 18
23%
17% 10
6%
5% 1,6 25% 20,8 27% 2,5 17% 1,4 49% 1,1
1,7%
35%
2,0%
56%
1,5%
15%
1,8%
20%
2,4%
14%
2,0%
58%
1,7%
85%
1,7%
2,3%
1,8%
3,2%
36
Scenario D
Resident Population Resident Total WAP WAP Total reg. Unemployed Employed Active Population Participation Rate Unemployment Rate Reg. WAP Ratio Inflow Total Inflow WAP Ratio Employment Rate
ALL
male
female
15-24
All Min.
Serbs
Other Min
100,0% 50,9% 2130 62,6% 1333 299,6 467,0 766,6 57% 1084 60,8% 659 172,9 367,2 540,1 82%
49,1% 1046 64,4% 674 126,7 99,8 226,5 34%
19,2% 409 56,0% 409 95 83,3 178,3 44% 747 213,4 103,9 317,3 42% 37,0% 493 81,3 283,9 365,2 74% 7,0% 93 5 79,2 84,2 90%
92,0% 1960 62,4% 1222 274,5
8,0% 170 111 25,1
5,3% 113 77 11,9
2,7% 58 34 13,2
65,0% 68,0% 59,0%
39%
22% 23,3
32%
26% 12,9
56%
19% 10,4
53%
23% 7,5
67%
29% 18
22%
16% 10
6%
5% 1,6 22% 20,8 23% 2,5 16% 1,4 39% 1,1
1,7%
35%
2,0%
56%
1,5%
15%
1,8%
20%
2,4%
14%
2,0%
58%
1,7%
85%
1,7%
2,3%
1,8%
3,2%
A.3. Labour Market Performance

Taking into account before shown need to adjust and bias both employment data of different sources and registered unemployment records, the scenarios B, D and E are most likely able to represent a range of those indicators for the Kosvan labour market, which are reflecting plausibly the current situation. Neglecting scenario A is based on the conflicting results regarding labour market figures, particularly provided by different SOK publications of the same or near time (this concerns implausible abrupt differences in the population structure as reported by SOK LFS 2005 and SOK LFS 2006 as well as huge differences in the employment figures regarding SOK LFS and SOK AHS 2005. Following the SOK AHS, there are more than 500.000 employed in agriculture. Considering about 20% share of agriculture on total employment in Kosova as said by SOK LFS, the number of employed would far exceed the working age population: Unemployment wouldnt exist anymore. According differences are most probably caused by an inconsistent implementation of research and methodology see references).
A.3.1. The Labour Force Participation Rate (Activity Rate)

Referring the active population to the working-age population, results in a labour-force participation rate (LFP) of about 52 to 60%. While the female LFP is about 31 to 38%, the male LFP varies from 73 to 83% (see tables 23, 24 and 25).
A.3.2. The (registered) Unemployment Rate

Referring the registered unemployed to the active population in Kosova, results in a registered unemployment rate of 39 to 43%. Regarding the gender aspect, the female unemployment-rate is about 56 to 61%. The male unemployment-rate is about 32 to 36%. Male and female unemployment rates represent an absolute-unemployment-gap of 24 to 28 percentage points. The Kosovan youth unemployment rate is about 53 to 58%.
37
Confirming the development of the internal figures - such as the outflow, vacancies and placements the registered unemployment rate reversely corresponds to the skills levels: While the population on the elementary skills level suffers from unemployment rates of 67 to 71%, the registered unemployment rate of the higher skilled population is about 6 to 7%.
A.3.3. The WAP-Registration Rate

Referring the registered unemployed to the working-age population results in a WAP-registration rate (also called registered unemployment ratio) of 22 to 25%. The female registration rate is 19 to 23%, the male registration rate is about 26 to 27%. Referring the registered unemployed of the age group 15-24 to its share of the working-age population, results in a youth-registration rate of about 23 to 24%. Regarding WAP-registration rate by ethnical groups mainly aims to evaluate a proportional registration as an indicator for the grade of access to the employment services: The registration rate of Kosova-Albanians is about 22 to 25%, while it is 16 to 17% for Kosova Serbs and 23 to 27% for all minorities. However, it neglects the impact of differences regarding outflow and placements. The registration rate therefore is a week indicator to measure the inclusion of different social and ethnical groups. Nevertheless it should not remain unmentioned that the WAP-registration rate for the Kosova Serbs in 2007 reveals a significant long-term increase since 2003 (from 10%), while the according outcome for the Kosova-Albanians remained stable.
A.3.4. The Inflow-WAP Ratio

A more useful indicator to compare inclusion and access to the public employment services is the inflow (-to-WAP) ratio. It refers the cumulated number of new registrations (inflow) over the year to the working-age population, as the general target group of the public employment services. The Inflow-WAP-Ratio aims to observe the inflow from specific parts of the working age population to registered unemployment and therefore e.g. allows best to monitor an appropriate standards implementation, regarding the access to services offered by the Kosovan public employment offices. A look on the inflow ratio of Kosova-Serbs already reveals an important step forward. With 1,8% they realize almost equal (and even higher) results compared to the KosovaAlbanian working age population (1,7%) as well as compared to the Kosovan average.
A.3.5. The Employment Rate

Referring the employed to the working-age population, results in an employment rate of 29 to 35% in 2007. The female employment rate is about 12 to 15%, while the male employment rate varies from 47 to 56%. Female and male employment rates represent an absolute-employmentgap of 35 to 41 percentage points. The compared to the Kosovan average under proportional youth employment rate of 17 to 20% does not appear unexpected: Seemingly this refers to both an over proportional unemployment
38
as well as an over proportional inactivity of the youngest age group, which is due to enrollments in schools and universities. Comparing the employment rate by skills levels, mirrors the unemployment structure: Higher skills - more jobs. While the higher skilled population profits from an employment rate of about 71 to 85%, the lowest skilled population suffers from employment rates of 12 to 14%. A closer look on the social dimension of the general employment figures reveals that based on low labour force participation, a high share of persons below working age and high number of unemployed, only 18 to 22% out of the total Kosovan resident population is employed, respectively - in an economic dimension - productive. In other words, 10 persons employed including underemployed would have to carry 46 to 54 persons altogether. By this, the need for transfer incomes from the Kosovan Diaspora and the international community remains to be more than evident. The outcomes of all shown labour market indicators seem to confirm the presented performance results concerning the registered unemployment. They emphasize in particular the segmented developments of outflow, placements and vacancies by skills levels, age groups and gender.
Appendix B Employers Survey on Wages

Since the year 2001 the Department of Labour and Employment frequently carries out an Employers Survey with special attention to the wages paid to the employees of the public and private sector. The results of the 2007 survey are foreseen to be published separately. As a main outcome it should be mentioned, that the average wages in 2007 seem to remain nearly on the same level than in 2006 (which was about 236 Euro per month) with slightly increasing private sector payments and slightly decreasing public sector payments.
39
Appendix C C.1. Regional Performance Rates

Current Registered Prishtin 68437 Prishtin 23013 Fush-Kosov 5674 Gllogoc 12031 Lipjan 10217 Novobrd 1023 Obiliq 5194 Podujev 10548 Graanic 689 Brnic e Poshtme 48 Prizren 55464 Prizren 29547 Rahovec 6954 Suharek 13330 Dragash 5633 Ferizaj 34877 Ferizaj 19069 Kaanik 8107 Shtime 3750 Shtrpc 3951 Gjilan 36068 Gjilan 22982 Viti 5718 Kamenic 7368 Gjakov 38860 Gjakov 18081 Dean 12625 Malishev 8154 Pej 38154 Pej 25484 Istog 5891 Klin 6779 Mitrovic 62735 Mitrovic 23927 Skenderaj 17783 Vushtrri 16821 Zvean 2250 Zubin Potok 625 Leposaviq 1329 ALL 334595 Tab. 26: Placement Rates by Municipality 2007 Regions Municipalities Average Registered 68102 Placements 1235 375 247 261 191 36 73 52 0 0 1339 659 177 388 115 637 462 88 69 18 841 543 140 158 646 422 146 78 577 275 178 124 718 310 203 183 18 0 4 5993 Placement Placement Rate Staff Ratio 1.80% 29:1 1.63% 4.35% 2.17% 1.87% 3.52% 1.41% 0.49% 0.00% 0.00% 2.41% 56:1 2.23% 2.55% 2.91% 2.04% 1.83% 34:1 2.42% 1.09% 1.84% 0.46% 2.33% 28:1 2.36% 2.45% 2.14% 1.66% 31:1 2.33% 1.16% 0.96% 1.51% 29:1 1.08% 3.02% 1.83% 1.14% 28:1 1.30% 1.14% 1.09% 0.80% 0.00% 0.30% 1.79% 33:1 Outflow Outflow Rate Staff Ratio 5.02% 81:1
54659
4.61%
105:1
34575
3.36%
61:1
35306
6.16%
73:1
38564
3.22%
59:1
37912
3.30%
63:1
63144
4.66%
113:1
332262
4.40%
81:1%
A comparison of the municipal performance particularly regarding the placement-staff-ratio has to take into account overlapping duties regarding the staff working in those public employment offices, which at the same time have to implement different tasks of regional coordination (e.g. the IT officer, the operations manager and the regional director). Further on of course the ability to place registered unemployed persons into new jobs is not limited to an appropriate counselling procedure alone, but highly depends also on the general ability of the local economy, to absorb unemployment and to offer employment opportunities. Nevertheless, obvious regional disparities still allow questioning the right adjustment and implementation of administrative procedures and activities in the field of employment promotion. 40
Municipality Zubin Potok/Zubin Potok Zvean/Zvecan Leposaviq/Leposavic Rahovec/Orahovac Prishtin/Pritina Pej/Pec Prizren/Prizren Shtrpc/trpce Malishev/Malievo Suharek/Suva Reka Ferizaj/Uroevac Gjakov/akovica Vushtrri/Vucitrn Novobrd/Novo Brdo Kaanik/Kacanik Kamenic/Kamenica
Unemployment Rate 21.15 % 22.81 % 27.26 % 28.39 % 30.26 % 34.90 % 35.00 % 35.59 % 37.92 % 41.89 % 41.90 % 42.26 % 42.95 % 43.70 % 45.28 % 46.31 %
Municipality Gjilan/Gnjilane Lipjan/Lipljan Fush Kosov/Kosova Polje Shtime/timlje Mitrovic/Mitrovica Viti/Vitina Istog/Istok Podujeva/Podujevo Dragash/Draga Obiliq/ Obilic Gllogovc/Glogovac Dean/Decani Klin/Klina Skenderaj/Srbica Rural Urban
Unemployment Rate 47.69 % 48.91 % 49.10 % 49.21 % 51.62 % 52.39 % 54.93 % 55.17 % 56.85 % 58.23 % 64.06 % 64.72 % 67.20 % 67.39 % 48.62 % 39.97 %
Table 27: Regional Unemployment Overview Source UNDP Kosova Human Development Report 2004 UNDP 2004
Lacking capacities still dont allow implementing further investigations on the regional employment and unemployment situation. Differences in regional unemployment rates are still best shown by the UNDP Human Development Survey published in the UNDP Kosova HDR 2004. Unemployment rates differ from 21 % to 67 %. A closer look on the municipalities reveals that those with a predominant Serb population profit from significant lower rates. The UNDP Survey was based on questioning almost 6000 households with nearly 40000 family members. The Kosovan unemployment rate according to this survey was about 44%.
C.2. Labour Demand: Vacancies and Placements

2003 939 0 9 399 15 184 579 242 42 63 577 242 1749 202 939 607 3696 5242 2004 516 6 16 339 72 322 871 268 236 65 532 553 2322 252 522 749 5099 6370 2005 868 1 6 616 31 401 875 294 124 35 184 229 1910 289 2006 2007 Increase -69.93% 285.71% -24.25% 169.70% -23.88% -11.44% 90.57% -9.00% 200.00% 88.79% 11.64% -38.57% -39.86% -69.93% -20.16% -9.56% -18.44%
A Agriculture / Forestry B Fishing C D E F G H I J/K M N O Q Mining Manufacturing .Electrecity / gas / water Civil Construction Trade Hotel / Gastronomi Transport / Communication Finance / Insurance / etc. Education Health / Social Protection Services NGOs / Int. Organisations Primary Sector Secondary Sector Tertiary Sector ALL Table 28: Placement by sector / NACE
705
212
0
7 1567 33 536 1617 318 100 25 232 146 1924 138 705 2143 4500
7348
0
27 1187 89 408 1432 606 91 75 438 163 1182 83 212 1711 4070
5993
869 1034 3960

5863
41
(These tables show accurately the realized placements. Nevertheless a comparison of both tables should reveal still existing potentials in the field of data processing and workflow understanding any comments please to: julius.krause@ks-gov.net) 2003 1033 0 5 431 21 171 640 347 133 67 1927 438 2164 566 1033 628 6282 7943 2004 961 0 3 449 103 365 953 433 204 72 1755 624 2154 325 961 920 6520 8401 2005 800 0 12 596 54 420 1155 434 101 32 859 207 2190 261 800 1062 5259 7121 2006 2007 Increase -69.54% 991.67% -27.10% 62.79% -51.18% 8.48% 50.69% 121.74% 208.00% -15.70% 30.25% -51.25% -18.92% -69.39% -27.91% -15.45% -23.67%
A Agriculture / Forestry B Fishing C D E F G H I J/K M N O Q Mining Manufacturing .Electrecity / gas / water Civil Construction Trade Hotel / Gastronomi Transport / Communication Finance / Insurance / etc. Education Health / Social Protection Services NGOs / Int. Organisations Primary Sector Secondary Sector Tertiary Sector ALL Table 29: Vacancies by sector / NACE
673
205
0
12 1915 43 760 1379 436 46 25 847 119 2195 111 673 2730 5158
8561
1
131 1396 70 371 1496 657 102 77 714 155 1070 90 206 1968 4361
6535
Demand over the year
4000 Total Inf low 3000
Fig. 37: Inf low / Inf low by Gender 2007
2000 Male Inf low 1000 Female Inf low 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Fig. 38: Outf low / Outf low by Gender 2007 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Femal Outf low Total Outf low Male Outf low
42
Fig. 39: Placement / Placement by Gender 2007 800
600
Total Placement Male
400
200 Female 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1 2 3
Fig.40: Placement by sector 2007
Tertiary
Sekondary
Primary 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1 2 3
Fig.41: Placement by Ow ner 2007
Private
Public
10
11
12
Fig.42: Placement priority groups "young" und "unskilled" 400
300 200
15-24
100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
unskilled
10
11
12
43
C.3. Employment Services Performance Data C.3.1. Gender Skills - Age

Registered Unemployed Total 2007 ALL Male Female Age 16-24 98695 97267 7453 7.66% 4194 Male 51297 50615 4292 8.48% 2375 Female 47398 46652 3161 6.78% 1819 25-39 147411 146289 9602 6.56% 5895 Male Female 70080 69237 4465 6.45% 2137 40-54 66286 66180 4629 6.99% 2806 Male 36215 36229 2654 7.33% 1690 Female 30071 29951 1975 6.59% 1116 55+ 22203 22527 1595 7.08% 1815 Male 13040 13307 717 5.39% 1165 Female 9163 9220 878 9.52% 650 Skills Unskilled 199648 198046 12412 6.27% 6658 Male 87551 87239 5843 6.70% 3775 Female 112097 110807 6569 5.93% 2883 Semi-skilled 14009 13894 668 4.81% 314 Male 7472 7407 432 5.83% 208 Female 6537 6487 236 3.64% 106 Skilled 29767 29637 1341 4.52% 857 Male 25293 25152 1108 4.41% 615 Female 4474 4486 233 5.19% 242 2.nd School 86309 85738 7487 8.73% 5469 Male 54425 54200 4447 8.20% 3445 Female 31884 31537 3040 9.64% 2024 High School 2211 2245 386 17.19% 477 Male 1371 1385 170 12.28% 210 Female 840 861 216 25.10% 267 University 2651 2702 985 36.46% 935 Male 1771 1807 560 30.99% 539 Female 880 895 425 47.51% 396 Table 30: Internal Performance Indicators Gender / Skills / Age 4.31% 4.69% 3.90% 4.03% 3.09% 4.24% 4.66% 3.73% 8.06% 8.75% 7.05% 3.36% 4.33% 2.60% 2.26% 2.81% 1.63% 2.89% 2.45% 5.40% 6.38% 6.36% 6.42% 21.24% 15.17% 31.02% 34.61% 29.83% 44.27% 3.4% 4.2% 2.6% 2.6% 3.4% 2.8% 2.7% 2.9% -1.0% -3.3% 2.6% 3.0% 2.4% 3.4% 2.6% 3.1% 2.0% 1.7% 2.0% -0.2% 2.4% 1.9% 3.3% -4.0% -2.8% -5.7% 1.9% 1.2% 3.4% 2445 1286 1159 2622 819 849 649 200 77 73 4 2202 1468 734 174 102 72 348 313 35 2548 1530 1018 148 65 83 573 333 240 2.51% 2.54% 2.48% 1.79% 1.18% 1.28% 1.79% 0.67% 0.34% 0.55% 0.04% 1.11% 1.68% 0.66% 1.25% 1.38% 1.11% 1.17% 1.24% 0.78% 2.97% 2.82% 3.23% 6.59% 4.69% 9.64% 21.21% 18.43% 26.83% 1338 858 480 1337 443 341 209 132 6 4 2 821 614 207 41 28 13 132 112 20 1807 1119 688 73 28 45 148 64 84 1.38% 1.70% 1.03% 0.91% 0.64% 0.52% 0.58% 0.44% 0.03% 0.03% 0.02% 0.41% 0.70% 0.19% 0.30% 0.38% 0.20% 0.45% 0.45% 0.45% 2.11% 2.06% 2.18% 3.25% 2.02% 5.23% 5.48% 3.54% 9.39% 334595 177916 156679 Average 2007 332262 177176 155086 Total 2007 23279 12885 10394 Inflow 12-Month Rate 7.01% 7.27% 6.70% Outflow Total 2007 14710 8797 5913 12-Month Increase Rate Rate 4.43% 4.97% 3.81% 2.6% 2.4% 2.9% Total 2007 5993 3811 2182 Placements 12-Month Entries Rate* 1.80% 2.15% 1.41% 3022 1965 1057 Training Activation Rate 0.91% 1.11% 0.68%
Comparing outflow, placement and vocational training participation by gender and skills reveals higher (better) results for higher skilled female unemployed. The higher the skills level the lower the female disadvantage regarding the inclusion to (and the success of) active employment promotion (training, counseling, mediation). Within the higher educated skills groups (higher school and university) female unemployed even realize far better results than male unemployed. Seemingly the gender problematic is closely and predominantly related with the access to education.
44
C.3.2. Registrations by Ethnicity
Tab. 31 Ethnicity Unskilled Female Semi- Skilled Female Skilled Female 2.nd School Female High School Female University Female All Female
Albanian
2007 Change 2006 Change 2005 Change 2004 Change 2003
182974 102659 13022 6114 26677 3416 77389 27420 1936 733 2463 813 304461 141155
2.66% 3.29% 4.08% 1.98% 1.20% -3.09% 1.67% 1.57% -3.01% -2.14% 1.95% 2.39% 2.29% 2.69%
178239 99391 12511 5995 26361 3525 76116 26997 1996 749 2416 794 297639 137451
2.85% 3.82% 2.47% 1.61% 1.35% -6.65% 1.12% 0.90% -5.22% -11.36% 5.27% 15.07% 2.25% 2.80%
173300 95735 12209 5900 26010 3776 75272 26756 2106 845 2295 690 291092 133702
6.00% 7.40% 1.30% 3.10% 2.50% -2.20% 5.30% 5.60% 0.00% 4.80% 7.20% 3.80% 5.20% 6.50%
163457 89213 12058 5723 25368 3861 71492 25330 2105 806 2140 665 276620 125598
8,3% 9,5% -3,3% -5,4% 3,6% 2,3% 6,3% 6,7% -3,7% -2,9% -9,2% -8,1% 6,5% 7,7%
150933 81481 12467 6052 24495 3773 67234 23745 2185 830 2357 724 259671 116605
Serbs
2007 Change 2006 Change 2005 Change 2004 Change 2003
4213 2752 352 179 1806 641 6700 3461 224 94 133 51 13428 7178
4.59% 1.47% 2.33% 1.13% 10.53% 14.67% 11.85% 9.32% -9.31% 18.99% 9.02% 6.25% 8.60% 6.48%
4028 2712 344 177 1634 559 5990 3166 247 79 122 48 12365 6741
1.21% 0.11% -21.28% 9.26% 30.82% 14.31% 5.44% 8.20% 34.24% -3.66% 17.31% 26.32% 6.27% 5.23%
3980 2709 437 162 1249 489 5681 2926 184 82 104 38 11635 6406
8.10% 8.70% 30.10% 3.80% 13.80% 37.70% 23.70% 30.60% 53.30% 46.40% 48.60% 65.20% 17.50% 20.40%
3681 2492 336 156 1098 355 4594 2240 120 56 70 23 9899 5322
0,4% -2,4% 12,8% 12,2% 25,8% 13,1% 20,9% 19,7% 50,0% 64,7% 29,6% 21,1% 12,9% 8,0%
3665 2553 298 139 873 314 3799 1871 80 34 54 19 8769 4930
45
Other Minority 2007 12459 6685 637 244 1283 417 2210 998 62 18 55 16 16706 8378 Change 7.16% 5.33% -20.38% 3.39% -0.39% 4.25% 1.14% 0.81% 5.08% 0.00% -12.70% 6.67% 4.27% 4.65% 2006 11627 6347 800 236 1288 400 2185 990 59 18 63 15 16022 8006 Change -0.35% 3.57% 39.13% 4.89% -6.73% -0.99% 13.39% 1.85% 9.26% 20.00% 8.62% 15.38% 2.29% 3.21% 2005 11668 6128 575 225 1381 404 1927 972 54 15 58 13 15663 7757 Change 8.00% 8.80% 3.80% 5.10% 26.60% 5.50% -12.40% 6.60% -40.70% -62.50% 7.40% -7.10% 6.20% 7.80% 2004 10805 5633 554 214 1091 383 2200 912 91 40 54 14 14795 7196 Change 8,7% 9,2% -0,4% -0,9% 5,1% 2,1% 1,8% 4,5% -1,1% -14,9% -33,3% -60,0% 6,7% 7,4% 2003 9937 5157 556 216 1038 375 2161 873 92 47 81 35 13865 6703
Tab.34 Ethnicity Unskilled Female Semi- Skilled Female Skilled Female 2.nd School Female High School Female University Female All Female
All Minority 2007 16672 9437 989 423 3088 1058 8910 4459 286 112 188 67 30133 15556 Change 6.50% 4.17% -13.55% 2.42% 5.68% 10.32% 8.99% 7.29% -6.54% 15.46% 1.62% 6.35% 6.15% 5.49% 2006 15655 9059 1144 413 2922 959 8175 4156 306 97 185 63 28387 14747 Change 0.04% 2.51% 13.04% 6.72% 11.10% 7.39% 7.45% 6.62% 28.57% 0.00% 14.20% 23.53% 3.99% 4.12% 2005 15648 8837 1012 387 2630 893 7608 3898 238 97 162 51 27298 14163 Change 8.00% 8.80% 13.70% 4.60% 20.10% 21.00% 12.00% 23.70% 12.80% 1.00% 30.60% 37.80% 10.50% 13.10% 2004 14486 8125 890 370 2189 738 6794 3152 211 96 124 37 24694 12518 Change 6,5% 5,4% 4,2% 4,2% 14,5% 7,1% 14,0% 14,9% 22,7% 18,5% -8,1% -31,5% 9,1% 7,6% 2003 13602 7710 854 355 1911 689 5960 2744 172 81 135 54 22634 11633
C.3.3. Registered Impaired
Registered
Unemployed
Total 2007 Average 2007 Total 2007
Inflow
12-Month Rate
Outflow
Total 2007 12-Month Rate
Placements Increase Rate 2.2% 1.1% 3.9%

Total 2007 12-Month Rate*
Training
Entries Activation Rate
ALL 1726 1710 Male 1059 1055 Female 667 655 Tab. 35: Registered Impaired
50 18 32
2.9% 1.7% 4.9%
13 6 7
0.8% 0.6% 1.1%
13 6 7
0.8% 0.6% 1.1%
53 51 2
3.1% 4.8% 0.3%
46
D. ISCED
ISCED 0: Pre-primary Education: The initial stage of organised instruction, primarily to introduce very young children to a school-type environment. Such programmes are school- or centre-based, for children aged at least 3 years. ISCED 1: Primary Education: The beginning of systematic studies in reading, writing and mathematics. Programmes are designed on a unit or project basis (often with one teacher for all or most of the time) rather than on a subject basis (with different teachers for different subjects). The entry age is 5 to 7 years. ISCED 2: Lower Secondary Education: The beginning of subject based teaching - to complete the provision of basic education which began in ISCED 1 and to lay the foundation for life-long learning. The full implementation of basic skills occurs at this level. This stage is sub-divided: o o o ISCED 2A programmes are designed for direct access to ISCED 3 in a sequence, which would ultimately lead to tertiary education. ISCED 2B programmes are designed for direct access to ISCED 3C. ISCED 2C programmes are designed primarily for direct access to the labour market. To progress to ISCED 3 requires also complete ISCED 2A or 2B.
ISCED 3: (Upper) Secondary Education: Further specialisation compared to ISCED 2. This stage begins at the end of compulsory schooling. Entrance age is 15 or 16. Successful completion of ISCED 2 is required. This stage is further sub-divided: o o o ISCED 3A programmes are designed for direct access to ISCED 5A. ISCED 3B programmes are designed for direct access to ISCED 5B. ISCED 3C programmes do not lead directly to tertiary education. To progress to either ISCED 5A or 5B requires also complete ISCED 3A, 3B or 4A.
ISCED 4: Post-Secondary Non-Tertiary Education: Programmes, which straddle the boundary between upper secondary and post-secondary education. The content is not sufficient to be regarded as tertiary programmes. Mostly not significantly advanced than ISCED 3 - to broaden the knowledge of students who completed ISCED 3. Programmes to prepare for the entry to tertiary education. This stage is further sub-divided: o o ISCED 4A programmes are designed for direct access to ISCED 5. ISCED 4B programmes are designed primarily for direct access to the labour market and do not give access to ISCED 5.
ISCED 5: First Stage of Tertiary Education: Programmes whose content is more advanced than ISCED 3. Entry to these programmes requires the successful completion of programmes at ISCED 3A, 3B or 4A. This stage is further sub-divided: o ISCED 5A is largely theoretically based, intending to give access either to the advanced research programmes of ISCED 6 or to professions with high skills requirements (e.g. medical doctors). It may be necessary to take more than one qualification at ISCED 5A (e.g. a Bachelors and then a Masters) before entering ISCED 6. ISCED 5B programmes focus on occupationally specific skills geared for direct access to the labour market. They are often shorter than programmes at ISCED 5A. Their theoretical content is usually insufficient to give access to advanced research programmes (without first completing a programme at ISCED 5A).
ISCED 6: Second Stage of Tertiary Education: Programmes, which lead to the award of an advanced, research qualification (usually doctorate level or beyond). The programmes are devoted to advanced study and original research and are not based on course-work alone.
47
Notes:
48
49

Labour and Employment in Kosovo 2007

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Labour and Employment in Kosovo 2007

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

REPUBLIC OF KOSOVA GOVERNMENT OF KOSOVA MINISTRY OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL WELFARE

DEPARTMENT OF LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT

MLSW / DLE - Kosova Labour and Employment 2007

MLSW / DLE - Kosova Labour and Employment 2007

MLSW / DLE - Kosova Labour and Employment 2007

MLSW / DLE - Kosova Labour and Employment 2007

1.2. Definitions and Terminology

- best case = - worst case = - worst case =

[unemployed-(inflow+outflow)] unemployed [unemployed-(inflow-outflow)] unemployed [unemployed-(outflow-inflow)] unemployed

| under the condition of increasing registrations.

| under the condition of decreasing registrations.

The Active Population consists of registered - unemployed plus employed.

MLSW / DLE - Kosova Labour and Employment 2007

MLSW / DLE - Kosova Labour and Employment 2007

MLSW / DLE - Kosova Labour and Employment 2007

Chapter 2 REGISTERED UNEMPLOYMENT

MLSW / DLE - Kosova Labour and Employment 2007

MLSW / DLE - Kosova Labour and Employment 2007

2.1. Skills and Unemployment

Sem iSkilled 2.6%

2nd. Scho o l 2.4%

both groups should be zero.

Table 2: Unemployment by Skills 2007

MLSW / DLE - Kosova Labour and Employment 2007

2.2. Age and Unemployment

Registered Unemployed 2007 98695 147411

12 Months Inflow 7453 9602

12 Months Outflow 4194 5895

Monthly Inflow Rate 0.64% 0.55%

Monthly Outflow Rate 0.36% 0.34%

2.3. Ethnicity and Unemployment

MLSW / DLE - Kosova Labour and Employment 2007

2.4. Gender and Unemployment

Fem ale 32.4%

Fem ale 34.6%

MLSW / DLE - Kosova Labour and Employment 2007

2.5. Regional Developments

Table 6: Inflow/Outflow Rates / Registrations

2.6. Unemployment - Staff Ratio and Regional Capacities

MLSW / DLE - Kosova Labour and Employment 2007

203 Prizren Prizren 114

MLSW / DLE - Kosova Labour and Employment 2007

MLSW / DLE - Kosova Labour and Employment 2007

Chapter 3 EMPLOYMENT MEDIATION

MLSW / DLE - Kosova Labour and Employment 2007

Vacancy Advice Information Incentives

Matching Procedure No success Success

3.1.1. Vacancies by Sector

Fig.11: 12-Months cumulated Vacancies by Sector 67%

MLSW / DLE - Kosova Labour and Employment 2007

Fig.12: 12-Months comulated V acancies by Ow ner

3750 private 45%

3526 public 49%

4509 private 69%

3.1.2. Vacancies by Skills

2nd. School 3.0%

MLSW / DLE - Kosova Labour and Employment 2007

3.1.3. Vacancies by Region

Uroevac Gjakovica 1 .8% 1 .4%

ASR 2006 52:1 48:1 40:1 38:1 33:1 33:1 71:1

VRR 2006 2.9% 2.4% 3.7% 1.8% 2.0% 2.6% 3.3%

ASR 2007 32:1 26:1 36:1 39:1 29:1 33:1 55:1

VRR 2007 1.8% 1.4% 3.1% 1.6% 1.5% 2.0% 2.4%

Ferizaj Uro evac Gjako v Gjako vica 32 26