I. II. III. IV.

OBJECTIVES To be able to present the different types of chemical changes Qualitative methods are presented to emphasize the proper handling and interpretation of results. Exposure to formula writing and setting up the chemical equations. To be observant in any chemical reaction that will take place. To be able to perform common laboratory operations. It also emphasizes the need for gradual mixing of reactant. MATERIALS Beaker Erlenmeyer flask Filter paper Funnel Glass stirring rod Hot plate Spatula Test tube Watch glass Weighing balance PRECAUTIONS Always wear goggles when in contact with concentrated acids and bases. Reacting metal with nitric acids should only be carried out in the hood. Be careful in using a boiling water bath. Replenish water as it becomes necessary. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM concentrated ammonia distilled water litmus paper metallic copper 6 M HCl 6 M H2SO4 6 M HNO3 6 M NaOH Zinc powder

A. Dissolution of Cu 0.1 g. Cu (in Erlenmeyer flask)

+ 4ml. of 6M nitric acid, HNO3, warm the contents Brown vapors Continue heating, allow to cool + 4ml. of distilled water Solution Proceed to B

B.Preparation of Copper (II) Hydroxide Solution + 6 M sodium hydroxide Red litmus paper turns blue + NaOH Cu(OH)2 Proceed to C

C.Preparation of Copper (II) Oxide Four 6 ml of 6 M H2SO4, sulfuric acid (50-ml beaker) Transfer black precipitate and filter paper to the acid solution

Stir the mixture with a glass stirring rod

Precipitate is completely dissolved Heat the solution Remove the filter paper Rinse it with 1 to 2 ml of distilled water Proceed to D E. Recovering the metallic copper Weigh about 200 mg of zinc powder Add small portions of zinc powder to the copper (II) sulfate solution Stir after each addition.

Formation of copper metal and vigorous evolution of hydrogen gas Add 2-3 drops of the solution to 1 ml. concentrated ammonia

Blue color appears add few more small portions of zinc powder and test again add 5 ml. of 6 M hydrochloric acid to the solution stir with a glass rod allow the solution to stand for 5 mis., stir occasionally pour the solution first into the funnel transfe the solid Cu into the funnel. Rinse the beaker using distilled water Wash the copper zinc twice with 2 ml. portions of distilled water Remove the filter paper and copper from funnel Spread it out on a watch glass and allow It to airdry Weigh the Cu Record the mass Calculate the percentage of recovery.

V. DATA AND RESULTS

Table 1 shows the observations gathered after the procedures were performed. Table 1. Obsrvation on Metallic Copper Changes Process Observation A. Dissolution of Copper( Oxidation) Brown vapors appeared B. Precipitation of Copper(II) Hydroxide Light blue solution formed C. Formation of Copper(II) Oxide Black precipitate formed D. Conversion of Copper(II) Oxide to Green solution appeared Copper(II) Sulfate E. Reduction of Copper(II) to Metallic Copper 1. With Zn -Hydrogen gas evolved 2. With HCl -Little bubbles showed F. Test for Reaction Completeness No dark blue color appeared

Table 2 presents the equations involved in chemical reactions and the type of reaction it undergone. Table 2. Chemical Equations and the Type of Chemical Reactions Process Chemical Equation Type of Chemical Reaction A. Dissolution of Copper Cu (s) + 4 HNO3 (aq) Oxidation-Reduction Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 NO2 (g) + 2 H2O (l) B. Precipitation of Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 NaOH (aq) Double Displacement or Copper(II) Hydroxide Cu(OH)2 (s) + 2 NaNO3 (aq) Precipitation C. Formation of Cu(OH)2 (aq) + heat CuO (s) + Decomposition or Copper(II) Oxide Dehydration H2O (l) D. Conversion of CuO (s) + H2SO4 (aq) CuSO4 (aq) Double Displacement or Copper(II) Oxide to + H2O (l) Acid-Base Reaction Copper(II) Sulfate E .Reduction of Copper(II) to Metallic Copper -CuSO4 (aq) + Zn (s) ZnSO4 (aq) + Oxidation- Reduction or 1. With Zn Single Displacement Cu (s) 2. With HCl -Zn (s)+ 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

VI. INTERPRETATION The brown vapor that appeared on the dissolution of copper was the toxic nitrogen dioxide, which is the product of the reactants (copper and nitric acid). A blue solution was obtained since the copper(II) nitrate had reacted to hydroxide anion. Through the heating of copper(II), the copper hydroxide was then decomposed to black copper(II) oxide( Brown et al, 2009). Then, the solution turned green since sulfate anion displaced the oxide ion on the copper(II) oxide solution making the chemical composition changed. With the reduction of zinc dust, the copper was separated and hydrogen gas evolved whereas through the addition of hydrochloric acid, only zinc had reacted and removed. Using ammonia as a test for completeness of reaction helped because it is sensitive to the presence of copper(II) ions. Metallic copper was oxidized by nitric acid. In this reaction, the insoluble metal dissolved as the copper +2 cation. The nitrate anion, NO3- was reduced to nitrogen dioxide, NO2. The copper (II) nitrate is a strong electrolyte and exists as independent ions in the water solution. The hydrated copper ion in acidic solution had a light blue color. The addition of a strong base such as sodium hydroxide resulted in the precipitation of insoluble copper hydroxide, Cu(OH)2. The light blue gelatinous copper hydroxide was converted to black copper oxide simply by heating the solution. The solid copper oxide was then be separated from the solution. The insoluble and basic, copper oxide reacted with dilute sulfuric acid to form the very soluble copper sulfate. Copper sulfate is a strong electrolyte and exists as independent ions in solution. The copper (II) cations in solution with solid zinc metal to yield metallic copper were then be separated from the solution. The unreacted zinc metal was removed by reaction with hydrochloric acid A redox reaction had occurred in the first process. Copper was oxidized and lost 2 electrons. The oxidation of Copper increased from 0 to +2. In HN03, the O.N. of N decreased from +5(in HNO3) to +4(in NO2), therefore it was reduced. In process B, precipitation occurred because of the formation a light blue precipitate which is the Cu(OH)2. In process C, Cu(OH)2 solution was heated and yielded CuO and H2O. Since the reaction involved the loss of water, dehydration reaction has occurred. In process D, acid-base reaction took place. The copper (II) oxide has reacted with an acid, H2SO4, and yielded CuSO4 and H2O. Copper oxide is basic oxide thus dissolved by the acid. In process E, reduction reaction occurred because Zinc gained electron. VII. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS 1. In experiment A, redox reaction has occurred. Copper was oxidized and lost 2 electrons. The O.N. of Cu increased from 0 to +2. In HN03, the O.N. of N decreased from +5(in HNO3) to +4(in NO2), therefore it was reduced. In experiment B, precipitation occurred because of the formation a light blue precipitate which is the Cu(OH)2. In experiment C, Cu(OH)2 solution was heated and yielded CuO and H2O. Since the reaction involved the loss of water, dehydration reaction has occurred. In experiment D, acid-base reaction took place. The copper (II) oxide has reacted with an acid, H2SO4, and yielded CuSO4 and H2O. Copper oxide is basic oxide thus dissolved by the acid. In experiment E, reduction reaction occurred because Zinc gained electron.

2. Zinc must be added gradually to the solution in procedure E to recover the metallic copper from the solution. 3. To test for the completeness of the reaction. Using ammonia solution, it would be more sensitive to test for the presence of copper ions. 4. Because it will hasten the removal of excess Zinc in the mixture. 5. To avoid it from being converted to copper (II) oxide. Hot Cu will react with oxygen in the air to make CuO.