/=

I ,
4

LA-10745-C

Conference

1
i

I
LA--10745-C DE86 014885
1

UC-66b

Issued: June 1986

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Symposium on High-Temperature Well-Logging Instrumentation

Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, NM 87545 November 13-14,1985

Compiled by Bert R. Dennis

DECLAIMER
This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability i rtsponsix bility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or proctss disclosed, or represents that its usc would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or scMcc by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise docs not ncctSSarily .constitute or imply its endorsement, reammendation, or favoring by the United Statcs Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect thosc of the United States Government or any agency thenof.
I

AS^^
LosAlamos National Laboratory LosAlamos,New Mexico 87545

DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency Thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.

DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document.

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CONTENTS
'

............................. DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING CONSIDERATIONS F R TFE-INSULATED CABLES O George C. Philpot, The Rochester Corporation.. ............................ F MULTIPLEX F R ARMORED LOGGING CABLE M O Evon L. Stephani, Los Alamos National Laboratory .......................... MINERAL- INSULATED CABLES Barry W. Palmer, BICC Pyrotenax LTD ....................................... MATERIALS TESTING/ARMORED LOGGING CABLE Tracy A. Grant, Los Alamos National Laboratory ............................ HIGH-TEMPERATURE CABLEHEAD Jose U. Crut, Los Alamos National Laboratory... ........................... SMOOTHWALL LOGGING CABLES Arthur Halpenny, Halpen Engineering, Inc.. ................................ MATERIALS ISSUES I N HIGH-TEMPERATURE ELECTRONICS Randall K. Kirschman..................... ................................. BURR-BROWN WIDE-TEMPERATURE PRODUCTS George L, H i 11. Burr-Brown Research Corporati on ..........................
HIGH-TEMPERATURE MICROELECTRONICS Tom Elsby, White Technology, Inc.....*....................~.........*.....

W L O E T LOS ALAMOS EC M O James E. Rannels, U.S. Department o f Energy..

1
3
5

13
17 21

25
27 29

33 35

................................ GEOTHERMAL INSTRUMENT THERMAL PROTECTION G l o r i a A. Bennett, Los Alamos National Laboratory. ........................

NEW CAPABILITIES I N PYROFLASKS R. W. Blanton, Vacuum B a r r i e r Corporation.

43

.......................................... CROSSWELL ACOUSTIC TRANSCEIVER Raymond L . Jermance, Los A1 amos National Laboratory. ......................
I

THE THEORY AND DESIGN OF DOWNHOLE THERMAL PROTECTION SYSTEMS F R O DOWNHOLE INSTRUMENTATION Richard L. Hack, PDA Engjneering

45

51

DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW BOREHOLE ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER F R O GEOTHERMAL APP L I CATIONS Troy K. Moore, Los Alamos National Laboratory..
I

...........................

57

.
SPUTTERED THIN-FILM STRAIN-GAGE PRESSURE TRANSDUCER F R O HIGH-TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS Robert Backus, C C Instrument D i vision/Joseph A. Catanach, Los Alamos E National Laboratory..

..................................................... USE O HIGH-TEMPERATURE TRANSDUCERS I N GEOTHERMAL WELL LOGGING F J e r r y Kolar, Los Alamos National Laboratory.. ............................. HIGH-TEMPERATURE VELOCITY TRANSDUCERS S. E. Haggard, Mark Products U.S., Inc.. ..................................

63
65

75

................................................. PASSIVE ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENTS I N GEOTHERMAL WELLS Manuel Echave, Los Alamos National Laboratory.. ........................... FLUID SAMPLER Jacobo Archuleta, Mechanical Design Services.. ............................
INTERPRETATION OF WELL LOGS T SELECT PACKER SEATS I N O OPEN-HOLE SECTIONS OF GEOTHERMAL WELLS B e r t R. Dennis, Los Alamos National Laboratory............................ HIGH-TEMPERATURE COMPONENTS..

A HIGH-TEMPERATURE TRANSDUCER F R MEASURING LOW-LEVEL DIFFERENTIAL O PRESSURES I N A HIGH-STATIC PRESSURE FIELD Daniel McMahon, Endevco..

83
87

91

93

............................................. 99 MANUFACTURERS O HIGH-TEMPERATURE COMPONENTS.. ............................ 101 F ATTENDEES ................................................................. 103 PHOTOGRAPHS.. ............................................................. 113

vi

SYMPOSIUM ON HIGH-TEMPERATURE WELL-LOGGING INSTRUMENTATION

Los Alamos National Laboratory

Los Alamos, NM 87545 November 13- 14, 1985

Compi 1ed by B e r t R. Dennis

ABSTRACT The E a r t h Science I n s t r u m e n t a t i o n Group a t t h e Los Alamos National Laboratory is developing borehole 1egging instrumentation t h a t can withstand downhole temperatures i n excess of 300C and pressures greater than 103 MPa (15 000 psi1 The group was formed i n 1973 t o p r o v i d e g e o p h y s i c a l measurements supporting the Hot Dry Rock (HDR) Geothermal P r o j e c t a t Fenton H i l l , New Mexico. The HDR P r o j e c t needed high-temperature materials, components, transducers, and instrumentation f o r borehole logging t o o l s f o r i t s d r i l l i n g , hydraulic f r a c t u r i n g , and acoustic fracture-mapping programs. I n some instances Los Alamos contracted w i t h p r i v a t e i n d u s t r y and other commercial organizations t o develop the equipment required f o r the operations a t Fenton H i l l . Now numerous Department o f Energy and p r i v a t e i n d u s t r y programs other than t h e HDR P r o j e c t are using t h i s equipment. The purpose o f the symposium was t o inform i n t e r e s t e d persons from industry, government, and u n i v e r s i t i e s o f these successful developments i n high-temperature we1 1-logging instrumentation. Many i n d i v i d u a l s and organizations i n the r i v a t e sector and the Department of Energy contributed t o t e success o f W deeply appreciate t h e i r support. e The t h e symposium. abstracts i n t h i s r e p o r t were prepared f o r presentation a t the symposi um.

vii

W L O E T LOS ALAMOS EC M O

by James E. Rannels U.S. Department o f Energy Geothermal and Hydropower Technologies D i v i s i o n Washington, DC 20585

We1come t o the Symposi urn on H i gh-Temperature Well-Logging Instrumentation.

M o b j e c t i v e t h i s morning i s t o provide the answers t o the f o l l o w i n g two y

questions :
1

1) Why i s the Department o f Energy i n t e r e s t e d i n Hot Dry Rock technology?

2) Why should you be i n t e r e s t e d i n the technology developed as p a r t of

t h i s program? AS John Whetten i n f e r r e d i n describing the c a p a b i l i t y o f the Los Alamos National Laboratory, the responsi b i 1it i e s o f the Department o f Energy are q u i t e broad. An important p a r t o f those r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s i s t o assume the W pursue those options t h a t a r e e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f a range o f energy options. h i g h r i s k b u t p o t e n t i a l l y high payoff. The r i s k s could be e i t h e r technical, economic, o r i n s t i t u t i o n a l . I n the case o f geothermal energy, the p o t e n t i a l resource i s huge. The energy provided from geothermal i s p r i m a r i l y thermal o r e l e c t r i c a l This i s n o t a s u b s t i t u t e f o r p o r t a b l e f u e l s o r energy sources used i n chemical processes.

I t can,

however,

be a s u b s t i t u t e f o r imported f u e l s used f o r

e l e c t r i c a l production o r thermal application. The U.S. G e o l o g i c a l Survey has rendered t h e s i z e o f t h e geothermal resource i n the contiguous U S . and provided the f o l l o w i n g estimates: 116 000 quads Hydrothermal connection systems Geopressured-geothermal resource 113 000 quads (thermal 1 67 000 quads (methane) Hot Dry Rock resource 430 000 quads Magma energy resource 530 000 quads 1

Energy consumption i n the U,S,

l a s t year was approximately 75 quads.

In

a d d i t i o n t o being l i s t e d according t o s i r e , the resource estimates are a l s o l i s t e d according t o a c c e s s i b i l i t y . Some o f you are s m i l i n g about magma. W e have a l r e a d y d r i l l e d i n t o a magma l a k e and shown t h a t i t i s t e c h n i c a l l y feasible. Now we have a series o f d i f f i c u l t technical issues t o resolve. Geothermal energy has several a t t r a c t i v e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . It i s broad based, r e l a t i v e l y clean and safe, r e l i a b l e , and increasingly competitive. addition, i t i s a base-load resource and requires a short lead time, I n order t o show the f e a s i b i l i t y o f a number o f geothermal concepts, In
it

became necessary for us t o c a l l on i n d u s t r y f o r services. When the services were n o t available, we worked w i t h i n d u s t r y t o develop them. Where i n d u s t r y was not interested, we developed the services here a t the Los Alamos National Laboratory, As a r e s u l t , many components and techniques have been developed t h a t should be o f i n t e r e s t t o the service industry.

O a worldwide basis, the i n s t a l l e d geothermal e l e c t r i c a l capacity has n increased a t the r a t e o f 17% per year f o r the past s i x years through 1984 t o above 5000 MW(e). This i s n o t y e t a l a r g e market, b u t i t i s a r a p i d l y growing one. So there are two reasons why you should be i n t e r e s t e d i n the technology: 1) Because i t i s p u s h i n g t h e s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t , i t can enhance y o u r
appl i a t i on. c 2 ) The geothermal market i s small b u t r a p i d l y growing; huge. the resource i s

DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING CONSIDERATIONS F R TFE-INSULATED CABLES O

by George C. P h i l p o t The Rochester Corporati on Culpeper, VA 22701

The Rochester Corporation (TRC) has been a manufacturer o f o i l and gas logging cables for over 30 years. materials and design has During t h i s time, the technology o f cable to accommodate increasing depths of changed

operation, varying corrosive environments, developments i n t o o l 'and equipment electronics, and increasing operating temperatures. Rochester has remained a leader by developing procedures, equipment capabi 1i y t developed. t o meet to these produce i n v e s t i g a t i n g new materials, TFE-insulated and i n s t a l l i n g end, has the been
Of

changing requirements. high-temperature

Toward t h i s cables

This included n o t only TFE processing b u t a l s o i n v e s t i g a t i o n

other cable components, such as the. metal 1i c conductors, f 11l e r s , and armor, t h a t a r e a f f e c t e d b y t h e expected environments The v a r i o u s t e c h n i c a l considerations regarding t h i s development are re1ated i n t h i s paper. One o f the primary considerations f o r logging cable has been the maximum temperature a t which i t must perform without s i g n i f i c a n t physical o r e l e c t r i c a l degradation (temperature r a t i n g )

The d i e l e c t r i c m a t e r i a l

is

u s u a l l y the l i m i t i n g factor f o r the maximum temperature a t which a t y p i c a l logging cable can be u t i l i z e d . Common logging cables have been o f s i n g l e - and 7-conductor construction Each of and have provided operating temperature ranges up t o 500F (260C). dielectric.

these designs has used an extruded thermoplastic material as the primary Above 5OO0F, the extruded i n s u l a t i o n s were unacceptable due t o

mechanical failure (melting) or extreme cost and difficulty in processing.

3
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TFE,

tetrafluoroethylene,

had demonstrated

the

ability

t o withstand included a t low properties

operating temperatures above 500OF. Characterist cs o f TFE resistance t o corrosive agents, nonflammability, flexibility temperatures, and s t a b i l i t y a t high temperatures. Electrical

included low d i e l e c t r i c constant, low d i s s i p a t i o n factor, and high volume resistivity. These permitted TFE t o mechanically operate i n the expected harsh environments while maintaining e l e c t r i c a l i n t e g r i t y . TFE can be processed by ram extrusion o r by taping around an e l e c t r i c a l conductor. Since ram extrusion severely l i m i t e d the length o f continuous taping was generally the best method f o r conductor t h a t could be insulated, applying the TFE.

Bare copper conductors o x i d i z e r a p i d l y a t elevated temperatures and must be p l a t e d w i t h s i l v e r o r n i c k e l f o r p r o t e c t i o n during exposure. Since the mechanical requirements were i d e n t i c a l t o standard logging cable practice, a double l a y e r o f c o n t r a h e l i c a l armor was used t o provide strength, abrasion resistance, and torque balancing. The 7/16-in., 7-conductor TFE cable, as manufactured by The Rochester Corporation, follows established logging cable design, w i t h c e r t a i n design and manufacturing d e t a i l s incorporated t o assure performance i n the expected environment. The TFE i n s u l a t i o n , e l e c t r i c a l conductors , f i l l e r s , and armor have demonstrated the a b i l i t y t o operate successfully i n 600F geothermal wells. The cable i s expected t o perform equally w e l l i n s i m i l a r high-temperature o i l and gas wells. GIith proper a p p l i c a t i o n o f materials, h i g h corrosive wells are w i t h i n i t s c a p a b i l i t y .

F MULTIPLEX FOR ARMORED LOGGING CABLE M

by

Evon L. Stephani Los A1 amos National Laboratory Los Alamos, NM 87545

ABSTRACT

Exploration of the universe has been a major Modern goal o f mankind since his beginning. technology has allowed today's s c i e n t i s t t o extend his observations t o the planets and actually measure many of the physical phenomena. Modern science has launched the instrumentation i n d u s t r y into space, made possible by communications from rockets and sate1 7 i tes w i t h aerospace telemetry systems.
The development of aerospace telemetry has also opened new communication data links for making measurements i n deep boreholes i n the earth's crust. However, now a transmission line must be used since high-frequency signals will not propagate through this medi um. Further restrictions are i mposed upon we1 1-1 oggi ng transmission lines i n high-temperature boreholes. I t is possible t o extend the bandwidth and number o f data channels t o enhance measurements i n geothermal boreholes by combining aerospace telemetry techniques w i t h thermal protection systems and c a r e f u l s e l e c t i o n o f w i r e l i n e d a t a transmission configurations.

INTRODUCTION The Phase I1 energy extraction system now being developed for the Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Project has encountered bottom-hol e we1 1bore temperatures 5

I.

.
exceeding 300C and pressures exceeding 103 MPa (15 000 p s i ) . It i s imperative t h a t the geophysical parameters be monitored and the dimensions and o r i e n t a t i o n o f t h e Phase I 1 f r a c t u r e r e s e r v o i r be measured i n o r d e r t o optimize t h e f l u i d - f l o w and heat-transfer properties. The most severe l i m i t a t i o n s t o the use o f measuring equipment i n the geothermal wellbores are the high-temperature and h i g h - f l u i d pressure e f f e c t s instrumentation cable. To i n v e s t i g a t e these l i m i t a t i o n s , on the downhole two programs were

s t a r t e d a t the Los Alamos National Laboratory, namely (1) the development o f a downhole m u l t i p l e x i n g system and (2) a well-logging cable t e s t program (HDR P r o j e c t Staff, 1980).
11.

MULTIPLEX SYSTEMS Several constraints had t o be considered i n the design o f the m u l t i p l e x

system. Downhole power requirements, component size, shock, and heat Presently , our downhole measurements have d i s s i p a t i on were the major factors. a wide variance i n data bandwidth, accuracy, and signal-conditioning requirements. D i f f e r e n t mu1t i p l e x i n g techniques were compared. Universally accepted standards and a v a i l a b i l i t y o f components were a l s o important considerations. Another major f a c t o r was the l a r g e investment i n the e x i s t i n g data a c q u i s i t i o n equipment and associated software.
It was decided t o design the downhole m u l t i p l e x system around standards

and components t h a t were r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e f o r aerospace telemetry applications. T h i s approach p r o v i d e d equipment and components t h a t a r e governed by the standards s e t by the Inter-Range Instrumentation Group of the Range Commander's Council. Known generally as " I R I G Standards," t h e documents s e t f o r t h the performance s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r telemetry equipment on m i s s i l e ranges under the j u r i s d i c t i o n o f the Department o f Defense ( I R I G Standard). Using
I R I G standards

ensures

compatibility

between manufacturers

of

the

downhol e

components and surface

recording equipment , as we1 1 as

future

expansion and design.

Manufacturers o f microminiature components f o r space

applications could provide components t h a t are small i n s i z e and low i n power consumption, operate from a universal, unipolar, 28-V power supply, and can The e l e c t r o n i c w i t h s t a n d 85C o r h i g h e r temperatures and severe shock. equipment would be compatible w i t h the thermal p r o t e c t i o n systems designed f o r the downhole instrument packages presently used a t the Fenton H i l l s i t e .

c
z

The I R I G standards cover s e v e r a l t y p e s of m u l t i p l e x i n g schemes and formats that could be combined and would satisfy all of the downhole measurement requirements. Two primary mu1t i p l e x i n g techniques f o r these applications include F (frequency modulation) and PCM (pulse code modulation). M F m u l t i p l e x i n g i s the most common analog technique used i n telemetry. M It has the' advantage o f greater data bandwidth and b e t t e r time c o r r e l a t i o n between channels. PCM i s a d i g i t a l m u l t i p l e x technique t h a t i s more s u i t a b l e f o r data t h a t has a lower bandwidth b u t requires b e t t e r measurement accuracy.
PCM a l s o

r e s u l t s i n a lower signal-to-noise r a t i o since demultiplex equipment needs only t o detect the presence o r absence of a pulse and does n o t have t o detect amplitude o r shape. The PCM system has a l a r g e r data channel capacity and i s A optimum data transmission n more convenient f o r d i g i t a l data processing. system can be achieved using a h y b r i d PCM/FM m u l t i p l e x configuration. F m u l t i p l e x data transmission i s presently used i n the Laboratory's M The downhole t r i a x i a l geophone sonde uses three borehole acoustic t o o l s

high-frequency, outputs and

constant bandwidth data channels four lower frequency data

(+8 kHz) f o r the geophone

to transmit ancillary

channels

information, i n c l u d i n g dewar temperature, inclinometer (sonde o r i e n t a t i o n ) , and the downhole power supply voltage (Fig. 1). A s i m i l a r system i s used i n t h e accelerometer sonde configured w i t h accelerometers instead o f geophones. A fourth accelerometer, positioned a t 45" between the v e r t i c a l and horizontal, i s used t o evaluate the signal coupling from the borehole t o the t o o l and uses a fourth high-frequency channel. The F m u l t i p l e x system i s a l s o used i n the M Laboratory's crosswell acousti cat receiver. ad dynamic range, d i f f e r e n t gain settings. signal-to-noise r a t i o very o n l y t h e s u b c a r r i e r s mu The piezoel e c t r i c r e c e i v e r has a which i s separated i n t o f o u r data channels w i t h g the FM m u l t i p l e x technology has increased t h e i f i c a n t l y and has improved data bandwidth since d e t e c t e d a t t h e s u r f a c e and t h e r o l l - o f f not a f f e c t data response.

'

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f the logging cables

111. WIRELINE TRANSMISSION LINK

The "standard,"

w e l l -logging,

armored w i r e l i n e presents

the greatest

l i m i t a t i o n t o data transmission from

the downhole instrumentation t o t h e

The armored cable used a t the

surface a c q u i s i t i o n and display equipment.

DOWNHOLE INSTRUMENT SYSTEM

lRlG CBW CHANNELS

CHANNEL CENTER NUMBER FREOUENCY BANDwDTn

7C
11C 1% 1A

WkHz 96kHZ

f f
f

8kHz BkHz BkHz B ~ 2kHz 2kHz ZkHz ZkHz H ~

128kHZ
l6okHz lBkH2 24kHz

2A
4A

k
f

32 kHz
40kHz

Fig. 1. F multiplex system for use w i t h the downhole geophone acoustic M detectors.

Fenton H i 11 Test Si t e conforms t o the standard 7-conductor configuration used i n the well-logging service industry. The conductor insulation determines t o a large extent the transmission characteristics of the cable. For operations i n geothermal environments, i t i s necessary t o have an insulation material w i t h excel lent high-temperature electrical properties, good mechanical properties, and h i g h resistance t o geothermal borehole f l u i d s . The d i e l e c t r i c constant between conductors should be less than 3.0 and the dissipation factor a t 1.0 M z should be less than 0.001. H The armored instrument cable used for logging the geothermal wellbores a t the HDR Fenton Hill s i t e i s a 7-conductor TFE-insulated core w i t h a galvanized Plow Steel torque-balanced armor package. The cable i s ~120000 f t i n length

w i t h No. 19 AWG nickel-plated copper conductors.

The n i c k e l p l a t i n g i s used

t o deter hydrogen s u l f i d e embrittlement o f the copper. The conductors have a The c a p a c i t a n c e dc r e s i s t a n c e o f 9.2 z/lOOO f t a t ambient temperature. between conductors i s about h a l f t h a t o f the other i n s u l a t i o n materials.
A m a j o r concern f o r t r a n s m i s s i o n o f high-frequency

7-conductor

armored

logging cable

is

the

attenuation

signals over t h e o f the transverse

electromagnetic waves (TEM) i n t h e p r i n c i p a l mode o f propagation. The losses associated w i t h the logging cable are comparable t o the Lecher p a r a l l e l - w i r e transmission 1ine. The Lecher-type wire1 i n e has serious l i m i t a t i o n s a t h i g h frequency as f a r as losses are concerned. A coaxial transmission l i n e i s f a r superior t o t h e p a r a l l e l w i r e and i s p r e f e r r e d a t higher frequencies,but i t i s n o t y e t a v a i l a b l e w i t h the TFE Teflon materials (HDR Program S t a f f , 1981). Attenuation can be p r i m a r i l y a t t r i b u t e d t o the f o l l o w i n g losses: conductor losses o r s k i n e f f e c t , d i e l e c t r i c losses, and hysteresis losses. These losses are absorptive by nature, the transmission l i n e . 7-conductor which means they d i s s i p a t e energy. t o match impedance i n t h e Mismatch losses and losses due t o r a d i a t i o n r e f l e c t and guide energy away from
It i s very d i f f i c u l t

cable since both the dc resistance and the d i e l e c t r i c constants

vary s i g n i f i c a n t l y w i t h temperature while logging geothermal boreholes. At the higher frequencies, the s k i n effect becomes more c r i t i c a l and the c u r r e n t

i s r e s t r i c t e d t o t r a v e l i n o n l y t h e surface l a y e r of the conductor, e f f e c t i v e l y reducing the e l e c t r i c a l cross-sectional area o f the conductor. For copper w i t h a c o n d u c t i v i t y o f y = 6 x 107 M d m a t a frequency o f H hertz,
the s k i n depth may be approximated t o 6 = 1/15 H112 m. For example, a t a frequency o f 1 MHz, the s k i n depth i s approximately 0.067 mm (0.0026 in.) and a t t h e power frequency (60 Hz), the s k i n depth i s about 8 5 mm. . For t h e No.

19 AWG w i r e used i n the logging cable, the diameter o f the wire i s 0.90 mm (0.03589 in.) and a t 100 kHz, the s k i n depth i s about 0.21 mm (0.0083 in.).
The nickel plating affects the skin effect slightly because of its ferromagnetic properties. Using t h e armor as p a r t o f t h e transmission l i n e causes much greater s k i n e f f e c t losses because the r e s i s t i v l t y o f the Plow Steel i s much higher than copper. It i s possible t o configure the 7-conductor cable t o optimize high-frequency transmission and reduce the r a d i a t i o n losses. The best

configuration would be t o connect the s i x outer conductors together and use t h e i n n e r c o n d u c t o r t o approximate a c o a x i a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n . The o u t e r conductors are wrapped around the inner conductor providing some, a1though minimal , shielding. This avai 1ab1e f o r other uses. configuration, however, leaves no conductors

A second configuration where conductors 1 and 3 are t i e d i n p a r a l l e l f o r t h e r e t u r n i s presently used as the transmission l i n e i n t h e Laboratory's acoustic systems f o r the F multiplexed data. M Conductors 2, 4, 5, and 6 are

used f o r other functions.

5.

The t h i r d configuration p a r a l l e l s conductors 2 and 6 and conductors 3 and This i s the worst case response presenting complex attenuation

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s which can be a t t r i b u t e d t o induced EMFs i n adjacent conductors A producing complicated phase s h i f t s coupled w i t h the other l o s s modes. diagram o f the conductor configuration and r e s u l t i n g frequency response i s shown i n Fig. 2.
IV.

PRESENT AND FUTURE APPLICATIONS

F m u l t i p l e x data transmission now used i n the Laboratory's borehole M acoustic systems i s we1 1 w i t h i n the operating c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f the 7-conductor cable. The highest frequency o f i n t e r e s t i s 168 kHz ( I R I G Channel 19C 160 k H t k 8 kHz), which i s w e l l w i t h i n the detectable range o f the surface

data a c q u i s i t i o n system. The F m u l t i p l e x i n g was incorporated i n the acoustic M A PCM m u l t i p l e x t o o l s because o f the high-frequency data r a t e required. The PCM system w i l l be used i n a new spinner/ temperature/p.ressure sonde. d i g i t a l format w i l l signal -to-noise r a t i o . be transmitted on a FM subcarrier t o improve A combination o f PCM f o r d i r e c t d i g i t a l formatting

w i t h t h e F subcarrier f o r s i g n i f i c a n t improvements i n signal-to-noise M

will

enhance the c a p a b i l i t i e s t o l o g deep boreholes i n the geothermal environments. BIBLIOGRAPHY

1 . W. E. Garne, "Conmercial Cables f o r Geothermal Logging," High Temperature Electronics and Instrumentation, Seminar Proceedings, Houston, TX, December 3-4, 1979.

10

,
t

CABLE TEST : TFE 7- Conductor

Fig. 2.

'Dotted l i n e is conductor 7 t o 1, 2 s 3, 4, 5, 6 parallel. 2Dashed l i n e i s conductor 7 t o 1, 3 parallel. 'Solid line is conductor 2, 6 parallel 3, 5 parallel.

--

2.

HDR Program Staff, "Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program, Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1980," Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory report LA-8855-HDR9 pp. 151-161.
HDR Program Staff, "Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program, Annual Report, 'Fiscal Year 1981," Los Alamos National Laboratory report LA-9287-HDRS pp. 110-118.

3.

4.

IRIG Standard 106-80

-- Telemetry

Standards.

5.

Wayne Kerr, "Armored Well Logging Cable f o r Geothermal Borehole Environments ,I1 High Temperature Electronics and Instrumentation Seminar Proceedings, Houston , TX, December 3-4, 1979.

11//

i)

M I NERAL I NSULATED CABLES

by Barry W, Palmer BICC Pyrotenax LTD 523 North Belt, S u i t e 540 Houston, TX 77060

The basic construction o f mineral -insulated o r more conductors.

cables i s a metal j a c k e t

encasing t i g h t l y compacted magnesium oxide powder, which i n t u r n surrounds one This cable was developed nearly 100 years ago b u t not manufactured u n t i l 1937. The use o f mineral-insulated cable may be considered a new a p p l i c a t i o n nax, now 49 years l a t e r , i s the l a r g e s t manufacturer o f mineral-insulated cables i n the world. Transducer l e a d - o u t cables, w i t h s t a i n l e s s conductors, have been a v a i l a b l e f o r some time b u t i tee1 j a c k e t s and copper e l a t i v e l y short lengths. f o r a well-proven product.
B I C C Pyr

I n 1982/83 we deve ped and i n s t a l l e d a p r o d u c t i o n u n i t t o produce he s l icksender continuous cable i n lengths o f up t o 30 000 ft, This launche range; t h e range was f u r t h e r extended by armoring the cables, thus o f f e r i n g a high-temperature logging cable. The manufacturing process t o produce such a cable i s c a l l e d w e l d - f i l l draw o r conform. Slicksender ca being 316L s t a i n l e s s steel. Type K conductors,
,

available i n 1-4 conductors, the standard j a c k e t Long-length thermocouples are a l s o a v a i l a b l e w i t h

armoring these bles, we are able t o o f f e r a range o f high-temperature logging cables w i t h e i t h e r galvanized o r s t a i n l e s s s t e e l
By

armor wires and f i n i s h e d sizes o f 7/32 o r 5116-in.; f o r these are 12 and 15 in.

minimum sheave diameters

, respectively.
13

TABLE I

WIRELINE CABLESa Single Conductor

18AWG
Single Conductor 18AWG

7/32-i n D i am
Cabl e diameter Cabl e weight

5/16-i n. Diam 5/16 i n . 200 lbs/1000 f t 10 000 l b s 15 i n . 15 i n . 900F 1100F

600 Vdc

Breaking strength Elongation (for every 1000 f t w i t h 224-1b load) Minimum sheave diameter Maximum continuous operati ng tempera ture--gal vani zed Maximum continuous operating temperature --stainless steel vo I tage rating DC conductor resistance Armor+jacket resistance Capacitance Cable reference

7/32 i n . 95 1bs/1000 f t 4200 l b s

12 i n .

12 i n . 900F 1100F 600 Vdc 6.4 ohms/1000 f t 4.1 ohms/1000 f t 118 pF/ft MTCAlT307.32

6.4 ohms/1000 f t 1.7 ohms/1000 f t 118 pF/ft MlCAlT305.16

aOther sizes of single, t w i n , and four core are available upon request.

These logging cables have been successfully used i n Japan for temperatures up t o 640F and are part of a "super high-temperature geothermal we1 1 1oggi ng system" devel oped by Japan Petroleum Company. MP35N -- S t r i p i s n o t a v a i l a b l e a t t h i s time i n sizes required t o manufacture cable. Annealing temperatures are too h i g h for copper, therefore nickel would have t o be used. Conductor resistance for 4-conductor cable i s estimated a t 325/375 ohms/1000 f t . If c a b l e s i z e i s increased t o 6 mm, conductor resistance would drop t o 75 ohms/1000 f t . Manufacturing trials are needed t o determine i f modifications are necessary t o our existing p l a n t . W would also need assurance from the trade e t h a t such a cable i s required. Advantages of slicksender cables include the following: 1) withstand temperatures up t o 800C for the thermocouple and 600C for the w i re1 i ne ; 2) withstand pressures i n excess of 45 000 psi; 3) corrosion resistant stainless steel 316L jacket o r other materials upon request;
14

*
t

4 ) available up to 30 000 f t in length;

5 ) unique construction assures complete performance reliability and resistance to mechanical damage; 6) cable available w i t h 1, 2, or 4 conductors; 7 ) small size, l e s s than 1/8 i n . over jacket; 8 ) available w i t h either stainless steel or galvanized armor in standard diameters of 7/32 and 5/16 in.; and 9 ) suitable for geothermal wells.

I
I

MATERIALS TESTING/ARMORED LOGGING CABLE

by Tracy A. Grant Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, NM 87545

This paper stresses the importance o f t e s t i n g and analyzing m a t e r i a l s before and a f t e r they have been used, e s p e c i a l l y i n geothermal wells. Materials have been tested a t the Los Alamos National Laboratory n o t o n l y f o r t h e Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy P r o j e c t a t Fenton H i l l but also because logging other w e l l s i s sometimes required. Since the environment a t these other l o c a t i o n s i s u s u a l l y more corrosive than the environment a t the Fenton H i l l S i t e (FHS), i t i s important t o study every possible parameter t h a t may be encountered. The electromechanical armored logging cable i s one o f the most v i t a l t o o l s i n any logging operation. The three main components o f t h e cable the o u t e r c a b l e armor, t h e i n s u l a t i o n , and t h e e l e c t r i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e conductors are used as prime examples for t e s t s and analysis. Also, two d i f f e r e n t systems, used f o r conducting t e s t s on the armored logging cable and i t s components, are presented

These systems are expl a i nqd f i r s t

The f i r s t system consists o f a 0.5-a

C-276 able t o operate a t a temperature

pressure vessel made o f Hastelloy 200C w i t h a pressure u

df

psi Also, a load frame, load t r a i n , and the d r i v e mechanism are used t o apply a constant s t r a i n r a t e t o the specimen i n t h e vessel while i t i s exposed t o a simulated geothermal f l u i d (see Fig. 1). I n t h i s case, s i n g l e wire strands o f various metal a l l o y s t h a t could be p o t e n t i a l candidates f o r t h e o u t e r c a b l e armor w i l l be t e s t e d . Constant s t r a i n - r a t e t i m e - t o - f a i l u r e r e s u l t s , w i l l be obtained as w e l l as the e f f e c t s o f c e r t a i n key species i n t h e Similar r e s u l t s may also be f l u i d o f a c r i t i c a l stress l e v e l o f the a l l o y .

17

TEMPERATURE LIMIT - 2000C PRESSURE LIMIT - 2000 psi HASTELLOY C-276.0.5 LITER

LOAD FRAME

ENVIRONMENT CHAMBER (PRESSURE VESSEL)

DRIVE MECHANISM

Fig. 1 .

Constant extension r a t e t e s t e r . samples o f metal a l l o y s are placed i n the

obtained when standard "dog-bone"

vessel and used t o determine m a t e r i a l s selections f o r downhole tools. The second system i s a high-pressure/high-temperature (3000 psi/350C) autoclave used t o t e s t a whole section o f logging cable (see Fig. 2 ) . The cable t e s t f a c i l i t y i s available f o r t e s t i n g the e f f e c t s o f neutral-to-high pH geothermal f l u i d s on the outer cable armor, the i n s u l a t i o n properties a t high temperatures, and t h e e l e c t r i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e cable.

I n using t h i s

f a c i l i t y , the e n t i r e cable i s placed under a constant s t a t i c stress i n t h e vessel and tested f o r the various properties. Several m a t e r i a l s t e s t s have been conducted on the armored logging cable and i t s components. One example o f t e s t i n g the cable r e l a t e s t o i t s o v e r a l l strength. The cable head i s the component a t which the connection between t h e downhole instrument package and the cable b r i n g i n g information t o the surface i s made. When t h e c a b l e i s a t t a c h e d t o a downhole i n s t r u m e n t and t h a t instrument i s lodged i n the well, i t i s important t o be able t o p u l l the cable o u t o f a cone basket which i s i n the cablehead so the e n t i r e cable won't break 18

Temperature Limit 3!WC Pressure Limit 3000 psi Overall Length 23'8" Maximum Dia. 4.00"

Feedthrough

Potting Port Feedthrough

Fig. 2. and g e t l o s t downhole.

Cable t e s t autoclave.

Several cables were headed and p u l l - t e s t e d t o o b t a i n a I n t e s t i n g the cable t h a t

p u l l - o u t load t h a t would be dependable everytime.

i s f r e q u e n t l y used a t t h e FHS, a standard c o n f i g u r a t i o n was devised. It was 1 found t h a t by terminating 1 o f the 22 outer wire strands (every other strand) over t h e cone i n t h e cone basket and using a c e r t a i n s i z e o f cone and cone basket everytime, a repeatable load o f 4000 l b s could be placed on the cable before t h e 1 strands would break and release the cable. 1 The next example i s presented t o emphasize the importance o f t e s t i n g m a t e r i a l s t o avoid surprise complications. I n t h i s case, a high-temperature e l e c t r i c a l connector, ' which i s used t o make t h e c o n n e c t i o n between t h e downhole instrument package and t h e logging cable, was placed i n d i s t i l l e d water, heated, and pressurized. The t e s t was' conducted i n i t i a l l y t o study the e f f e c t s o f t h i s environment on an elastomer piece o f the connector which i s housed by metal A f t e r approximately 2 h of exposure a t 220C, the elastomer d i d show signs o f decay. However, t h e s u r p r i s i n g r e s u l t was t h a t the o u t e r m e t a l housing, which was t h o u g h t t o be s t a i n l e s s s t e e l , became s l i g h t l y corroded i n t h e form o f p i t t i n g . Since t h i s i s unusual f o r s t a i n l e s s s t e e l i n d i s t i l l e d water, a simple q u a l i t a t i v e analysis was performed, on the metal which showed i t t o be aluminum. I n t h i s s i t u a t i o n , i f the aluminum connector had been used i n an a l k a l i n e environment f o r example, i t would have been r a p i d l y attacked and t h e e l e c t r i c a l connection l o s t . One l a s t example o f a n a l y z i n g m a t e r i a l s a f t e r t h e y have been used involves t h e i n s u l a t i o n used on the conductors i n the cable. Three types of 19

i nsul a t i on were analyzed usi ng a Scanni ng E l ectron Microscope t o determi ne the mode of wear t o each. Each of these materials was used extensively on logging cables mainly a t the FHS. The trade names o f these three fluoroplastics are polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE or TFE), polyfl uoroal koxy (PFA), and ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE o r Tefzel 1. A 1 are Teflons made by DuPont. 1 The experiences w i t h each of these materials a t the M agreed f a i r l y S closely w i t h the published data. A l l properties of the Tefzel insulation functioned properly up t o around 200C; however, above t h a t temperature the electrical properties began t o f a i l . The PFA cable was exposed t o temperatures a s h i g h a s 320"C, b u t i t was noticed t h a t the mechanical properties began to f a i l around 260C. The TFE-insulated cable has proved t o withstand the Fenton Hill environment very well. I t has been used extensively a t temperatures as h i g h as 320C w i t h no signs of electrical or mechanical degradation. Physical wear t o each of the insulating materials was examined extensively. I t was found t h a t the TFE and PFA materials had grooves formed into them which were caused by the force of the outer cable armor. All of the grooves were f a i r l y uniform w i t h the shape and diameters of the inner layer of armor. The Tefzel insulation showed no signs of physical wear. Also, crosssectional views of each conductor core indicated t h a t the insulating material S molded to the conductor fibers. With this type of materials analysis, the mode o f wear t o each of the insulation types was examined. If the deformation were t o continue as i t has i n the TFE and PFA cables, the conductors would eventually get so close t o the surface of the insulation t h a t they would begin t o touch each other o r the T h i s type of physical deformation is not outer cable armor and short-out. l i k e l y t o occur t o the Tefzel insulation; however, i t will not withstand the higher temperatures.

20

HIGH-TEMPERATURE CABLEHEAD

by Jose U. Cruz Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, NM 87545

Engineers a t the Los Alamos National Laboratory have designed and s u c c e s s f u l l y operated a cablehead t h a t can f u n c t i o n i n temperatures and pressures greater than 320C (608F) and 103 MPa (15 000 p s i ) . The cablehead assembly provides a cable-to-sonde electromechanical coup1i n g device, which p r o t e c t s t h e e l e c t r i c a l conductors from the high-pressure/high-temperature environment. It establishes a t r a n s i t i o n area from the downhole f l u i d , highpressure environment t o a dry, low-pressure instrument chamber. The cablehead assembly i s a protected area f o r s p l i c i n g the cable conductor ends t o the high-temperature bulkhead. Should the instrument sonde become lodged i n the wellbore, the cablehead i s designed t o a l l o w separation of the sonde and cable. The f i s h i n g b e l l housing then provides a p o s i t i v e g r i p p i n g area f o r overshot f i s h i n g t o o l s f o r r e t r i e v a l from the borehole.
I .

INTRODUCTION

The major f u n c t i o n o f the Hot Dry Rock (HDR) engineering group i s t o characterize the underground heat exchange system. The p r o j e c t engineers found t h a t the most useful and accurate method o f mapping the r e s e r v o i r i s t o lower s e n s i t i v e t o o l s i n t o t h e boreholes. These t o o l s measure t h e physical p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e r e s e r v o i r and t r a n s m i t d a t a t o s u r f a c e r e c o r d i n g and computation f a c i l i t i e s v i a the high-temperature mu1ticonductor armored cable. The HDR b o r e h o l e environment i s harsh: a l l downhole equipment must s u r v i v e exposure t o 320C (608F) and 103 MPa (15 000 p s i ) . Since most

21

c o m m e r c i a l l y a v a i l a b l e t o o l s a r e n o t designed f o r extended use i n such high-temperature pressurized environments, the Los Alamos engineers had t o modify e x i s t i n g t o o l s o r develop new ones t h a t could operate under severe condi ti ons

The success o f any t o o l used i n the HDR system depends p a r t i a l l y on the q u a l i t y o f t h e e l e c t r i c a l and mechanical connections between t h e t o o l and t h e cable. Should t h e c a b l e conductors come i n c o n t a c t w i t h t h e f l u i d , t h e e l e c t r i c a l connections break down and the t o o l 's a b i l i t y t o c o l l e c t accurate data deteriorates. To provide a q u a l i t y connection, the HDR engineering s t a f f had t o design a cablehead assembly t h a t could operate i n t h e harsh downhole geothermal environment.
11.

FUNCTIONS O THE HIGH-TEMPERATURE CABLEHEAD F The primary f u n c t i o n of the high-temperature cablehead i s t o provide a

waterproof environment f o r the electromechanical coup1i n g device between the t o o l and the armored cable. Other functions o f the cablehead are 1) t o e s t a b l i s h a t r a n s i t i o n area from the downhole f l u i d

high-pressure/high-temperature
the tool,

environment t o a low-pressure environment i n

2) t o provide a protected area f o r s p l i c i n g the cable conductor ends t o

the high-pressure bulkhead,

3 ) t o allow f o r a quick downhole separation between the t o o l and the

cable should the t o o l become stuck, and 4 ) t o p r o v i d e a g r i p p i n g groove ( f o r commercial o v e r s h o t t o o l s ) f o r f i s h i n g the stuck t o o l o u t o f the borehole.
111. THE LOS ALAMOS DESIGN

The Los Alamos-designed cablehead i s a f o u r - p i e c e assembly. It i s comprised o f a cable r e t a i n i n g section, cab1e packoff/breakaway section, c spl i i ng c a v i t y , and high-pressure bul khead housi ng

The i t e r i o r components n

are designed so as t o minimize the amount o f time required t o assemble, clean, o r replace when making repairs.

IV.

SECURING THE CABLE

It i s important t h a t the cable i s held t i g h t l y w i t h i n the cablehead so

22

t h a t i t does n o t t w i s t f r e e from i t s e l e c t r i c a l and mechanical connections w i t h the tool.

i
~

To prevent the cable from r o t a t i n g w i t h i n the subassemblies,

an EPDM

, i I
j
I

grommet (Compound Y267) made by L'Garde, Inc., i s f i t t e d around t h e cable where the cable r e t a i n e r and the cable packoff/breakaway subassemblies j o i n .

A t t h e lower end o f t h e cable packoff/breakaway subassemblies, the cable armor i s terminated. The armor i s wedged i n t o a cone basket w i t h a cone placed
between t h e outer and inner armor. The t o o l i s j o i n t e d t o the cablehead by a swivel nut. This allows the t o o l t o be connected t o the cablehead w i t h o u t r o t a t i n g o r c o i l i n g t h e wires v i a the mu1t i p i n bayonet e l e c t r i c a l connector. The bayonet connector a l s o allows f o r a quick change o f tools.

V.

WATERPROOFING THE CABLEHEAD Water i s most l i k e l y t o seep i n t o the cablehead through the top o f the

1
ij
1

r e t a i n i n g subassembly housing. To prevent leaks once t h e cable has been attached, a high-density s i l i c o n o i l i s used t o prevent water from seeping
A Krytox i n t o t h e cable conductors and destroying the e l e c t r i c a l connections o i l i s poured i n t o the packoff/breakaway subassembly and the s p l i c i n g c a v i t y

through i n j e c t i o n ports.

L i q u i d Krytox has a s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y o f 1.5.

Any

moisture t h a t i s i n the v i c i n i t y o f the conductors w i l l f l o a t uphole and away from t h e e l e c t r i c a l connections. a s t a i n l e s s steel pipe plug. The o i l i n j e c t i o n p o r t s are sealed off w i t h

Water i s p r e v e n t e d from seeping i n t o t h e c a b l e p a c k o f f c a v i t y b y anelastomer grommet. The grommet w i l l also thermally expand downhole. Parker O-rings, using the L'Garde EPDM compound, are used t o prevent leaks a t a l l the subassembly junctures and around each o f t h e feedthroughs i n the high-pressure bulkhead. The bayonet e l e c t r i c a l connector between the t o o l and the cablehead i s sealed by a Parker O-ring and Bal-Seal.
VI.

THE CABLEHEAD BREAKAWAY SYSTEM

Should the t o o l become wedged downhol e, the cablehead's breakaway design allows f o r the r e t r i e v a l o f the e n t i r e l e n g t h o f cable and the subsequent f i s h i n g o f the stuck t o o l .

23

The breakaway d e s i g n uses t h e method where o n l y t h e o u t e r armor i s secured t o the cablehead cone basket assembly. i n the cablehead. The inner armor i s n o t secured This method o f terminating the armor would a l l o w the cable The cone basket i s submerged i n o i l and i s

t o p u l l o u t a t 4000 l b s from the cablehead, leaving the e n t i r e head assembly attached t o the instrument sonde. n o t exposed t o corrosive f 1uids , preserving repeatabi 1i y o f breakaway p u l l t forces

24

SMOOTHWALL LOGGING CABLES

Arthur Hal penny Halpen Engineering, InC. 645 Persons Street East Aurora, NY 14052

The purpose o f t h i s paper i s t o present various design a l t e r n a t i v e s i n t h e general f i e l d o f downhole logging and instrumentation cables, p a r t i c u l a r l y those t h a t are subjected t o high temperatures and corrosive environments. The c e n t r a l theme t h a t runs through the presentation i s the c a p a b i l i t y o f covering d i f f e r e n t configurations o f cables w i t h smoothwall s t a i n l e s s steel sheaths. This technique i s a natural progression from many years o f manufacturing mineral -insulated, stainless-steel

' I

sheathed-heater

cable,

although

the
Of

lengths involved are considerably greater than the r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t runs cable used i n pipe and vessel temperature maintenance. The d i f f e r e n t cable designs a l l e x h i b i t c e r t a i n

characteristics:

high-corrosion resistance, high-temperature capability, high-compressive strength, long lengths, self-supporting, smoothwall, and hermetically sealed sheathing. The sheath m a t e r i a l can be v a r i e d t o o b t a i n t h e maximum c o r r o s i o n resistance. strength. The sheath thickness can be increased t o provide greater t e n s i l e

The sheath can be placed over polymer-insulated conductors as w e l l as mineral insulated. armor.
It can a l s o be placed over

counterhelically

wound w i r e

Engineers involved i n downhole i n v e s t i g a t i o n s should g i v e consideration t o t h e many design a l t e r n a t i v e s provided by the "oversheathing" system and enjoy 1t s economic advantages.

MATERIALS ISSUES I N HIGH-TEMPERATURE ELECTRONICS

Randal 1 K K i r s c hman P.O. Box 391716 Mountain View, CA 94039

Materials,

individua l y

and

in

combination,

p!dy

key

rc

in

determi n i ng the elevated-temperature character1 s t i cs and operating temperature l i m i t s o f e l e c t r o n i c devices and systems. challenge because most materials increased f o r e l e c t r o n i c applications. Achieving adequate performance i s a decline as temperature is Furthermore, degradation mechanisms Present properties

accelerate so t h a t l i f e t i m e i s i n v e r s e l y r e l a t e d t o temperature.

c a p a b i l i t i e s are t y p i c a l l y i n t h e 20c 0' t o 300C-range f o r hundreds o f hours. The fundamental l i m i t a t i o n f o r semiconductor-based e l e c t r o n i c s arises from the physics o f the semiconductor m a t e r i a l i t s e l f . I n theory, s i l i c o n devices can be used t o about 300"C, gallium arsenide devices could be used t o 450"C, and other semi conductor materi a1s , a1though presently unavai 1ab1e , coul d be used t o temperatures as h i g h as 1000C. F o r most semiconductor d e v i c e s and e l e c t r o n i c systems, however, the p r a c t i c a l l i m i t i s l e s s than t h i s and i s I n some i n s t a n c e s t h i s r e 1a t e s t o determined by a s s o c i a t e d techno1 ogy. inherent p r o p e r t i e s o f a s i n g l e material, while i n others i t i s determined by i n t e r a c t i o n s when d i f f e r e n t materials are interfaced. Examples include t h e following: on-chip m e t a l l i z a t i o n systems; m a t e r i a l s used f o r interconnecting, mounting, and packaging semiconductor chips and other components; and materials circuits. f o r conductive, r e s i s t i v e , Inorganic materials, i.e. and d i e l e c t r i c functions i n h y b r i d , ceramics, glasses, and metals, are

r e l i a b l e standbys; the use o f systems i n v o l v i n g polymers much above 200C i s more d i f f i c u l t , although progress i s being made f o r t h i s class o f materials. I n conclusion, through j u d i c i o u s s e l e c t i o n and evaluation, presently a v a i l a b l e

27

materials, materials systems, and technologies are already meeting many o f the needs o f high-temperature electronics, and extension o f the temperature range and lifetime i s possible through further research and development.

2%

BURR-BROWN WIDE-TEMPERATURE PRODUCTS

by George L. H i l l Burr-Brown Research Corporati on 6730 S. Tucson Blvd Tucson, AZ 85706

I n t h e l a t e ~O'S, Burr-Brown recognized two p o t e n t i a l l y l a r g e markets for data a c q u i s i t i o n components t h a t could withstand temperatures well above the normal maximum of 125C (which had been defined by the miljtary): instrumentation f o r downhole o i l well logging and e l e c t r o n i c s f o r motor and engine monitoring and c o n t r o l . technologies,
A t the same time,

improvements i n h y b r i d

CMOS l o g i c a v a i l a b i l i t y ,

and l i n e a r IC's based on d i e l e c t r i c

i s o l a t i o n made i t possible t o design standard data a c q u i s i t i o n components f o r operation a t up t o 200C w i t h reasonable y i e l d s . The perceived markets and
,

improving technologies l e d Burr-Brown to introduce a series Of h i gh-temperatu : a complete analog-to-digi t a l converter ( ADClOHT) , a r e l a t e d d i g i t a l -to-analog converter (DACIOHT) , and two complementary op-amps (OPA11HT and OPA12HT). The market f o r elec never taken o f f , e a r l y 80's has red market f o r high-te stable, a t best, a t a 1 past year have the market c o n d i t i o the other f i r m s supplying wide i n v e s t i n g i n major new product dev onics f o r engine/motor monitoring and r e g u l a t i o n has he decline i n the i n t e n s i t y o f o i l e x p l o r a t i o n i n t h e the growth o f demand i n t h a t area, so t h a t the r e a l s i n the f i r s t h a l f o f t h e 80's has been

r than our expectations, Only w i t h i n the proved t o the p o i n t t h a t Burr-Brown and nge products are s e r i o u s l y
S.

But the intervening "down" years have not been a time o f no progress. A t Burr-Brown, our ADClDHT sales have remained strong. This i n d i c a t e s a continuing market desire f o r integrated solutions t h a t reduce design

29

d i f f i c u l t y by reducing board s i z e as compared w i t h an A-to-0 b u i l t o u t Of several packages and a l s o reduce c o m p a t i b i l i t y problems f o r the designer. Since Burr-Brown t e s t s and guarantees performance o f t h e complete converter, t h e designer i s r e l i e v e d o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r making sure. the i n d i v i d u a l I n fact, Burr-Brown has probably subcomponents work together even a t 200C. made the most progress i n the area o f t e s t i n g converters a t high temperatures. Careful combination o f a Thermostream System from Temptronic Corporation w i t h our standard production LTX t e s t systems y i e l d s reproducible t e s t r e s u l t s f o r a wide v a r i e t y o f parameters. This compares very favorably with e a r l i e r d r i f t oven systems t h a t were prone t o frequent breakdown and inconsistent data. In f a c t , f o r e a r l i e r d r i f t systems we were forced t o r e l y on expensive custom p r i n t e d c i r c u i t boards designed t o operate a t 200C t h a t proved t o be r e g u l a r problem sources i n production.
A t the same time,

hybrid assembly methods f o r components destined f o r

wide-temperature excursions have improved s i g n i f i c a n t l y over t h e l a s t f i v e years. The combined e f f e c t o f these advances i s t h a t 200C products can be produced under more standard manufacturing conditions , which u l t i m a t e l y means more r e l i a b l e p a r t s delivered on time (more o f t e n ) and a t stable prices. When volumes f i n a l l y do s t a r t t o increase, what we have learned should a l s o help p r i c e s f o l l o w the downward trend more common i n electronics. For a number of reasons, including the requirements of the high-temperature markets, Burr-Brown has a1so used the l a s t several years t o b u i l d up expertise i n several technologies. The most v i s i b l e o f these i s d i e l e c t r i c i s o l a t i o n ( D I ) , which has strong performance advantages over the more standard, and l e s s costly, j u n c t i o n i s o l a t i o n processes. Burr-Brown has already introduced a v a r i e t y o f l i n e a r IC's using D I , and several converter products are on the drawing boards a t the moment. for gradeouts, o r modifications, f o r 2OO'C

All o f these are candidates

Equally important f o r

operation.

b u i l d i n g more complete c i r c u i t s and converters i s our growing experience w i t h CMOS designs. The low-power advantages o f CMOS t r a n s l a t e d i r e c t l y i n t o re1i a b l e performance a t higher ambient temperatures since the d e l t a from chip temperature t o ambient i s reduced by the lower consumption. Burr-Brown w i l l be using CMOS t o make converters t h a t are increasingly "user-friendly" by A t the same time, we are soon adding increased l o g i c t o hybrid converters. going t o introduce our f i r s t CMOS D-to-A wide-temperature versions o f these.
30

IC's and p l a n t o r a p i d l y pursue

While i t i s premature t o discuss i n t r o d u c t i o n schedules o r s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r s p e c i f i c p r o d u c t s , i t i s n o t t o o soon t o o u t l i n e t h e t y p e s o f widetemperature products we are focusing on over the next year o r so. Burr-Brown's f i r s t CMOS MDAC ( m u l t i p l y i n g D-to-A c o n v e r t e r ) w i l l be t h e i n d u s t r y standard 7541A, and we expect t o have a wide-temperature range grade o f t h i s device. W a l s o believe the time i s r i g h t f o r the next generation of e 200C A-to-D converters w i t h f a s t e r conversion times ( t o a l l o w more data t o be c o l l e c t e d ) and probably w i t h more l o g i c f o r i n t e r f a c i n g w i t h microprocessors. W fntend t o develop something l i k e our ADC574A f o r these requirements. e W e a l s o recognize a need f o r m u l t i p l e x e r and sample/hold c i r c u i t s , e s p e c i a l l y i n engine/motor where i n p u t s i g n a l s may change v e r y r a p i d l y . The s p e c i f i c p r o d u c t s w i l l be d e f i n e d i n e a r l y 1986, based on t h e r e s u l t s o f s e v e r a l development p r o j e c t s now under way.

H IGH-TEMPERATURE MICROELECTRONICS

by Tom Elsby White Techno1ogy , Inc. 4246 E. Wood Street Phoenix, AZ 85040

White Technology, Inc., has been involved i n the design and development o f h y b r i d m i c r o c i r c u i t s f o r high-temperature applications f o r over ten years, extending back t o i t s previous name o f Custom Devices. Many m a t e r i a l s have been researched w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e i r use and re1i 1i y a t temperatures exceed1 ng 200OC. Polymers , g l asses , cerami cs , and abi t t h i c k f i l m compositions were selected from these evaluations t o provide a m a t e r i a l technology production. Semiconductor base for high-temperature also hybrid development part and
in

device evaluations

played a

significant

White's success i n high-temperature h y b r i d technology. Combining r e l i a b l e device selections w i t h materials capable o f performing a t h i g h temperatures along w i t h t h e unique c i r c u i t design expertise, White Technology, Inc., has come up w i t h a standard product 1i n e o f regulators , osci 11a t o r s , amp1i f i e r s , references, microprocessor modules, devices f o r 200C applications. memory modules, and other peripheral

The c r i t e r i a f o r new standard product designs are as follows: 1) must have a minimum 1000-h usable l i f e t i m e a t 200C; 2) must pass 225'C t e s t i n g i n development t o guarantee 200C performance; and thermal shock conditions normally encountered i n downhole measurement t o o l s (screened t o MIL-STD methods 1 ; 4) must provide a usable b u i l d i n g block for high-temperature tool

3 ) must be capable o f meeting mechanical shock, v i b r a t i o n ,

33

designers ( t h i s provides the access t o years o f technology a t a nominal cost and eliminates the need t o "reinvent the wheel"); and
5) must provide a cost competitive approach t o the user. For the past two years, White Technology, Inc., has been developing a

microprocessor system f o r downhole applications. While n o t l i m i t e d t o t h i s use, i t provides a very powerful mechanism t o c o l l e c t and process data a t extreme environmental conditions. The current system i s based on a 80685 processor w i t h a clock o s c i l l a t o r , memory, and mux, a l l on board i n a 40-pin h y b r i d package. Memory add-ons i n 16 K-byte increments are available (RAM'S) as are 2 K x 8 EEPROM modules, which can be r e l i a b l y w r i t t e n t o a t 150C and read without e r r o r a t 200OC. A dual para11e l /dual s e r i a1 p o r t module gives I O expandabi 1i y where required. t I n development are a 16-bit processor module,
VF

converters,

A-D

converters, timing modules, and DA converters, a l l f o r 200C performance. Besides our standard product developments, White Technology,

Inc.,

provides many custom designs b u i l t t o customer specifications. Our experience, technology, and intense i n t e r e s t i n 200C-circui t challenges have made White Technology, Inc., a r e l i a b l e source f o r solving high-temperature problems.

34

NEW CAPABILITIES I N PYROFLASKS

R. W. Blanton Vacuum B a r r i e r Corporati on 4 Barten Lane Woburn, MA 01801

PY ROFLASKS r e f e r t o h i gh-temperature dewars used f o r thermal p r o t e c t i o n

o f s e n s i t i v e downhole equipment. A1 though f l a s k f a b r i c a t i o n techniques have been w e l l established f o r many years, Vacuum B a r r i e r has continued t o make To b e t t e r understand these, basic f l a s k state-of-the-art advances. construction and operating p r i n c i p l e s are f i r s t reviewed. Shown i n F i g . 1 i s a c r o s s s e c t i o n o f a t y p i c a l PYROFLASK assembly, comprised o f two concentric shells, welded vacuum t i g h t a t each end. The annular space surrounding the i n n e r s h e l l i s pumped o u t through t h e evacuation tube, which i s subsequently pinched, o r c o l d welded, c r e a t i n g a permanent high-vacuum seal. Also, i n t h i s annular space, Vacuum B a r r i e r u t i l i z e s a m u l t i l a y e r i n s u l a t i o n c o n s i s t i n g o f a l t e r n a t e l a y e r s o f aluminum and glass f i b e r s . The combination o f h i g h vacuum and m u l t i p l e r e f l e c t i v e l a y e r s r e s u l t s i n extremely low heat loss through the w a l l s o f the PYROFLASK. Below t h e i n n e r s h e l l i s the r a d i a l support, while permitting axial temperature changes.: Shown above and differential the expansion a high-strength, and low-heatduring storage l o s s structure'designed t o h o l d the i n n e r s h e l l concentric w i t h i n the outer contraction are thermal

below

internal

equipment

m a t e r i a l s o r "heat sinks." These can take a v a r i e t y o f forms, i.e., solid metal s , 1ow-me1 ti ng temperature a11oys , o r other phase change materi a1 s , and are b a s i c a l l y used t o absorb heat d i s s i p a t e d by t h e equipment and/or t h e heat leaked i n t o the flask, thereby extending downhole time c a p a b i l i t y .

35

Fig. 1 .

Cross section o f a t y p i c a l PYROFLASK assembly.

The i n s u l a t i n g stopper a t t h e open end of t h e f l a s k i s characterized by low thermal conductivity (and sometimes high heat capacity) and functions t o
l i m i t heat f l o w i n t o the open end o f the f l a s k .

The o v e r a l l heat loss o f the f l a s k i s components :

composed o f several i n d i v i d u a l

11, conduction through the i n s u l a t i n g stopper,

2) conduction down the inner s h e l l o r neck,

3 ) conduction through the r a d i a l support,

4 ) conduction and r a d i a t i o n through the walls, and 5 ) conduction through wires o r other connections penetrating i n t o the flask.

F i g u r e 2 i s a photograph o f a p o r t i o n o f t h e VBC m a n u f a c t u r i n g area containing the ovens i n which f l a s k s are evacuated a t elevated temperatures. Using r o u t i n e techniques o f t h i s "outgassing," PYROFLASKS a r e r a t e d f o r operating temperatures o f up t o 600"F, while upon request, special processing

36

Fig. 2.

Evacuation ovens i n the

VBC manufacturing area.

The l a r g e capacity of

enables t h e PYROFLASKS r a t i n g t o be increased t o 850'F. these ovens allows

VBC t o respond r a p i d l y t o high-quantity requirements.

Today i t i s common t o approve downhole equipment i n c l u d i n g PYROFLASKS f o r h o s t i l e environments through shock and v i b r a t i o n t e s t i n g . This has l e d Vacuum B a r r i e r t o perform shock and v i b r a t i o n tests, on some representative u n i t s .
Shown i n Fig.

3 i s a PYROFLASK on a shake t a b l e during development t e s t i n g

conducted by VBC. With r e s u l t i n g upgrades made i n t h e mechanical c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , PYROFLASKS are now fabricated t h a t undergo extensive shock and v i b r a t i o n t e s t s w i t h no thermal o r mechanical I n the t e s t i n g oven p i c t u r e d i n Fig. 4, each PYROFLASK receives a t l e a s t three thermal performance t e s t s a f t e r pinch-off and before shipment. The t e s t consists of positioning a temperature sensor i n s i d e the flask with an
By

i n s u l a t i n g stopper i n t h e open end.

The oven temperature i s then elevated and

t h e i n t e r n a l t e m p e r a t u r e i s m o n i t o r e d o v e r a p e r i o d o f f i v e hours. detected

performing a s e r i e s o f these tests, any f l a s k w i t h a possible problem can be

and rejected.

A1 though the procedure may appear somewhat laborious,

37

Fig. 3.

PYROFLASK on shake t a b l e d u r i n g development t e s t i n g .

i t has proved w e l l w o r t h w h i l e o v e r t h e y e a r s i n f u r n i s h i n g r e l i a b l e and

cons i t e nt PYROFLASKS s

A standard form u t i l i z e d f o r evaluating f l a s k a p p l i c a t i o n i s shown i n

Fig. 5. Requested are the important parameters o r c o n s t r a i n t s from which we can q u i c k l y d e t e r m i n e t h e f e a s i b i l i t y o f a f l a s k d e s i g n and h e a t s i n k Typical information l i s t e d includes dimensional requirements requirements ( i n s i d e diameter, outside diameter, and length), thermal parameters (downhole temperature maximum operating temperature o f equipment, and time r e q u i r e d downhole), and other important features such as power d i s s i p a t i o n o f the equipment and the s i z e and number o f wires required t o pass i n t o t h e flask. I n a p p l i c a t i o n s where o v e r a l l t o o l diameter must be kept t o a minimum, a s i t u a t i o n can be encountered where there i s simply n o t enough room t o f e a s i b l y i n c l u d e a PYROFLASK. I n these instances, consideration can be given t o the i n t e g r a l PYROFLASK/pressure housing. Note t h a t i n t h i s design the o u t e r s h e l l i s not t h i n b u t a t h i c k , high-strength material t h a t not only functions as the pressure housing b u t also saves considerable space.

38

F ig 4

. .

Thermal performance t e s t i ng

.
o.d.
Of

Figure 6 shows an actual flask made by VBC, which has a 1.688-in. and a 1.210-in. i.d., i n . w h i l e e x h i b i t i n g a pressure r a t i n g o f 20 000 p s i .

representing a t o t a l annular thickness o f l e s s than 0.25 This combination

diameters and external pressure c a p a b i l i t y would be v i r t u a l l y impossible i f the f l a s k and pressure housing were two separate components. This u n i t also i l l u s t r a t e s the incorporation o f a feedthrough o r penetration through t h e closed end o f the f l a s k . With t h i s feature, wires which run i n t o the f l a s k can pass through the closed end t o equipment beyond. Figure 7 shows oven-test data f o r t h i s egral PYROFLASK/pressure emperature i s mai n t a i ned Note t h a t t h e i n t e r n a l environment, the i n t e r n 5 h and below 325'F f o r 24 h equipment was simulated by 5.1 l b s o f aluminum.

To i l l u s t r a t e the e f f e c t o f

heat capacity w i t h i n the flask, consider t h i s same t e s t b u t w i t h t h e i n t e r n a l The higher heat equipment simulated by the same s i t e bar o f s t a i n l e s s steel. c a p a c i t y p e r u n i t volume e x h i b i t e d b y t h e s t e e l r e s u l t s i n t h e i n t e r n a l temperature being maintained below 250F f o r 23 h, o r 8 h longer than w i t h t h e aluminum.

39

PYROFLASK

DESIGN SHEET

FURNISHING THE FOLLOWING INFORHATION DEFINES YOUR PARTICULAR PYROFLASKwAPPLICATION. VBC ENGINEERS CAN THEN SPECIFY THE OPTlHUH FLASK OES16N TO HEET THE REPUIREHENTS. COHPANY WANE* A0 ORES S1
~

OVERALL

MAHE: TEL. NO. DlHENSlONAL REPUIREHENTS INSIDE OIAHETER. HlNlHUR OUTSIDE DIAHETER. n A x i n u n LENGTH OF PAYLOAD OVERALL LENGTH, HAXIHUH THERHAL REPUlREHENTS1 OOWNHOLE TEtlPERATUREl HAXIHUH INTERNAL FLASK TEHP.1 TlHE REPUIRED DOWN HOLE1 POWER DISSIPATION OF FLASK CONTENTSl PUANTITY. SIZE. t HATERIAL OF WIRES REQUIRED TO PASS INTO FLASK1 WEIGHT t H A T I OF PRIHARY PAYLOAD COHPONENTS

'

PAVLOAO LEH6lW

INSULAllN6 SIOPPER

HECHANICAL REPUIREHENTS1 ATTACHHENT FEATURES1 (TAPPED HOLESETC. ATTACH SKETCH I F REP'O.) WE16HT OF PAYLOAD1 EXPECTED SHOCK t VIBRATION LOADS DURING TRANSPORTATION OR USES

AH B IENT PRESSUR E1
SPECIAL FEATURES1 INSULATING STOPPER INTEGRAL PRESSURE HOUSING1 SPECIAL HATERIALS* CONDlTlONSl

C 0NTACT

/
I O X 529. IARICX LANE no6uR*. IlASSACHUSillS 01601-0529

617-933-3570 rncr 324937

VACUUM.BARRIER CORPORA TION

Fig. 5. A standard form utilized for evaluating flask application.

\
1.69 DIA

PRESSURE SEAL FEATURES

i
e

l/4' DIA FEED-THRU

EVACUATED MU LT I-LAY ER INSULATION

I t I
66.00

L_ 73.00 I
Fig. 6. Integral PYROFLASK/pressure housing.

>

.
INTERNAL EQUIPMENT SIMULATED WITH8 A - 51 CU. INCHES ALUMINUM 15.1 LBS) B 51 CU. INCHES STEEL (14.8 LBS)

500

e
W

40 0

a
7

300
200
100 0 0

5 a
W Q.

z W
I -

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

TIME (HOURS)
F ig . 7 .

Thermal performance.

Over t h e years, Vacuum B a r r i e r has created PYROFLASK designs t o solve p a r t i c u l a r l y d i f f i c u l t applications. Our design v e r s a t i l i t y allows the use o f unique, high-performance m a t e r i a l s t o meet i n d i v i d u a l requirements. Also, t o a s s i s t i n development o f designs, Vacuum B a r r i e r o f f e r s thermal analysis through use o f our computer program. W hope t h i s b r i e f overview o f PYROFLASK features and c a p a b i l i t i e s w i l l e be o f assistance when you are considering f u t u r e thermal p r o t e c t i o n requirements.

GEOTHERMAL INSTRUMENT THERMAL PROTECTION

G l o r i a A. Bennett Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, NM 87545

The development o f the geothermal energy resource depends i n p a r t on t h e success i n gathering accurate geothermal we1 l b o r e and i t s growth and during i t s useful geophysical data from a h o t h o s t i l e thermal conditions. systems i s t o (a) extend the temperature o r (b) increase

w i l l a i d i n characterizing a associated r e s e r v o i r both d u r i n g r e s e r v o i r lifetime. Instrumentation capable o f providing wellbore must (repeatedly and r e l i a b l y survive The purpose o f the a n a l y t i c a l work on these thermal l i f e t i m e o f an instrument a t a stated the s u r v i v a l temperature f o r a stated thermal
data that

--

1ifetime. The Los Alamos National Laboratory thermal p r o t e c t i o n system design goal i s 320C.
Thermal p r o t e c t i o n systems presently used i n the i n d u s t r y can be d i v i d e d i n t o three categories: (a) none, (b) s i n g l e t r i p , and ( c ) passive protection. The instruments w i t h no thermal p r o t e c t i o n system are e i t h e r purely mechanical o r have hardened sensors o r e l e c t r o n i c s t h a t r e q u i r e no protection. The instruments good f o r a s i n g l e t r i p are protected by a massive sonde t h a t provides enough thermal l a g time f o r one round t r i p . The passive thermal p r o t e c t i o n systems are s p e c i f i c a l l y designed t o provide extended thermal p r o t e c t i o n a t high temperature. The Los Alamos National Laboratory i s involved i n and has completed an extensive model1 i n g e f f o r t o f t h e passive thermal p r o t e c t i o n systems presently

i n use. The numerical methods used encompass both the f i n i t e element models and t h e f i n i t e difference models of the major system components, which are t h e
h o t service dewar, a heat sink, and t h e i r associated heat t r a n s f e r paths. The models are used t o generate parametric data as t o changes i n the behavior of

*
c

the thermal p r o t e c t i o n system caused by changes i n any o f i t s components.

The

changes can be mounting hardware m a t e r i a l changed from s t e e l t o brass o r aluminum on a heat pipe, change i n a heat sink material from aluminum t o a f u s i b l e material, changes i n the r e l a t i v e s i z e o f a heat sink, and changes i n the physical arrangement o f components i n s i d e a dewar f l a s k . This method o f a r r i v i n g a t a design change i s c o s t l y i n terms o f research and development

But the extensive modelling provides information from which t o make an i n t e l l i g e n t choice f o r a design change t h a t leads t o improvements i n thermal performance. I n t h i s way,
effort, which might appear as a "hunt and peck" method. t h e "hunt and peck" process i s confined t o an engineer and h i s models r a t h e r than i n v o l v i n g numerous e l e c t r i c a l and mechanical technicians , designers, draftsmen, and machinists. Results from the models provide data about the heat f l u x entering the i n s t r u m e n t , t h e t e m p e r a t u r e h i s t o r y f o r any p o i n t i n t h e model, and t h e temperature f i e l d a t any time during the simulation. Design improvements t h a t have been r e a l i z e d i n c l u d e the f o l l o w i n g : ( a ) a reversal o f the thermal p o t e n t i a1 between the e l e c t r o n i c s compartment and the heat s i n k t o a l l o w heat flow from the e l e c t r o n i c s i n t o the heat sink and (b) an increase i n the conductance o f the heat t r a n s f e r path by a f a c t o r o f 1OOX. The r e s u l t i n g improvement i n thermal l i f e t i m e i s a f a c t o r o f 4X. Thermal m o d e l l i n g w i l l c o n t i n u e t o be used a t Los Alamos N a t i o n a l Laboratory t o s o r t through design ideas before they are committed t o hardware.

44

THE THEORY AND DESIGN OF D W H L THERMAL PROTECTION SYSTEMS O N OE F R DOWNHOLE I NSTRUMENTAT I O N O

by Richard L. Hack PDA Engineering 1560 Brookhollow Drive Santa Ana, CA 92705

The continuing search f o r natural gas and petroleum reserves, as w e l l as searches f o r geothermal energy, has forced d r i l l e r s t o c o n t i n u a l l y go deeper and t o encounter h o t t e r formations than ever before. The increase i n w e l l temperature leads t o a l l manner o f problems, not the l e a s t o f which i s the inability of temperatures. downhole instrumentation t o survive exposure While advances i n electronics, batteries, and t o these f i l m have

produced state-of-the a r t instrumentation capable o f sustained 300F exposure o r more, many o f the deeper wells, geothermal wells, and steam i n j e c t i o n w e l l s have a downhole temperature o f 500F o r more, and i t does n o t appear t h a t e l e c t r o n i c s w i l l catch up w i t h the higher w e l l temperatures i n the near future. Insulated housings f o r t h e instrumentation provide a v i a b l e means of logging o r surveying the high-temperature environments w i t h low-temperature instrumentation. A properly designed insulate,d housing can provide many hours of time downhole before the i n t e r n a l temperature approaches the instrument's

limit. Insulated housings are governed by the f o l l o w i n g thermodynamic p r i n c i p l e :

System temperature r i s e r a t e = s stem heat i n u theatt e speci+~c r a

iystem .

The goal o f an i n s u l a t e d instrument housing i s t o minimize the system temperature r i s e rate. Hence, the goal i n designing an i n s u l a t e d system i s t o That i s , minimize the heat i n p u t r a t e and maximize the system s p e c i f i c heat.

45

, ,

minimize o r eliminate heat paths and maximize the i n t e r n a l heat storage (heat sink). F i g u r e 1 summarizes t h e t h r e e modes o f h e a t t r a n s f e r : conduction, convection, and r a d i a t i o n . Dewar flasks, double-wall containers w i t h r e f l e c t i v e i n t e r n a l surfaces, and evacuated space between the w a l l s successfully address each o f the heat t r a n s f e r modes and provide a very low o v e r a l l heat t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t . program of Work i n i t i a t e d by NASA during the space

a blanket of a l t e r n a t i n g layers o f r e f l e c t i v e surfaces and i n s u l a t i n g material

t h e 60's r e s u l t e d i n the development o f "super insulation," as shown i n F i g . 2. When used i n combination, a super i n s u l a t i o n / d e w a r housing provides a very e f f e c t i v e i n s u l a t i n g b a r r i e r . E f f e c t i v e w a l l heat Btu/h-ft-"F are possible. t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t s o f 3.8 x Heat sinks can be u t i l i z e d t o provide a d d i t i o n a l heat storage and improve t h e system s p e c i f i c heat. Figures 3 and 4 summarize t h e properties of various m a t e r i a l s useful as heat sinks. Phase change materials can provide a very good means o f heat storage and temperature plateaus t h a t may be useful w i t h c e r t a i n instruments. Dewar f l a s k s r e t a i n i n t e r n a l l y generated h e a t as w e l l as keep o u t external heat. Instrument power d i s s i p a t i o n w i l l dominate the system

Q ~ D . = >

EI.IMINAI'E CONIXJCI'ION PA111 -0

Fig. 1 .

Modes o f heat t r a n s f e r and means t o minimize heat transfer.

46

"SUPER-INSULATION" NASA DEVEIDPEDFOR SPACE PROGRAM MULTIPIX LAYERS OF IIIGIILY REFLECTIVE FILM WlTll INSUIATING LAYERS BETWEEN 'ID MINIMEE CONIXJCI'ION

1NSIli.AliNG IAYLKS

Fig. 2.

A blanket o f a l t e r n a t i n g layers o f r e f l e c t i v e surfaces and i n s u l a t i n g material.

performance a t l e v e l s higher than 5 W and, i n many cases, i s the main f a c t o r i n influencing the system performance. Aside from the power dissipation, the instrument provides a major

c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e o v e r a l l system s p e c i f i c heat.

Electronics and PC boards

provide l i t t l e heat sink while the metal chassis and 'housing o f f e r more heat storage the Knowing Figure 5 d e t a i l s the modes o f heat t r a n s f e r f o r a Thermoshield. various modes o f heat transfer, i n t e r n a l dissipation, and t h e
heat sink, and

c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e system s p e c i f i c h e a t f r o m housing,

i n s t r u m e n t , a p r e d i c t i o n o f t h e o v e r a l l system performance can be made. Adjustments t o the heat transfer paths o r the heat sink can be made t o t a i l o r the performance t o t h e speci f i requirements c

Thermoshields can b constructed w i t h both e l e c t r i c a l and mechanical feedthroughs. However, a feedthrough provides another heat t r a n s f e r path t o the payload compartment t h a t u l t i m a t e l y degrades the system's 'performance. Thermoshields can a l s o incorporate an i n t e g r a l pressure vessel r a t h e r than require a separate _pressure housing Figure 6 d e t ressure vessel Thermoshield.

configuration o f

1
I

-~

_.

47

I
I

IIEATSINKS ARE USED TO STORUABSORB IlEAT

VARIOUS MATERIALS FOR IIEATS1IIELI)S

ALUMINUM COPPER STAINIBSS STEEL

.208

.0203

GOODTlIWMAL D114'USIVITY EXCELLENT THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY, APPKOX. 2 x $5.5 VFXY GOOD (VOLUME) POOR DIFbVS%TY BFSTCpOFANY METAL EXTREMELY
111G11 PKICE, APPKOX. 100 X SS.S. BY WElGliT, 80 X BY VOLUME.

.09 I
.11

.0294
.031 I

(300SERIES)

I
I

BERYLLIUM

.45

.0338

PHASECIIANGE MATERIALS (VARIOUS MELTING POINTMETALS) DEI'ENDENT U M N TEMPERATURE RANGE)

GOOD FOR TEMPERATURE PLATEAUS. NOT ALWAYS B E l T E K l l I A N SOLIDS

I
I

F i g. 3.

Properties o f various materials useful as heat sinks.

However, the The need f o r instrument dewar housing w i l l always e x i s t . increased desire t o stay down longer a t higher temperatures w i l l eventually step beyond t h e c a p a b i l i t i e s o f dewar systems. t h e h i g h temperatures now b e i n g encountered. r e f r i g e r a t i on system has not y e t been devel oped. M i c r o r e f r i g e r a t i o n systems However, used i n conjunction w i t h dewars w i l l provide v i r t u a l l y u n l i m i t e d exposure t o

a viable micro-

Fig. 4.

Graphs of sensible heat gain phase change vs s o l i d weight and volume.

48

1 I

LE

F i g 5.

Thermosh i el d performance analysis

0 Integral one-piece design 0 Reduced weight and outside

diameter

0 Increased internal space 0 Durable

0 Choice of pressure housing materials

- Sitronie 50 - l i - 4 PH

- lnconelmaterial availableto i1 - meet your 8strength and Ocher

environment needs

0 Customer specified ambient

ratings: 20,000 pri S O O T mica1 Electrical and mechanical feedt h ~available ~

SPECIFIED IWTERFACE

Fig. 6.

Integral pressure vessel flask.

49/53

CROSSWELL ACOUSTIC TRANSCEIVER

by Raymond L. Jermance Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, NM 87545

I.

INTRODUCTION

C r o s s w e l l a c o u s t i c surveys a r e t h e optimum method o f measuring t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f rock between adjacent wellbores. Because o f t h i s f a c t , t h e Earth Science Instrumentation Group (ESS-6) decided t o design and f i e l d a high-temperature crosswell acoustic transceiver o r CAT system. a The CAT system consists o f three major subsystems: the transmitter t o measure constant, r e p e t i t i v e , c o n t r o l l e d acoustic source; the r e c e i v e r

--

--

the acoustic wave a r r i v a l i n the adjacent borehole; a c q u i s i t i o n and c o n t r o l system.

and the surface data

The geophysists f o r whom the system was designed supplied us w i t h the following specifications 1) Environment a) Geothermal f l u i d

-- 250C a t 10 000 p s i

2) Transmitter a) Magnetostrictive type oules o f energy per pulse c ) Variable f i r e r a t e (1 t o 5 shots/sec) d ) Source frequency centered a t *lo kHt e t r a n s m i t t e r output monitor (shotbreak)
-

a) P i e z o e l e c t r i c c r y s t a l transducer (0-5500) b ) Frequency respons c ) Gain c o n t r o l l e d w i t h i n 1 dB from 1 t o 20 kHz u a l l y o r automatically from the surface

51

In order t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e d e s i g n and f a b r i c a t i o n of t h e downhole Modular sections of the system, the modular design approach was utilized. design allows f o r simplified wire routing, minimizes the number of h i g h pressure feedthroughs and electrical connectors , and greatly simp1 ifies assembly and disassemblies for easy breakdown of tools for field servicing, s h i p p i n g , etc. The downhole assemblies consist of four main modules. 1) Centralizers -- The centralizers hold the tool i n the center of the we1 1bore. Centralizers are identical for both the transmitter and receiver. 2) Transducer Cavities -- These special stand-alone u n i t s h o l d the transducer and Teflon windows. To keep the windows a t a very low differential pressure, a pressure equalization piston balances borehole f l u i d pressure and silicon o i l pressure inside the cavity. 3) Electronic and Dewar Assemblies -- Electronics mounted inside a dewar flask are thermally protected by a eutectic material heat s i n k . 4 ) Cablehead Subassemblies These subassemblies are used t o interface t o o l s t o the 7-conductor wireline.

--

TRANSMITTER (see Fig. 1) Electrically, the transmitter i s f a i r l y simple. Up t o 200 V of The ac alternating current are sent downhole via two wireline conductors. voltage i s stepped up i n a voltage t r i p p l e r and charges the two 6-uf capacitors t o ~1600V. A f i r e pulse generated uphole i s sent downhole on a single wireline conductor. The f i r e pulse i s delayed and shaped i n the f i r i n g c i r c u i t and fires the SCR. The SCR f i r i n g discharges the capacitors through the scroll windings, generating the acoustic wave. An accelerometer mounted on a bulkhead near t h e s c r o l l s generates a shotbreak s i g n a l , which i s amplified i n the tool and transmitted uphole. Dewar temperature is also measured and sent t o the surface.
11.

111. RECEIVER (see Fig. 2)

Electronically, the receiver is more complex than the transmitter. The crystal, located i n the transducer cavity, converts the acoustic wave from the transmitter i n t o an electrical signal. The signal is amplified by a charge amplifier and two stages of digitally programmable, variable-gain amplifiers.

52

-.

F ig

. 1.

Acoustic transcei ver t r a n s m i t t e r

A low-gain signal taken from the output o f the f i r s t v a r i a b l e gain a m p l i f i e r

and a high-gain signal from the second stage are fed t o

VCO's along w i t h the

o u t p u t o f a dewar t e m p e r a t u r e sensor. The VCO's a r e mixed, and t h e FM composite signal i s transmitted t o the surface v i a w i r e l i n e conductors f o r storage and processing. A s e r i a l gain word from uphole feeds a UART c i r c u i t . The p a r a l l e l o u t p u t bus o f t h e UART i s t h e n used t o s e t t h e g a i n o f t h e d i g i t a l l y programmable a m p l i f i e r s Variable gain i s necessary i n the receiver f o r several reasons. The ceramic p i e z o e l e c t r i c m a t e r i a l used i n the c r y s t a l transducer experiences an appreciable loss i n s e n s i t i v i t y a t elevated temperatures. Tests o f these c r y s t a l s show the output i s -11 dB a t 150C from room temperature. Therefore, due t o changes i n acoustic t r a n s m i s s a b i l i t y o f geologic s t r a t a i n the borehole and the f a c t t h a t transducer s e n s i t i v i t y i s i n d i r e c t l y proportional t o t h e

53

Fig. 2.

Acoustic transceiver receiver. v a r i a b l e gain becomes a very useful

A

temperature gradient o f the borehole, feature.

Acoustic coupling i s enhanced by o i l f i l l i n g the transducer c a v i t i e s .

TFE Teflon window separates o i l i n s i d e the c a v i t y from borehole f l u i d and offers excellent coupling. Also, t o keep the receiver signal f r e e o f unwanted noise, a Faraday s h i e l d around the transducer c r y s t a l i s u t i l i z e d along w i t h s p e c i a l l y designed centralizers. Foam metal i s used i n t h e i n t e r f a c e area between t h e c e n t r a l i z e r s and the t o o l body t o minimize surface noise t r a v e l i n g down the wellbore from entering' the tool.
IV.

SURFACE SYSTEM

The surface system i s t h e c o n t r o l l e r f o r b o t h t h e t r a n s m i t t e r and receiver. The FM composite signal from t h e r e c e i v e r i s f e d through

54

discriminators,

and the raw signals are then stored on magnetic tape.

The

s i g n a l s are a l s o fed i n t o a gain c o n t r o l box where the amplitude i s measured and the gain changed i f necessary. Dewar temperatures f o r the t o o l s are also d i spl ayed

A computer c o n t r o l s the f i r i n g r a t e o f the t r a n s m i t t e r as a f u n c t i o n o f

depth o r time and a l s o s t a r t s and stops the tape recorder. Computer c o n t r o l of the f i r i n g r a t e and recorder expedites 1oggi ng and conserves precious downhole operating time.
A

crosswell

survey

consists

of

collection o f

scans

i n which

r e p e t i t i v e s i g n a l source, o r t r a n s m i t t e r , i s moved i n one w e l l between p o s i t i o n s a t comparable distances above and below the depth o f a r e c e i v e r s t a t i o n e d i n a n e i g h b o r i n g we1 1. S t a c k i n g r e c e i v e r waveforms t o t h e i r corresponding depths produces a scan as i l l u s t r a t e d i n Fig. 3. Since data i s stored on magnetic tape, geophysists can process i t using a Fourier analyzer. From t h i s processing, tomographic images can be produced as w e l l as other forms o f analysis

IFig. 3.

50ms-

6435ft and 6430ft Scans

Scan of stacking receiver waveforms t o t h e i r corresponding depths.

,
c

*
.-

DEVELOPMENT O A NEW BOREHOLE ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER FOR GEOTHERMAL APPLICATIONS F

by Troy K. Moore Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, NM 87545

ABSTRACT Currently Westfal ische Berggewerkschaftskasse (WBK) of West Germany and the Los Alamos National Laboratory o f the United States are j o i n t l y developing a borehole acoustic televiewer f o r use i n geothermal wellbores. The t o o l can be described as f i v e subsystems working together t o produce a borehole image. Each of the subsystems w i l l be described.

I. INTRODUCTION

The t o o l described i n t h i s paper i s an extension o f the SABIS (Scanning Acoustic Borehole Image System) developed by WBK (Hinz and Schepers, 1983). The new version not only w i l l be temperature hardened f o r geothermal a p p l i c a t i o n s b u t w i l l incorporate several new ideas.* General t o o l . s p e c i f i c a t i o n s a r e found i n F i g . 1 The scope o f t h i s paper w i l l be t o describe i n general t h e subsystems o f the televiewer. The borehole televiewer can be broken i n t o f i v e subsystems. The acoustic p a r t transmits and receives each acoustic pulse used t o map the borehole w a l l . The r e f l e c t e d signal i s processed by the downhole electronics. Resulting data are PCM encoded and transmitted t o the surfac i a a logging cable. Once t h e *Information provided t o K. H i n t by B. Dennis, Los Alamos National Laboratory

(1985).
57

data a r r i v e a t the surface, the uphole control u n i t records the data on tape as w e l l as provides t h e user w i t h real-time outputs. Since t h e data W i l l reside on tape, mission s p e c i f i c o f f - l i n e processing procedures are e a s i l y ed app 1i I n a d d i t i o n t o mentioned design specifications, two other c r i t e r i a have

<

been addressed. The acoustic p a r t o f the t o o l has been placed as f a r forward on the t o o l as possible i n order t o provide a 'look-down" perspective (Fig.
1). Also, subassemblies have been modularly designed t o a i d i n f i e l d assembly.

11.

ACOUSTIC SUBASSEMBLY The acoustic system houses two p i e z o e l e c t r i c c r y s t a l s mounted 180" apart

on a r o t a t i n g b l o c k . E i t h e r t h e 1.3-MHz o r t h e 625-kHz c r y s t a l s may be selected v i a the uphole control u n i t . The c r y s t a l s are r o t a t e d i n a s i l i c o n o i l - f i l l e d c a v i t y a t 360 rpm by an ac synchronous motor. A Teflon window maintains separation between the s i l i c o n o i l and borehole fluids. Pressure balance i s preserved using a f l o a t i n g p i s t o n arrangement. Communication w i t h t h e motor and t r a n s d u c e r t r a v e l s t h r o u g h a s l i p r i n g assembly and electronics a high-pressure connector before reaching the downhole

111. DOWNHOLE ELECTRONICS

The downhole e l e c t r o n i c s subsystem s based around an I n t e l 8085 microprocessor responsible f o r c o n t r o l o f the downhole data c o l l e c t i o n and transmission. Heat developed i n t e r n a l 1y by the downhole e l e c t r o n i c s and heat from the environment are stored i n a heat sink. The e l e c t r o n i c s and heat sink are packaged i n a dewar f o r thermal protection. F o r each shot, t h e t r a v e l t i m e of t h e f i r s t a r r i v a l and t h e peak amplitude o f the r e f l e c t e d signal are measured. To i n i t i a t e a shot, microprocessor t r i g g e r s t h e selected c r y s t a l w i t h a p u l se A f t e r r ingdown, t h e c r y s t a l i s reconfigured t o act as a receiver o f the r e f l e c t e d signal. At a predetermined time, the e l e c t r o n i c s begin l i s t e n i n g for the r e t u r n . The The received signal i s processed by an a m p l i f i e r w i t h an adjustable gain. peak amplitude detected i s retained. window and the a m p l i f i e r gain are determined, CPU.

the

Both the time t o begin t h e l i s t e n i n g based on previous shots, by the

58

.
3 CONDUCTOR FEEDTHRU

THERMAL FLASK ELECTRONICS

GENERAL SUMMARY
O D 275 70 mm 1 W l O CENTRALIZERS 1
0. 0. 3.375 * 86 mm f WlCENTRALlZERS I

16 PIN HIGH PRESSURE BULKHEAD FEEDTHRU

CENTRALIZERS 1 5 LENGTH 14 ft PRESSURE TEMPERATURE

381 mm

4.3 M
gMK) psi

275

4 4 HOUR RUN AT 260 C

LOGGING RATE t FAST SCAN 1 10 ftlrnin 3 mlmin TRANSDUCER ROTATION 360 rpm CRYSTAL FIRE FREa
3072 Hz

A C MOTOR

MARK SWITCH

1 OR 512lREVOLUTlON 1
M A X HOLE DIAMETER
#)in Wcm

10 CHANNEL SLIP RINGS

1USING C water

60.OOO

inlrec

FLUX GATE MAGNETOMETER

ROTATING TRANSDUCERS

WINDOW PRESSURE BALANCE PISTON. CYLINDER

Fig. 1 .

Borehole acoustic televiewer.

Travel time o f the f i r s t a r r i v a l i s the time between f i r i n g the c r y s t a l and the r e f l e c t e d signal amplitude exceeding a threshold. The threshold i s selected based on previous shots. To reduce noise i n the received signal, t h e microprocessor synchronizes the signals d r i v i n g the ac motor w i t h r e c e i v e r

59

a c t i v i t i e s . T h i s will guarantee t h a t listening for a return and switching the motor current are mutually exclusive events. Borehole temperature, temperature inside the dewar, and output from the three i ncl i nometers represent data requi red on1y once per revol u t i on. At specific times d u r i n g a revolution, these conditions are sampled and available f o r encoding. A mark is generated t o indicate a complete revolution of the acoustic part. O u t p u t from the fluxgate coil i s interpreted t o determine which shot most nearly aligns w i t h magnetic north. For uphole transmission, the peak amplitude and travel time values are appended together. Two additional b i t s are added t o allow serial encoding o f once per revolution parameters. The resulting data word i s then PCM encoded. IV.
LOGGING CABLE

The PCM-encoded data are transmitted t o the uphole control u n i t via 6600 m of 7-conductor or coaxial logging cable. Power for the downhole electronics i s s u p p l i e d using the logging cable.
UPHOLE CONTROL UNIT The uphole control u n i t (Fig. 2) i s constructed around the Siemens PMS-T 85D Microprocessor System ( I n t e l 8085 CPU) T h i s subsystem provides the user interface, controls the real-time outputs, and records the collected data on tape. The uphoTe control u n i t provides the interface between the tool and the user. To i n i t i a t e and control tool operation, commands are entered a t the system terminal. The format of the real-time o u t p u t s can be changed a t any time. Once-per-revolution parameters displayed on the system terminal provide i n s i g h t i n t o the condition and operation of the t o o l . Upon arrival a t the surface, the data stream i s decoded, and the serial data are s t r i p p e d off and placed i n a parameter buffer. Travel time and peak amplitude values are separated and written t o buffers. Date/time and logging r a t e values are i n p u t from external sources and included i n the parameter buffer. Data collected by the tool are displayed on a color monitor. A hardcopy may be generated by the gray scale recorder. Data are mapped t o i n t e n s i t i e s via a user- selected look-up table. Using mark and magnetic north information,
V.

60

Siommnr Microprocoaaor

o th. Logging R ~ t Information

Fig. 2.

Uphole control system.

data from a revolution are rotated t o position the shot representing north as the first pixel i n a raster scan line. Values from successive revolutions are inserted i n t o the graphics c o n t r o l l e r such t h a t the o u t p u t of the c o l o r monitor will i l l u s t r a t e moving along the borehole. streaming tape on a revolution Data are written t o a 1/4-in. (mark-toinark) basis. When a l l data from a revolution are present, the three buffers are written t o tape as three records. A second s e t of buffers are present t o a1 low concurrent 1/0 operations. OFF-LINE PROCESSING Real -time outputs may not provide sufficient information for an application. Off-line processing allows the user t o manipulate collected data t o meet specific needs.
VI.
61

The

1/4-in.

tape

provides

medium

for

transferring

data

to

minicomputer for f u r t h e r analysis. may include (1) data c a l i b r a t i o n ,

A f i r s t step may be t o organize the data

i n t o a standard format before any additional processing.

Operations involved

(2) r o t a t i n g data using n o r t h information,

(3) evaluation of borehole deviation, and (4) c o r r e c t i o n f o r t o o l n o t centered

i n borehole. Once i n i t i a l processing has occurred, t h e data c o l l e c t i o n may be broken up i n t o segments and placed i n d i r e c t o r i e s representing ranges o f depths
A t t h i s point, mission s p e c i f i c software may be applied.

Such algorithms

may include image enhancement, s t a t i s t i c a l analysis, p a t t e r n recognition, etc.

VII. SUMMARY
A borehole acoustic televiewer i s being developed j o i n t l y by West Germany

and t h e United States. As the t o o l moves along t h e borehole, u l t r a s o n i c pulses are f i r e d from a r o t a t i n g head. The amplitude and t r a v e l time o f the r e f l e c t e d pulse are measured by the downhole e l e c t r o n i c s and transmitted t o the surface v i a the logging cable. The uphole control u n i t records the data and provides real-time output t o the user.

REFERENCES
1 .
K. H i n t and R. Schepers, "SABIS (Scanning Acoustic Borehole Image System The D i g i t a l Version o f the Borehole Televiewer," Eighth SPWLA London Chapter Europe Formation Eva1u a t i o n Symposium Transactions (1983)

--

62

SPUTTERED THIN-FILM STRAIN-GAGE PRESSURE TRANSDUCER F R HI GH-TEM PERkTURE A PPLI CATIONS O

by Robert Backus CEC Instrument D i v i s i o n 325 Halstead S t r e e t P.O. B i n 7087 Pasadena, CA 91109-7087 presented by Joseph A. Catanach Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, NM 87545

They are widely used on r o c k e t launch vehicles where they are subjected t o high l e v e l s of shock and v i b r a t i o n . They t o l e r a t e h i g h l y corrosive pressurizing f l u i d s and operate a t temperatures ranging from t h a t o f l i q u i d hydrogen (-423F) t o highpressure steam above 500OF. The successful performance o f these transducers i n such severe environments r e s u l t s from a v a r i e t y o f design factors, s t r i n g e n t c o n t r o l o f f a b r i c a t i o n processes, s t a b i l i z e the e n t i r e sensing structure. and special aging operations t o

CEC's sputtered, t h i n - f i l m , strain-gage pressure s p e c i f i c a l l y designed f o r severe environment applications. ..

transducers

are

The processing steps t h a t are essential t o production o f these stable, w i de-temperature- range sensors are out1 i ned herein The sensor beams o r diaphragms are c a r e f u l l y machined t o t i g h t

tolerances , annealed, age-hardened,

and stress -re1 ieved.

The surfaces t o be

gaged are lapped f l a t and polished t o a m i r r o r f i n i s h f r e e o f surface s t r a i n and mechanical defects. A number o f these beam. o r diaphragm substrates are then placed i n a s p u t t e r i n g chamber f o r deposition o f the t h i n - f i l m sensor components.

63

I n the sputtering chamber, low-pressure argon gas i s ionized by an rf field. The ionized gas molecules are accelerated toward a f l a t p l a t t a r g e t made o f the material t o be deposited where they impact, dislodge, and i o n i z e atoms o f t h e t a r g e t material. The dislodged atoms are, i n turn, accelerated toward the substrates a r r i v i n g w i t h s u f f i c i e n t energy t o produce strong i n t e r molecular bonds between themselves and t h e substrate atoms. Before deposition, however, the process i s momentarily reversed t o sputter-etch the surface o f t h e substrates. This removes any remaining surface contaminants t h a t might i n t e r f e r e w i t h the adhesion o f the deposited layer.

A t h i n l a y e r o f s i l i c o n dioxide ( $ i o 2 ) i s deposited f i r s t t o provide e l e c t r i c a l i n s u l a t i o n between substrate and s t r a i n gages. The gage m a t e r i a l ,

a cermet, i s next deposited over the e n t i r e surface o f the substrates. The sensor elements are then removed from the chamber and are f i t t e d w i t h t h i n m e t a l masks which have openings o n l y where e l e c t r i c a l c o n t a c t pads a r e required f o r connection t o the gage elements. These are again placed i n a s p u t t e r i n g chamber where nichrome i s sputtered onto the gage material, through the mask openings. The sensor elements are again removed from the chamber, coated w i t h a l a y e r o f photoresist material and exposed t o u l t r a v i o l e t l i g h t t h r o u g h a p h o t o g r a p h i c mask t o d e f i n e t h e gage elements. a p o r t i o n o f the m e t a l l i c contact pads.
A l l unexposed

p h o t o r e s i s t i s then removed, leaving only t h a t which defines gage geometry and The assemblies are again placed i n the sputtering chamber f o r sputter-etch removal o f a l l gage material except t h a t protected by the photoresist. O removal from the chamber, the gages are n probed t o v e r i f y r e s i s t a n c e , matching, and d i e l e c t r i c i s o l a t i o n . After thermocompression b a l l bonding of O.OO2-in.-diam gold leads t o the contact pads, the completed sensors are annealed and thermally aged w e l l above maximum operating temperatures and then we1ded i n t o transducer assembl i e s

After pressure

assembly, and

the

completed

transducers before

go

through

an

extensive and final

temperature-aging

process

compensation

c a l i b r a t i o n t o ensure t h e i r long-term operational s t a b i l i t y . The high-temperature CEC 1000-0009 assembly contains o n l y m e t a l l i c and ceramic materials, consequently i t w i l l operate continuously a t temperatures up t o 600'F.

64

USE OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE TRANSDUCERS I N GEOTHERMAL WELL LOGGING

J e r r y Kolar Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, NM 87545 ABSTRACT D u r i n g t h e month o f September 1985, Group ESS-6 o f t h e Los Alamos National Laboratory was involved i n logging several geothermal - w e l l s i n the M i r a v a l l e s Geothermal F i e l d o f Costa Rica. This o p e r a t i o n was i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h t h e U.S. a i d program t o Central America. This r e p o r t describes some o f the high-temperature transducers and components used i n t h i s operation and defines some o f the dat taken w i t h the use of these transducers.

I.

I NTROOUCTION

The purpose o f t h i s r e p o r t i s t o transducers and components i n a geothermal transducers and components were purchased

s t r a t e the use of various ronment. I n a l l cases, t h e the Los Alamos National

Laboratory f o r use i n t h e i r downhole geothermal logging instruments. The place chosen t o demonstrate t h i s usage i s the Miravalles Geothermal F i e l d i n Costa

II.

OPERATIONS The logging operations i n Costa Rica were performed w i t h the f o l l o w i n g

Los A1 amos 1oggi ng t o o l s :

1) casing c o l l a r l o c a t o r (CCL),

2 ) water-sampler,

3) 3-arm cal iper , 4 ) s p i nner-temperature-pressure (STP) tool w i t h CCL, and

5) temperature-pressure (TP) tool

The logging tools used i n Costa Rica contained the following major components and transducers: 1) thermistors, 2) dc motors, 3) potentiometers, 4 ) potentiometric pressure transducers, 5 ) s t r a i n-gage pressure transducers, 6) casing collar locators, and 7 ) reed switches. The logging operations were performed w i t h a logging u n i t t h a t was outfitted w i t h a Hewlett Packard data acquisition system, a 7-conductor, TFE-insulated 1 1oggi ng cabl e, and a Los A amos-desi gned cabl ehead.
111. LOGS

Temperature On the average the production zone temperature a t the Miravalles Figure 1 i s representative Geothermal Fie1 d was approximately 24OOC. temperature data of Well PCM-3 under nonflowing conditions. The plot is depth i n f e e t versus temperature i n degree centigrade. The water level w i t h an isothermal layer of steam above the water level can be seen a t 850 ft. B. Water Sampler One of the most important logging tools used i n the Miravalles logging operation was the Los Alamos water sampler. The major components i n this tool consist of a thermistor t o measure the temperature of the sample and a dc motor for opening and closing. the sample bottle. D u r i n g the f i r s t logging operation i n Costa Rica, the water sampler acquired six samples i n different we1 1s under s h u t - i n and dynamic conditions The sample b o t t l e used has a capacity of 817 mk. On the average, 550 ma of f l u i d was obtained w i t h the remainder being gases.
A.

66

TEMP.

SURVEY: H i c a v o l l a r wal 1 PGN-3

85/89/12

coo

m
R
Y

E
L
c

+
+

+
+
/ +

f'

I50

+
4

OEPTH ( F t I

Fig. 1. Temperature data of W1 1 PCM-3. e 3-Arm Caliper The Los Alamos 3-arm caliper tool was used i n Costa Rica primarily f o r the investigation of c a l c i t e buildup. The major components i n this tool consist of rotary potentiometers and a dc motor t o extend the arms when ready t o log. Figures 2, 3, 4, and 5 are representative o f the caliper data taken i n the Miravalles wells. The figures are data p l o t s of the average radius i n inches from tool centerline versus depth i n feet. Figure 2 i s a p l o t of a 100-ft section of a 7-5/8-in. slotted l i n e r i n Well PGM-10. The nominal inside diameter of the 7-5/8-in. liner is 6.966 i n . or 3.48 i n . from t o o l centerline. From this p l o t you can see t h a t .this section of liner is nearly 0.4 i n . under nominal inside diameter w i t h l i t t l e evidence of s l o t s . The results suggest c a l c i t e b u i l d u p . Figure 3 i s a plot of a 100-ft section i n the well above the plot i n Fig. 2. Here w can see the gradual increase i n inside diameter t o near-rated e values, and we can now see open slots i n the liner.
C.

67

2.5 3700

'

'

"

'

'

'

3720

3740

3760

3780

3800

DEPTH ( F T )

Fig. 2.

Caliper data from Well PGM-10.

Figure 4 i s a p l o t o f a c a l i p e r survey o f a 300-ft section of Well PGM-3. S t a r t i n g from the l e f t side o f the p l o t , we have a 9-5/8-in. casing w i t h a l i n e r hanger and 7-5/8-in. l i n e r top a t approximately 1925 ft. Moving t o the r i g h t , we have a b l i n d l i n e r t o 2100 f t and a s l o t t e d l i n e r from there down. I n the middle o f t h i s p l o t above 2100 ft, we see two j o i n t s o f 7-5/8-in. b l i n d l i n e r t h a t should be smooth b u t show evidence o f being p i t t e d . To show you t h a t we do have i n d i v i d u a l 3-arm c a p a b i l i t y w i t h readouts, Fig. 5 i s a p l o t o f the 3 arms from t h e section o f t h e w e l l i n the previous p l o t , Fig. 4.
D.

STP Tool

A l o g g i n g t o o l t h a t was used a g r e a t deal i n t h e M i r a v a l l e s l o g g i n g operations was the spinner-temperature-pressure tool, o r STP t o o l , w i t h casing

c o l 1a r locator. The t o o l consists o f the f o l 1owing transducers and components : 1) thermistor,

68

DEPTH { F T )

Fig. 3.

Caliper data from Well PGM-10.

2) potentiometric pressure transducer, 3) casing collar locator, and 4) reed switches. The instrument is s t r i c t l y analog w i t h no dewar o r active electronics downhole. A l l four functions a r e recorded continuously without any switching using a 7-conductor logging cable.

Figure 6 is a p l o t of an STP survey i n Well PGM-10 under s h u t - i n conditions. Depth i s 0 t o 1200 m. The top trace i s pressure i n bars, the middle trace is spinner output i n hertz, and the bottom trace is temperature i n degree centigrade. The p l o t shows a wellhead s h u t - i n pressure of about 5 bars w i t h a f l u i d level of about 300 m. The only flow out of the well during t h i s log was some gas f l o w t h r o u g h our control head. W can see t h i s e outgassing on the spinner output a t the water level and below for about 150 m.
69

'
c I

I900

'

1950

"

"

2000

2050

"

'

2 100

"

2 150

"

2200

"

DEPTH

(FT)

Fig. 4.

Caliper data from Well PGM-3.

Figure 7 i s a p l o t o f the same w e l l from 0 t o 1200 m under dynamic o r f l o w i n g conditions. Figure 6 has a spinner scale o f 0 t o 50 Hz. This p l o t i s scaled from 0 t o 800 Hz. Here we can see the spinner response i n two-phase f l o w i n the upper p o r t i o n o f the w e l l , a v e l o c i t y change a t a l i n e r t o p a t 730 m, and the b o i l i n g p o i n t a t approximately 850 m defined by a l l three functions. This data was recorded while logging down a t a constant 50 f t / m i n r a t e . An a d d i t i o n a l note on the spinner output shows an increasing v e l o c i t y from t h e b o i l i n g p o i n t down. This can be a t t r i b u t e d t o a s t e a d i l y decreasing pipe diameter due t o c a l c i t e buildup. The m a j o r p r o d u c t i o n zone i n t h i s w e l l i s below our l o g g i n g depth. Because o f c a l c i t e buildup, the diameter o f our logging instrument would n o t pass through the zone o f i n t e r e s t .

70

Fig. 5 .

Caliper data from Well PGM-3.

I
I

TP Tool TO record a l l functions of the STP tool on a 7-conductor logging cable, a potentiometric pressure transducer was used. An alternate pressure measurement was also used i n Costa RSca w i t h a temperature-pressure tool, o r TP t o o l The components i n this t o o l include a t h e r m i s t o r and a s t r a i n gage-type pressure transducer rather than potentiometric. Figure 8 i s a p l o t of a temperature/pressure survey i n Me11 PGM-10 from 0 t o 1200 m under dynamic or flowing conditions. The top trace is pressure i n bars, and the bottom trace i s temperature i n degree centigrade. Again, w can e define a b o i l i n g p o i n t a t 850 m by the break i n both the pressure and . temperature curves.
E.
1

71

10

STi" Survey:

(5hut-ip) r i t r a v a l :cs w e l ? PC;H-:O

400

e00

1200

-0

400

BOC

! 900

DEPTH CHetero)

Fig. 6.

P l o t o f an STP survey i n Well PGM-10.

IV.

SUMMARY

I n summary, the recent logging operations i n Costa Rica have demonstrated

t h e use o f several high-temperature components and transducers f o r use i n geothermal we11 logging

Transducers,

components, seals

i n s u l a t i n g material s, etc

., used

i n the

high-temperature logging operations i n Costa Rica were purchased from t h e following manufacturers: Rochester Corporation; Kemlon Products; Gulton Industries; Parker Rubber:

E.I.

DuPont Company; Allen

American

Electronics,

Inc. ; Dow Corning; Boyd I n d u s t r i a l L i t t o n Potentiometer;

Seal ; Bal-Seal; Gearhart;

Bradley;

Mu1t i c o r e

Solder;

Sparton Southwest;

CEC Instruments;

Conax Corporation; Standard Wire and Cable; Hot Hole Instruments; and Hamlin.

72

. . . . . . , . . . . . . . , . . . . . . .
.I'

,' /
/
1

/ "
I . . . . . . .

. . . . . . .
F -

. . . . . . . . . . . .

400

800

. . . . . . . .,

120c

2501

. . . . . . . , . . . . . . . , . . . . . .

lSO0

5
400

eo0

1200

Fig. 7.

Plot o f an STP survey i n Well PGM-10.

T

. . . . . . .

400

800

1200

Fig. 8.

Plot o f a temperature/pressure survey i n Well PGM-10.

73/74

HIGH-TEMPERATURE VELOCITY TRANSDUCERS

S. E. Haggard Mark Products U.S., Inc. 10507 Kinghurst Drive Houston, TX 77099

ABSTRACT

The high-temperature transducers discussed i n t h i s paper are a m o d i f i c a t i o n o f the moving-coil, v e l o c i ty-sensi t i v e , motion transducer widely used i n seismic e x p l o r a t i o n i n the o i l business. They are commonly cal l e d geophones o r seismometers. In t h i s service they are expected t o operate s a t i s f a c t o r i l y a t any ambient temperature found from the n o r t h slope o f Alaska t o t h e Sahara desert. These conditions range from -40F t o 130F. Increasing usage o f these transducers as a component i n bottom-hole we1 1-logging instruments a t greater depths has r a i s e d the service temperature requirements f o r these components Two areas o f i n t e r e s t are a f f e c t e d when the transducers are subjected t o temperatures much above 200F. These are 1) mechanical i n t e g r i t y due t o changes i n physical properties o f materials i n their construction, and 2) changes i n e l e c t r i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . The materials used i n the normal transducer and their substitutes for high-temperature Changes i n applications w i l l be discussed. e l e c t r i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s can be predicted f a i r l y accurately by computer. Some v e r i f i c a t i o n has been W e made by t e s t b u t n o t much over 200F. considered temperatures t o 500"F, which i s about the upper l i m i t f o r m a t e r i a l s presently being used i n t h i s application.

75

INTRODUCTION The transducer discussed i n this paper i s basically a very simple device I t s sensitivity is c o n s i s t i n g of a moving c o i l i n a magnetic f i e l d . proportional t o the velocity of the coil w i t h respect t o i t s case and the product of the length of wire i n the magnetic field and the f l u x density of the magnetic field. The l e n g t h of coil winding i s constant as i s the f l u x densi t y a t a given temperature. Thus, i t i s a veloci ty-sensi tive transducer. I t s c o i l form has two w i n d i n g s , each on aluminum bobbins o r forms separated by an i n s u l a t i n g p l a s t i c c e n t e r s e c t i o n . T h i s c o i l form i s supported w i t h i n two magnetic fields of opposite polarity by a pair of threearm springs, one a t each end of the c o i l form. T h e c o i l s a r e wound i n opposite directions and connected i n series. Their outputs are t h u s additive. The opposite polarity of the two magnetic f i e l d s has a canceling e f f e c t on any e x t e r n a l magnetic f i e l d . T h i s type of c o n s t r u c t i o n i s c a l l e d "Hum Bucking." Transducer output t h a t i s due t o power transmission lines or other strong f i e l d s is eliminated. The materials normally used i n the transducers's construction are such t h a t their mechanical i n t e g r i t y i s not compromised nor are t h e i r e l e c t r i c a l characteristics much a1tered over the temperature range from -40F through 200F. However, i f service temperatures much higher are t o be expected for any period of time, changes must be made. In t h i s d i s c u s s i o n , h i g h temperature i s considered t o be continuous service a t 500F and short-time exposure of a few hours i n the range of 525 t o 550F b u t never t o exceed 550F. W examined t h e changes i n the m a t e r i a l s used i n each p a r t of the e assembly t h a t are needed t o meet these service temperature requirements. A. Outer Case T h i s i s satisfactory for well Cadmium-plated steel i s normally used. over 550F. B. Case Top and Bottom A zinc die casting of Zamak 2 i s normally used. Unsatisfactory. Part is machined from free machining yellow brass for high-temperature service. C. Tubular Hermetic Seals Hot tin-dipped Kovar/glass seals are normally used. Unsatisfactory. A1 1 t i n i s chemically removed and both flange and tubular portion of seal are gold
76

I.

electroplated. T h i s i s done t o eliminate leaching of t i n into high-temperature solder during termination. Contamination of high-temperature solder by the t i n will lower i t s melting point t o an intolerable level. Ersin HMP solder w i t h a l i q u i d u s of 565"Fto 574F i s used both when soldering. the hermetic seals and terminating the coil winding internally. D. Coil Form Assembly T h i s p a r t i s normally a molded assembly c o n s i s t i n g of two 2011-T3 aluminum alloy bobbins Joined by an insulating p l a s t i c band of 33% glass-filled nylon. T h i s is unsatisfactory over 200F. For high-temperature service, the two bobbins are joined w i t h a central band machined from DuPont Vespel SP-1. I t s s e r v i c e temperature i s over 650F when i n an i n e r t atmosphere. A l l our transducers a r e evacuated and f i l l e d w i t h an atmosphere of dry nitrogen and hermetically sealed. The aluminum bobbins are attached t o the Vespel center section using gold-plated brass 00-90 machine screws. E. Coil Windings Normally soldereze-insulated copper magnet wire is used. T h i s insulation is obviously not satisfactory for this service. Here w use Teflon-insulated e wire good for 500F continuous and much higher for short periods of time. Ersin HMP solder i s used for termination t o the gold-plated screws. The bobbins are insulated from each other by the Vespel section, and the bobbins themselves are used for coil termination. O u t p u t i s brought out through the support springs on each end of the coil. The windings are insulated from the bobbins by a layer of 0.003-in.-thick Teflon tape. F. Support Springs These springs for a l l service temperatures are the same. They are made o f BeCu Alloy 25 rolled t o l j 2 hard temper. They are chemically etched t o correct outline using techniques similar t o those used i n p r i n t e d ' c i r c u i t board manufacture, Dimensions are held t o closer than 0.0005 i n . After the springs a r e etched t o size, they a r e p r e c i p i t a t i o n hardened t o maximum This properties by heat treating i n a special fixture f o r 2 h a t 600F. fixture performs the s p r i n g t o a raised or o f f s e t condition when i t i s not supporting the coil mass t o an amount equal t o the sag when the coil mass i s applied. Thus, the springs are f l a t when the u n i t is assembled. T h i s f l a t s p r i n g condition produces a transducer w i t h an output of a h i g h degree of l i n e a r i t y and a distortion of less than 0.2% a t high-output levels.
~

77

Temperatures much above 500F w i l l p a r t i a l l y anneal the spring m a t e r i a l , and t h e s p r i n g s w i l l sag u n t i l t h e c o i l r e s t s on t h e case b o t t o m and t h e transducer i s inoperative. W have y e t t o encounter t h i s f a i l u r e i n service e and cannot p r e d i c t l i f e span a t any p a r t i c u l a r temperature. Magnets The magnets used are made o f Cast Alnico 8 and ground t o size. Temperatures w i t h i n the desired range have no i r r e v e r s i b l e e f f e c t s on t h e i r magnetic properties. However, t h e i r magnetic strength o r f l u x density does T h i s i s a s m a l l amount and i s f a i r l y f a l l o f f b y a b o u t 3.5% a t 550F.

G.

predictable.
H.

Pole Pieces

These are made o f gold-plated screw machine s t e e l and are not affected w i t h i n the desired temperature range. I. Other I n t e r n a l Parts There are three other i n s u l a t i n g mechanical p a r t s made o f Vespel SP-1. As noted e a r l i e r , these are s a t i s f a c t o r y t o over 650F i n the atmosphere present. Two O.OlO-in.-thick i n s u l a t i n g washers of 6-7 a r e a l s o used t o prevent ends o f c o i l assembly from contacting t h e metal case top and bottom. This material has been s a t i s f a c t o r y .

J.

0-Rings The O-rings used f o r hermetic sealing o f the case top and bottom are of

Parker E962-85 special ethylene propylene rubber compound f o r steam service over 500F.
I(.

Changes i n E l e c t r i c a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s The e l e c t r i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f the transducer are a l t e r e d t o various These changes are p r e d i c t a b l e Most o f these are most

degrees by increase i n operating temperature.

and e a s i l y calculated w i t h a simple computer program.

e a s i l y shown by response curves f o r the desired temperature. A s e r i e s Of these curves f o r a t y p i c a l high-temperature transducer i s included w i t h t h i s paper. The natural frequency o f the transducer does n o t change w i t h temperature as long as i t remains operable. The open c i r c u i t s e n s i t i v i t y drops about 3.5% a t 550F. a p p l i c a t i o n s t h i s can probably be neglected. The change i n resistance o f the shunt r e s i s t o r i s only 0.5%/100" and can a l s o be neglected i n most cases.

I n most

78

The

resistance

of

the

aluminum p o r t i o n o f

the

coil

form assembly

increases markedly with temperature. The open c i r c u i t damping o f the u n i t varies i n v e r s e l y w i t h t h i s resistance. Hence, open c i r c u i t damping drops considerably with temperature i t h e order o f 7%/100'. n The t o t a l damping o f the u n i t i s the sum o f the open c i r c u i t damping p l u s t h e damping caused by the shunt r e s i s t o r . temperature. y e t i s e a s i l y calculable. The damped output o f the u n i t i s equal t o the undamped output times the value o f t h e shunt r e s i s t o r divided by the sum o f t h e c o i l resistance p l u s the value o f the shunt r e s i s t o r . I n t h a t the c o i l resistance. increases markedly w i t h temperature, t h e damped output w i l l f a l l o f f g r e a t l y w i t h temperature a t higher values of t o t a l damping. Since most transducers are shunted t o g i v e a t o t a l damping of 60 t o 70% o f c r i t i c a l , t h e damped output o f the u n i t w i l l be g r e a t l y reduced a t higher temperatures. This i s q u i t e evident on the f a m i l y o f curves presented w i t h t h i s paper. These curves take i n t o consideration a l l v a r i a t i o n s , however small This w i l l be m a t e r i a l l y a f f e c t e d by

The resistance o f the copper winding increases markedly w i t h temperature

It w i l l be noted on the 8-Hz curves f o r 350F and higher t h a t no 70% i s I t i s n o t p o s s i b l e t o dampen t h i s phone t o t h a t degree a t t h o s e shown. temperatures w i t h a r e s i s t i v e shunt.

I hope I have given you an overview of the construction problems involved i t h e m o d i f i c a t i o n o f s e i smi c v e l o c i ty-sensi ti ve transducers f o r downhol e n
a p p l i c a t i o n and the evaluation o f t h e i r e l e c t r i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a t elevated temperatures

79

PHONE AT w

PHONE AT 250 DEG c

PHONE AT 900 DEG c

PHONE AT 350 DEC c

OJoeOHYs 0.700

"

PHONE AT

400

DE c

80

PHONE AT 68 DE0 C

PHONE AT e50 DEC c

RESPONSE CURVE G15LB-TW-HT GEOPHONE

.1

FREQUENCY - - H E R T Z
d

l/h!,i I I1111

n + o o c f !

I 8

c
D

1987oBys 0m .
O S 3 O B y s 0m .

gs3gpg

PHONE AT 300 DEG C

PHONE AT

s o eo c

e
6

L-15U-TW-HT GEOPHONE

B c
N

11112OByS 0m . 62ooBys 0.600

c

n + o c m ~

o o~ o o o o n c
n

o~ p

81

82

A HIGH-TEMPERATURE TRANSDUCER F R MEASURING LOW-LEVEL DIFFERENTIAL O PRESSURES I N A HIGH-STATIC PRESSURE FIELD

Daniel McMahon Endevco 30700 Rancho Viejo Road San Juan Capistrano, CA 92675

ABSTRACT

A new pressure transducer has been designed u t i 1i z i n g state-of-the-art s i 1i c o n micromachi ning processes. T h i s t r a n s d u c e r has been p r i m a r i l y designed f o r use as a low-level pressure sensor -and, in some instances, a high-intensity m i crophone Manufactured s o l e l y from s i n g l e c r y s t a l s i 1 icon, the sensing element provides e x c e l l e n t l i n e a r i t y and low hysteresis. This paper contains a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h i s sensor and j t s use i n a downhol e a p p l i c a t i o n f o r f l u i d density measurement.

I.

INTRODUCTION
A c l a s s i c a l pressure measurement problem has been t o accurately sense

d i f f e r e n t i a l pressure i n the presence o f high common-mode pressure.

The most

frequent a p p l i c a t i o n i s d i f f e r e n t i a l pressure measurement across an o r i f i c e p l a t e t o determine f l o w r a t e (V2=Ap). Another a p p l i c a t i o n i s the measurement This i s determined by measuring the pressure d i f f e r e n c e between two p o i n t s i n a known column o f l i q u i d (y=P/h). An example o f such an a p p l i c a t i o n i s f l u i d density measurement i n a deep w e l l a t s t a t i c pressures of over 700 bar. Assuming the well contains a l i q u i d mixture w i t h a density close t o t h a t o f water, the need i s t o measure d i f f e r e n t i a l pressure below 0.1

03

'

bar i n a 700-bar s t a t i c f i e l d , assuming the column height i s approximately 0.5 t o 1 m. One o f the d i f f i c u l t i e s i n making these measurements i s caused by the common-mode pressure s e n s i t i v i t y o f most transducers. This means t h a t t h e output of the transducer, w i t h no d i f f e r e n t i a l pressure across it, changes as the common pressure t o both pressure p o r t s increases. When the r a t i o of t h e common-mode pressure t o d i f f e r e n t i a l pressure i s as high as i n the above example, measurements are usually not feasible. excessive.
11.

The zero s h i f t e r r o r s are

SUMMARY

As

shown

i n Figs.

1 and

2,

the

silicon-sensing

element

is

three

dimensional. The cross section i n Fig. 2 shows a photomicrograph o f t h e pressure diaphragm. One can e a s i l y see t h a t a d i s t r i b u t e d load o r pressure on one side r e s u l t s i n stress concentrations a t Points A, B, and C where a l l the bending occurs. Stress-sensitive materials are d i f f u s e d i n these areas, providing the highest possible s e n s i t i v i t y t o pressure. One version of this transducer is being used for measurement in This i s achieved by exposing t h e h y d r o s t a t i c pressure approaching 1000 bar. e n t i r e transducer t o the pressure and connecting the front-end pressure p o r t t o a l i n e which i s ,less than 1 m above the transducer. contained i n the column between the two pressure i n l e t s .
AWINNED AREA

A known l i q u i d i s

\CAGES

DIFFUSED INTO OPPDSIlE F A C E

Fig. 1.

Diffused, etch-contoured pressure sensor.

Fig. 2.

Photomicrograph o f diaphragm section through notches and islands

84

In f a c t , t h i s l i q u i d , which i s a d i e l e c t r i c f l u i d , a l s o completely surrounds the miniature transducer and provides a media barrier t o the hostile f l u i d s i n the well. W i t h the 8510B-style transducer used i n this manner, the zero o u t p u t change w i t h 700-bar hydrostatic pressure surrounding i t i s less than 0.00 bar. T h i s results i n a small measurement error. The performance of this transducer has proved t o be exemplary i n this type of application. In this type of application i t would also be extremely d i f f i c u l t t o use one of the rather large differential pressure transmitters as used i n the process i n d u s t r y for flow measurements. In addition, the shock and vibration would likely destroy a larger and more flexible transducer. W i t h such a high common-mode pressure and such a low d i f f e r e n t i a l pressure, one risk i s that the pressure t o both ports does not track and the difference exceeds the range of the transducer. The over-range specification of 40 p s i for the 85108 2-psi full-scale transducer greatly a s s i s t s i n making this a practical measurement. The performance characteristics of this new transducer make i t an ideal choice for measuring low-level pressures amidst a h i g h common-mode environment.

.
?

. . '

_ . . ~ .. _ _. _ I .

..

PASSIVE ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENTS I N GEOTHERMAL WELLS

Manuel Echave Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, NM 87545

Detection hot rock

of

fracture

dimensions system.

and

orientation The

of

a of

geothermal downhole

r e s e r v o i r i s important f o r c r e a t i n g and understanding the operation o f a dry, energy extraction development instrumentation. capable o f c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f h y d r a u l i c f r a c t u r e systems i n high-temperature and high-pressure borehole environments provides methods of measuring t h e . l o c a t i o n , o r i e n t a t i o n nd shape o f the f r a c t u r e . The downhole instrumentation must emphasize r e l i a b i l i t y o f measuring devices and e l e c t r o mechanical components t o f u n c t i o n p r o p e r l y a t borehole temperatures o f 250C and pressures o f 10 000 psi.

A passive method by which acoustic s i g n a l s are detected and used t o "map"

f r a c t u r e s has been under intense development f o r the Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Program. This method uses downhole t r i a x i a l geophone instruments t o d e t e c t acoustic s i g n a l s generated d u r i n g p r e s s u r i z a t i o n o r i n f l a t i o n o f t h e h y d r a u l i c f r a c t u r e systems. The geophones selected and u t i l i z e d are manufactured by Mark P.roducts (Model Nos. L15AHT-4.5Ht and L15AHT-30Hz). The f i r s t model i s a 12" v e r t i c a l geophone whose n a t u r a l frequency i s 4.5 Hz; t h e other detector has a n a t u r a l frequency of 30 Hz and i s used i n both the v e r t i c a l and h o r i z o n t a l axis. These geophones were t e s t e d t o 280C f o r several hours i n t h e laboratory, were downhole f o r 30 continuous hours a t borehole temperatures of 240C, and showed The geophones are incorporated i n no s i g n i f i c a n t sign o f s i g n a l degradation. three distinct downhol e acous ti c packages : the triaxial

87

acoustic detector, the slimline triaxial acoustic detector, and the Precambrian vertical acoustic detector. The triaxial acoustic detector is 13 f t long, weighs 325 l b s , and has an outside diameter of 5.5 i n . Four 30-Hz geophones are used i n each axis tied i n series. The detector employs either a downhole m u l t i p l e x or F multiplex M instrument system. The e l e c t r o n i c s a r e housed i n a thermal- p r o t e c t i o n system, which is composed of a controlled-environment enclosure (dewar) used i n conjunction w i t h a heat sink containing cerrobend. T h i s system greatly i n c r e a s e s downhole operating time and allows t h e use o f low-temperature electronics which enhances the capability of the instrument system. The multiplex system allows monitoring of additional pertinent data other than the geophone signals, i .e. , the internal dewar temperature, geophone orientation, and power-pack voltages ( b a t t e r i e s ) . Borehole slant angle i s measured and referenced t o previous we1 1bore surveys t o provide geophone orientation. The downhole multiplex is controlled from the surface data acquisition and control system. The program i s designed t o step the downhole multiplexer by operator i n i t i a t i o n of keyboard command allowing the measurement of auxiliary downhole data. Upon completion o f t h i s cycle, the computer w i l l return the mu1 t i p l e x t o continuously monitor the geophone o u t p u t s . The F system not only provides a multiplex system b u t also enhances the M H i gher signal -to-noi se r a t i o and increases data frequency transmission. frequencies can be transmitted uphole w i t h o u t loss of signal information because attenuation caused by the cable only affects the magnitude of the c a r r i e r frequency and not the data. The F system i s also ideal for use on M coaxial cab1e. The high-temperature slimline triaxial acoustic detector was primarily designed for use i n a d r i l l string. I t i s 10 f t long, weighs 150 l b s , and has an outside diameter of 3-1/4 i n . Two 30-Hz geophones are utilized i n each axis and tied i n series. A high-temperature amplifier c i r c u i t i s employed i n this package. A l l components are thermally hardened, tested t o 260C i n the laboratory, and have been used downhole for 30 h a t temperatures of 24OOC. There was no significant sign of signal degradation. Compensation adjustment i s made uphole on the electronics, which are placed i n an oven set for the temperatures they were expected t o encounter.
88

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s
D .

Borehole coupling o f the t r i a x i a l and s l i m l i n e t r i a x i a l acoustic d e t e c t o r s i s achieved by means o f an a r m - a c t u a t i n g d e v i c e d r i v e n b y a high-temperature (275C) dc motor. The coupling system extends an arm t o f o r c e the package against the borehole wall. The actuating linkage includes a shear p i n t o r e l e a s e t h e extended arm s h o u l d t h e motor f a i l downhole t o A balanced p i s t o n has been designed i n t o the actuating r e t r a c t the arm. mechanism t o equalize loading i n both d i r e c t i o n s . The t o t a l force o f the arm against the borehole wall i s about 325 lbs. The Precambrian v e r t i c a l acoustic detector i s 22 in. long, weighs 20 lbs, and has an outside diameter o f 2-1/2 i n . Four 4.5-Hz geophones are u t i l i z e d i n t h i s package; t h e y a r e t i e d i n s e r i e s . The package i s p o s i t i o n e d Several o f these approximately 2000 t o 3000 f t below the surface i n granite. detectors are u t i l i z e d and form a Precambrian network. Microearthquakes recorded during hydraulic s t i m u l a t i o n experiments

p r o v i d e i m p o r t a n t i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e s i z e and o r i e n t a t i o n o f a g r o w i n g hydraulic f r a c t u r e a t the Los Alamos National Laboratory's Fenton H i l l Hot Dry Rock Site. Signals recorded from the oriented downhole acoustic packages are analyzed t o determine the l o c a t i o n o f the microearthquakes o r events producing the signal. The acoustic signals generated by a seismic source consist o f two types o f body waves. The compressional waves (P-waves) propagate p a r a l l e l t o t h e d i r e c t i o n o f p a r t i c l e displacement throughout the media. The transverse o r shear waves (S-waves) propagate i n the shear mode o r perpendicular t o t h e I n any given sol i d medium, compressional d i r e c t i o n of p a r t i c l e displacement. waves t r a v e l a t a higher v e l o c i t y than the $-waves.
By knowing the medium and

measuring the time delay between the a r r i v a l o f the compressional and shear waves, distance can be measured. The p o l a r i z a t i o n d i r e c t i o n o f the i n i t i a l ( P ) wave a r r i v a l determines d i r e c t i o n . The p o l a r i z a t i o n d i r e c t i o n and S-P time g i v e the d i r e c t i o n and distance o f the event r e l a t i v e t o the detector.

FLUID SAMPLER

by Jacobo Archuleta Mechanical Design Services P.O. Box 364 Santa Crut, NM 87565

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the design changes and modifications incorporated i n t o an e x i s t i n g f l u i d sampler. The new d e s i g n u t i l i z e s a l l f e a t u r e s proved s u c c e s s f u l i n a 1975 sampler d e s i g n and upgrades from a 200C s p e c i f i c a t i o n l i m i t t o permit operation a t borehole temperatures of 300C and 10 000-psi pressure.

downhole

fluid

sampler

is

required

in

geothermal

operations

in

obtaining i n s i t u borehole f l u i d s before they mix w i t h other wellbore f l u i d s . F l u i d samples are obtained immediately upon entering the wellbore from a resf dent reservoi r , thereby preserving gases and d i ssol ved sol i d s i n sol u t i on.

A sample t h a t i s obtained a t the wellhead a f t e r f l a s h i n g i s impossible t o reconstitute.

Evaluation o f downhole samples obtained a t Fenton H i l l , Costa Rica, E l Centro, The Geysers, and other geothermal f i e l d s indicates t h a t these f l u i d s are useful i n i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f geothermal systems. characterization o f reservoirs, f l uid-time studies, Chemistry analysis allows and assessment o f maximum

r e s e r v o i r temperature and capaci t y o f deposi t i o n o r scal i ng

The new high-temperature design requires t h a t i t 1) operates a t 300C and 10 000 p s i i n geothermal f l u i d s ,

91

2) i s able t o operate on a single-conductor w i r e l i n e ,

3) incorporates features t o reseal b o t t l e a f t e r t a k i n g sample, 4) obtains a 2-a sample volume, 5 ) has l e s s than a 3-5/8-in. t o o l diameter.
A f l u i d sample i s o b t a i n e d b y opening a v a l v e mounted o n t h e sample

bottle.

A m i n i a t u r e high-temperature

dc motor i s u t i l i z e d t o operate the

valve stem. The design changes required t o upgrade are as follows:

1) new high-temperature California . ;

motor

furnished

by

AEI,

Inc.,

Fullerton,

2) double seals a t a l l j o i n t s ;

3 ) h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e EPDM O - r i n g s and Bal -Seal s o b t a i n e d f r o m P a r k e r I n d u s t r i e s and the Bal -Seal Engineering Company, respectively; 4 ) rugged, pressure-balanced valve stem;
5 ) new, a l l s t a i n l e s s s t e e l e x t r a c t i o n valves;

6) b u i l t - i n temperature w e l l i n sample b o t t l e ;
7 ) quick and simple sample t r a n s f e r disconnect; 8 ) simple uphole (surface) controls;
9 ) s l i c k l i n e operation mode, i.e.,

uses no wires.

The new sampler has been f i e l d tested a t the Fenton H i l l HDR boreholes and a t a geothermal w e l l i n the E l Centro v a l l e y .

92

s
s

INTERPRETATION OF WELL LOGS TO SELECT PACKER SEATS I N OPEN-HOLE SECTIONS OF GEOTHERMAL WELLS

by B e r t R. Dennis Los A1amos Nati onal Laboratory Los Alamos, NM 87545

I . INTRODUCTION A w i r e l i n e and mud logging program has been conducted i n conjunction w i t h r e d r i l l i n g operations i n Well EE-3 a t the Fenton H i l l Hot Dry Rock (HDR) S i t e

near Valles Caldera,

New Mexico.

The t r a j e c t o r y f o r the new bore,

EE-SA,

penetrated a f r a c t u r e d zone stimulated from adjacent Well EE-2 and thereby established hydraulic communication. To t e s t and stimulate selected zones i n EE-3AS i n f l a t a b l e open-hole packers designed f o r high-temperature service were used. Proper i d e n t i f i c a t i o n and s e l e c t i o n of packer seats were c r u c i a l t o the success o f the p r o j e c t . The logging program successfully i d e n t i f i e d f i v e competent packer seats i n s i x attempts Wireline temperature, c a l i p e r , and n a t u r a l gamma-ray logs were used i n conjunction w i t h mud logs, d r i l l c u t t i n g s , and d r i 11i n g parameter data t o l o c a t e f r a c t u r e s , out-of -gage holes, temperature anomalies and mineralized zones, which were avoided i n s e l e c t i o n o f the packer seats. The Los Alamos National Laboratory has been engaged f o r the past decade i n developing technology f o r energy e x t r a c t i o n from h o t dry rock reservoirs. As a p a r t o f the development o f a second, deeper, h o t t e r r e s e r v o i r (Phase 111, f i e l d experiments are i n progress a t the HDR t e s t s i t e . The primary o b j e c t i v e of the f i e l d operations has been t o achieve h y d r a u l i c communication between Wells EE-2 and EE-3 a t depths ranging from 11 500 t o 13 200 ft. Thus c o l d water can be i n j e c t e d down one well and hot water produced a t the other well. The rock mass surrounding the two w e l l s was stimulated w i t h the i n j e c t i o n of

93

t
c

l a r g e volumes o f water. Subsurface microseismic detectors were used t o map the microearthquakes during and a f t e r the massive i n j e c t i o n s . After failing t o e s t a b l i s h a connection, EE-3 was sidetracked and r e d r i l l e d (EE-3A) on a lower t r a j e c t o r y t o i n t e r s e c t a high density region i n the cloud of microseismic events surrounding EE-2 r e s u l t i n g from the l a r g e s t i n j e c t i o n , which used f i v e m i l l i o n gallons o f f r e s h water. A number o f r e s e r v o i r s t i m u l a t i o n t e s t s were conducted a t various depths during r e d r i l l i n g operations. Due t o the existence o f a low-pressure region a t 10 250 ft, the lower i n t e r v a l s had t o be i s o l a t e d from t h i s zone and openh o l e packers were s e l e c t e d as t h e o n l y p r a c t i c a l method t o e f f e c t i v e l y s t i m u l a t e and i n t e r r o g a t e the wellbore. a recently temperature, improved, open-hole3 large thermal cycles, This was accomplished w i t h the use o f i n f l a t a b l e packer. The h i g h i n i t i a l high d i f f e r e n t i a l pressures, and abrasive

open-hole environment created an extremely challenging environment for openhole packer operations. Packer seats had t o be selected t o avoid enlarged, fractured, incompetent, o r mechanically weak boreholes. A r e l i a b l e logging program was essential f o r successful packer operations and the r e s e r v o i r development and t e s t i n g program.
11.

LOGGING PROGRAM The l o g g i n g program i n c l u d e d i n t h e EE-3A d r i l l i n g p l a n sought t o

i d e n t i f y and l o c a t e e f f e c t i v e packer seats. Most o f the wellbore was assumed t o be unsuitable due t o one o r more o f the f o l l o w i n g conditions: oversized, i r r e g u l a r broken-out o r washed-out bore; open f r a c t u r e s i n t e r s e c t i n g the bore; m i neral -f i11ed fractures ; and j o i nted o r weak rock more suscepti b l e t o f r a c t u r i n g than the targeted i n j e c t i o n zone. P o t e n t i a l packer seats were located by using mud logs, temperature logs, and c a l i p e r logs. Open-hole and through-dri 11-pipe gamma-ray/col l a r - l o c a t o r logs were used t o c o r r e l a t e d r i 11 pipe and open-hole w i r e l i n e depths.
111. WIRELINE LOGGING AND PROCEDURES

A 7-conductor,

t e t r a f 1uoroethyl ene (TFE 1 Tef 1on-i nsul ated 1oggi ng cab1e sondes. Pressure control equipment for the

and cablehead r a t e d f o r continuous service a t 320C were used t o run the Los

A1 amos

project

1oggi ng

94

3
s

high-temperature logging cable was l i m i t e d t o 1000 psig. A casing c o l l a r l o c a t o r was run i n conjunction w i t h other sondes f o r depth c a l i b r a t i o n .

A commercial "slim hole" gamma-ray/col l a r locator provided a through-drill-pipe l o g i n a d r i l l s t r i n g cooled w i t h low f l o w r a t e c i r c u l a t i o n .

The temperature sonde uses a thermistor probe w i t h high accuracy and resolution. It i s r e a d i l y fielded, r e l i a b l e , and more e a s i l y replaced than other sondes. Therefore, i t was run before running other logging sondes. Cable tension and t o o l turnaround were monitored c a r e f u l l y t o assure hole conditions were s u i t a b l e f o r the c a l i p e r logging t o follow. Surveys were r u n a t 60 t o 150 ft/min both i n t o and out o f the well. thermal l a g time and cable s t r e t c h (turnaround). Depths were corrected f o r

Temperature surveys were run i n Well EE-3A preceding and f o l l o w i n g each packer experiment. Anomalies and v a r i a t i o n s from the background temperature gradient were used t o i n f e r f r a c t u r e i n l e t s l o u t l e t s w i t h i n k10 ft. More precise l o c a t i o n o f fractures was o f t e n precluded by the high pressures t h a t prevented logging during i n j e c t i o n o r e a r l y shut-in. The packer c o n f i g u r a t i o n prevented logging below it. Venting and c i r c u l a t i o n o f the w e l l was required before removal, and t h i s resulted i n a smearing o f f l u i d entrances and made i t d i f f i c u l t t o determine the f r a c t u r e locations. The Los Alamos c a l i p e r t o o l i s a 3-independent-arm t o o l configured t o measure h o l e diameters f r o m 5 t o 14 i n . Mechanical l i n k a g e , magnetic couplings , and high-temperature r o t a r y potentiometers are used t o convert borehole radius t o an e l e c t r o n i c a l l y measured output. The sonde was run w i t h t h e arms r e t r a c t e d .
ft / m i n

They were extended t o l o g o u t over t h e i n t e r v a l o f

i n t e r e s t and then r e t r a c t e d f o r removal.

Logging speeds varied from 20 t o 40 Pre-1 og and post-1 og c a l i r a t i ons were made t o c a l c u l ate corrections b

f o r the c a l i p e r pad wear, which?was s i g n i f i c a n t on runs o f over 2000 ft. The t o o l was run w i t h two bow c e n t r a l i z e r s s t r a d d l i n g the measuring arms. A s l i p and s t i c k movement of 12 600 ft. Accurate caliper the t o o l was indicated by c a l i p e r l o g q u a l i t y below logs were required to select packer seats.

Over-extension o f the high-temperature design i n f l a t a b l e packer element ( i n t h e range o f 9.5-in. diam) made the element susceptible t o rupture. Washouts, breakouts, o r ledges which c o u l d e a s i l y go u n d e t e c t e d u s i n g a s i n g l e or dual-arm c a l i p e r can also rupture the element.

95

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c

*
E

A Geiger detector, gamma-ray sonde was run i n the open hole o f EE-3A t o

t i e the natural gamma-ray depth signature t o the p r o j e c t ' s w i r e l i n e depths. The e l e c t r o n i c s for the t o o l are thermally protected i n a dewar housing w i t h a cerrobend heat sink.
6 h.

The t o o l operates a t temperatures o f 300C f o r more than

The gamma-ray signature obtained was r e a d i l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h signatures

obtained w i t h the commercial through-drill-pipe log. Most logs were run a t 60 t o 80 ft/min. Logging speeds as low as 40 f t / m i n were required t o obtain a good repeat signature w i t h the dewared t o o l .
IV.

RESULTS OF THE LOGGING PROGRAM The logging program provided i n p u t t o the successful packer operations also added significantly to the reservoir description process,

and

complementing i n j e c t i o n and t r a c e r data.

Results t h a t contributed t o the

r e s e r v o i r d e s c r i p t i o n included depth c o r r e l a t i o n o f d r i l l i n g data w i t h w i r e l i n e data, l o c a t i o n o f a c t i v e fractures, m i n e r a l - f i l l e d fractures, and f o l i a t i o n and formation changes. Depth measurements made on various runs using the same w i r e l i n e varied l e s s than 4 ft. Depths measured using d i f f e r e n t w i r e l i n e s v a r i e d as much as 20 ft. Nhen working w i t h i n 600 f t o f the bottom o f the hole, t a g bottom depths were used successfully t o make the d r i l l p i p e / w i r e l i n e depth correction.
A

logging

run was

required f o r

each

sonde

run

since

multiplexing

equipment f o r the Los Alamos open-hole logging t o o l s (now under development) was not available. Where accurate packer depths were required, an open-hole gamma-ray l o g was run on the w i r e l i n e c u r r e n t l y i n use t o c o r r e l a t e w i t h a through-drill-pipe gamma-ray log. The EE-3A logging program was c r u c i a l i n s e l e c t i o n o f packer seats f o r the r e s e r v o i r t e s t i n g program. The mud logging program provided w e l l s i t e i n p u t t o focus the c a l i p e r logging on regions w i t h good p o t e n t i a l packer seats. The 3-arm c a l i p e r l o g was needed t o e l i m i n a t e sections o f bore t h a t were too large for the high-temperature packer element. Temperature l o g s provided s u f f i c i e n t l y accurate l o c a t i o n o f f r a c t u r e s t o s e l e c t packer seats. The logging program has also contributed t o the understanding o f r e s e r v o i r structure, which a t t h i s p o i n t i s i n good agreement w i t h other r e s e r v o i r data. The importance o f m u l t i p l e arm c a l i p e r logging and good w i r e l i n e depth corrections was demonstrated during these operations. High-temperature

96

wireline logging has been shown t o be a useful investigative tool i n granitic rock. A 6-arm hot-hole caliper, a high-temperature multiplexing system, and high-pressure we1 1 control equipment for large-diameter hot-hole wire1 ines are A method t o needed t o make the techniques described commercially viable. eliminate the severe stick-slip movement of the caliper and other sondes i n the inclined, abrasive wellbores a t Fenton Hill would make the caliper and open-hole packers a powerful and complementary we1 1bore evaluation system.
!

3 c

HIGH-TEMPERATURE COMPONENTS
Temp
Type Acoustic W i ndow I F Teflon Ampli f fer Operational 2600-1 Amplifier Operational Burr -Brown OPA 11 HT Cable Armored Wireline Rochester Corporation TFE Teflon Cable Armored Wireline Vector Corporation PFE Teflon Cablehead Los Alamos 81Y210200 Cablehead Boot KN-34 Kemlon Products Connector Gu 1ton Industries BL06-20-16-UHR Connector--Mi crominiature ITT Cannon MT B 1 Connector--Cablehead 178-7439 Reynolds Industries Capacitor American Techni cal Ceramics 100B510KAW500 Capacitor Corning Glass Horks CHT-2A3258SP Dewar Vacuum Barrier C-1428 6 A Reynolds Industries Detonator RP84 Fi ri ng Module FS20 Rey n 01d s I nd ust r ies High-Temperature Grease E.I. DuPont Company, Inc. Krytox Gei ger-Mull er Tube Harshaw/Fi 1trol 61000-17TL Heat Pipe Los Alamos Methanol Heat Sink Los Alamos 81Y210297 M tor--dc o American Electronics, Inc. AEI17DG2 Motor--ac AE17JG2 American Electronics, Inc. oi 1 Dw Corning o 710 o i1 E.I. DuPont Company, Inc. Krytox O-Ri ng Parker Seal E962-85-SIZE O-Ri ng Bal Seal IS-55-SIZE Printed Circuit Board Polyomit GIN 139497 Circuit Shop Printed Circuit Connector AMP 3-330808-8 Relay DPDT Teledyne 412H Re1 ief Valve Lee Company PRRA-1875040L Resistor Allen Bradley Metal F i l m Rotary Transformer Ceramic Magnetics C2050 Slip Ring Corning Glass Norks MaCor Ceramic Slip Ring Assembly 81Y 2 10418 Los Alamos High-Temperature Solder M 1ticore Solder u HMP Alloy 22 Gaae H gh-Temperature Tape i KaptonlTeflon Boyd Industrial Rubber Transducers Acce 1erometer BBN Instruments BK424 Accelerometer Endevco 7705-200 Accelerometer Cable 8 N Instruments B 070905 Acoustic Crystal C5500 C hanne1 Industries Acoustic Crystal Special ties Engineering L i t h i u m Niobate Acous ti c Crystal Keramos , Inc. K-350 Coll a r Locator Gearhart 05-2010 Geophone L15AHT Mark Products Magnetometer Humph r ey FD17-0201-1 Potenti meter L i t t o n Potentiometer 6119 Pressure Transducer CEC-1000-09 Bell & Howell/CEC Division Reed Relay Ham1in MSRR-2CD \ Thermistor Conax Corporation T3 Volta e Regulator C8000-15 White Technology Wire ?lookup Standard Wire and Cable TFE Teflon

Description

Manufacturer 10s Alamos Harris Electronics

290 250 ,300 260 >300 >300 300 290 ,300 290 200 275 27 5 200 260 200 100 80 275 260 275 260 >300 >300 300 300 275 275 300 275 >300 300 300 260 300 260 300 200 260 220 250 260 275 260 ,300 300 ,300 290 >300 99

Rate (C ')

MANUFACTURERS OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE COMPONENTS A1 l e n Bradley Company 1201 S. Second S t r e e t Milwaukee, H I 53204 (414) 671-2000 American Electronics, Inc. 1600 E. Valencia D r i v e F u l l e r t o n , CA 92631 ( 714 1 871-3020 American Technical Ceramics 1 Norden Lane Huntington Station, NY 11746 (516) 217-9600 AMP, Inc. Box 3608 Harrisburg, PA ( 717) 986-5714 Ceramic Magnetics, Inc. 876 F a i r f i e l d Road F a i r f i e l d , NJ 07006 (201) 227-4222 Channel I n d u s t r i e s 839 Ward Drive Box 3680 Santa Barbara, CA 93130 (805) 967-0171 Conax Corporation 2300 Walden Avenue Buffalo, NY 14225 (716) 684-4500 Corning Glass Works 3900 E l e c t r o n i c Drive Annex RND B u i l d i n g Raleigh, NC 27605 (919) 876-1100 Dow Corn1ng Department A0021 P.O. Box 1767 Midland, M I 48640 (517) 496-4000

P.O.

17105

Bal -Seal 620 West Warner Santa Ana, CA 92707 (714) 557-5192
BBN Instruments Corporation 506 Moulton S t r e e t Cambridge, MA 02138 (617) 491-0091

Boyd I n d u s t r i a l Rubber 3420 West Whitton Phoenix, A2 85017 Burr-Brown Research Corporation 6730 S. Tucson Blvd Tucson, A2 85706 (602) 746-1111

E.I. DuPont Company, Inc. Barley M i l l Plaza Wilmington, DE 19898 ( 302) 992-2404
Endevco 30700 Rancho V i e j o Road San Juan Capistrano, CA 92675 (714 1 493-8181 Gearhart Industries, Inc. P.O. Box 1936 Ft. Worth, TX 76101 (817) 551-4155

CEC Instrument D i v i s i o n 325 Halstead S t r e e t P.O. Bin 7087 Pasadena, CA 91109-7087 (213) 351-4241

Gul ton I n d u s t r i e s Servoni c D i v i s i o n 1644 W h i t t i e r Avenue Costa Mesa, CA 92627 (714) 642-2400

101

Hamlin, Inc. Lake and Grove S t r e e t Lake M i l l s , W I 53551 (414) 648-2361 Harris Semiconductor Anal og Products D i v i s i o n P.O. Box 883 Melbourne, FL 32901-0101 (305) 727-4000 Harshaw/Fi 1t r o l 6801 Cochran Road Solon, OH 44139 (216) 248-7400 Humphrey, Inc. 9212-6 Balboa Avenue San Diego, CA 92123 (714) 565-6631

Mu1ti core Solder Cantiague Rock Road Westbury, NY 11590 (516) 334-7997 Parker Seal 2360 Palumbo D r i v e P.O. Box 11751 Lexington, KY 40512 Reynolds I n d u s t r i e s P.O. Box 1170 Marina Del Rey, CA 90291 (213) 823-5491 Rochester Corporati on P.O. Box 312 Culpeper, VA 22701 (703) 825-2111 Speci a1ti es Engi neeri ng M i l p i t a s , CA 95035 (408) 946-9779 92708 Standard Wire & Cable 2345-6 A1 aska Avenue E l Segundo, CA 90245 (213) 973-2345 Teledyne Re1ays 12525 Daphne Avenue Hawthorne, CA 90250 (213) 777-0077 Vacuum B a r r i e r P.O. Box 529 Woburn, MA 01801 (617) 933-3570 Vector Corporati on 555 I n d u s t r i a l Road Sugar Land, TX 77478 (713) 491-9196 N h i t e Technology 4246 E. Wood S t r e e t Phoenix, AZ 85040 (602) 437-1520

I T T Cannon 105506 Tal b e r t Fountain Valley, CA (714) 964-7400

Kemlon Products P.O. Box 14666 Houston, TX 77021 (713) 747-5020 Keramos , Inc. Lizton, I N 46149 (317 ) 994-5194 Lee Company Westbrook, CN 06498 (203) 399-6281

L i t t o n Potentiometer D i v i s i o n 750 South Fulton Avenue P.O. Box 539 M t . Vernon, NY 10551-0539 (914) 664-7733 Mark Products 10507 Kinghurs t D r i ve Houston, TX 77099 (713) 498-0600

102

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ATTENDEES

Gerald C. Adams Ceramaseal P.O. Box 25 New Lebanon Center, NY 12126 (518) 794-7800 E x t 270 James H. Addison, Jr. E.I. DuPont de Nemours Savannah River Laboratory, 773-A Aiken, SC 29808 FTS 239-2649 Daniel P. Aeschliman Sandi a National Laboratories P.O. Box 5800 Org 6256 Albuquerque, NM 87185

Robert Backus CEC, Inc. 325 Halstead S t r e e t Pasadena, CA 91109 Ross 0. Barnes U n i v e r s i t y o f Washington School o f Oceanography Seattle, WA 98195

(206) 543-5129
R, R. Beasley Sandia National Laboratories P.O. Box 5800 Org 6257 Albuquerque, NM 87185
Kei r Becker U n i v e r s i t y o f Miami 4600 Rickenbacker Miami, FL 33149

(505) 846-0576

N e i l P. Albaugh
, Burr-Brown Corporation

Box 11400 Tucson, AZ

(305) 361-4661
Paul Bennett Welex-Halliburton P.O. Box 42800 Houston, TX 77242

85734 (602) 746-7216

Mark Amarandos H a r r i s Corporation 1503 S. Coast D r i v e S u i t e 320 Costa Mesa, CA 92626 O t i s R. Anderson UL Sperry Sun 2659 Hodges Bend C i r c l e Sugar Land, TX 77479

(713) 496-8159
C y r i l Berg Whittaker/Electronic Resources 100 E. Tujunga Avenue Burbank, CA 91502

(8181 843-5770

(713) 980-1611

Roger Anderson Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Pal i sades, NY 10964 Stanley M. Angel Lawrence L i vermore Laboratory P.O. BOX 808 L-325 Livermore, CA 94551

Eugene P. B i n n a l l Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Bldg 50B/Rm 4235 Berkeley, CA 94720 FTS 451-6536 Lou Birdsong Downhol e Technology 4039 Wyne S t r e e t Houston, TX 77017
( 713

643-3374

103

Russel 1 B anton 1 Vacuum Barrier Corporati on 4 Barten Lane P.O. Box 529 Woburn, MA 01801

Bryan Conant Burr-Brown P.O. Box 11400 International Airport Industrial Park Tucson, AZ 87534 John Conaway Los A amos National Laboratory 1 P .O. BOX 1662/MS-C335 Los Alamos, NM 87545 (505) 667-8476
A. P. Conner White Technology, Inc. 4246 E. Wood S t r e e t Phoenix, AZ 85040 (602) 437-1520

Jack G. Burgen
Gearhart Industries, Inc. P.O. Box 1936 F t . Worth, TX 76101 (817) 551-4141

Gearhart Industries, Inc.

P.O. Box 1936 F t . Worth, TX 76101 (817) 293-1300
C. Carson Sandia National Laboratories P.O. Box 5800 Org 6241 A1 buquerque , NM 87185
J. E. Chapman Schl umberger W1 1 Services e P.O. Box A Rosharon, TX 77583 (713) 431-0254

Ray Carey

Joe A. Coquat CRC Wireline, Inc. P.O. Box 534024 Grand Prairie, TX 75053-4024
(214) 988-8200

Joseph Cri tes Eastman Whipstock P.O. Box 14609 Houston, TX 77021 (713) 741-2200 Michael W. Day KD Components, Inc. 3016 S. Orange Avenue Santa Ana, CA 92707 (714) 545-7108 Ted Delong Develco, Inc. 404 Tasman Drive Sunnyvale, CA 94089 (408) 734-5700 E x t 261

Duane C emmer 1
U.S.

1144 Penrose Street Sun Valley, CA 91352 (818) 767-6770

Microtek Components

Fredrick G. Clutsom U. S. Geological Survey

BO x 2 5046/MS -97 9 Denver, CO 80225

(303) 236-7784

Tom Coles Custom Electronics, h c .

1311 Antoine Suite 107 Houston, TX 77055 (713) 686-4874

Ron Demcko Corning Electronics 3900 Electronics Drive

Raleigh, NC 27604 ( 919) 878-6224

104

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Warren D. Dunham Schonstedt Instrument Company 1775 Wiehle Avenue Reston, VA 220,90 ( 703 471-1050 Joseph J. Durapan Schl umberger 500 Gulf Freeway Houston, TX 77252-2175 (713) 928-4319 Gordon Edge U. S. M i crotek Components 11144 Penrose Street Sun Valley, CA 91352 (818) 767-6770
Tom Elsby

A Garshick 1 BIN Cable Systems, Inc. 65 Bay Street Boston, MA 02125 ( 617) 265-2101
Richard L. Hack PDA Engineering 1560 Brookhollow Drive Santa Ana, CA 92705 ( 714) 556-2800

John Haessly Schl umberger 500 G u l f Freeway Houston, TX 77023 (713) 928-4735
S. E. Haggard Mark Products, Inc. 10507 Kinghurst Drive Houston, TX 77099 (713 498-0600

White Techno1ogy , Inc. 4246 E. Wood Street Phoeniz, AZ 85040 Richard Fenster Los A amos National Laboratory 1 P.O. BOX 1663/MS-J900 Los Alamos, NM 87545 FTS 575-3812 Conrad Fink Hot Hole Instruments 2346-B 35th Street Los Alamos, NM 87544 ( 505 ) 672-3403 Randle Ford AMF Scientific Drilling P.O. Box 808 Houston, TX 77001 (713) 799-5510

James S . Hall Schl umberger 500 Gulf Freeway Houston, TX 77023 (713) 928-4391
A r t h u r S . Halpenny Halpen Engineering, Inc. 625 Parsons Street East Aurora, N Y 14052 ( 716 ) 652-3434

Ben Hm a Endevco 9004 Menaul N .E. Albuquerque, NM 87112 (5051 292-8990

Loye Frazier Schl umberger 500 G u l f Freeway Houston, TX 77023 (7131 928-4459

Ara Harootion Electronic Resources 100 E. Tujunga Burbank, CA 91502 (818) 843-5770

105

Bond Herten J o i n t Oceanography I n s t i t u t e 1755 Massachusetts Avenue S u i t e 800 Washington, DC 20036 (202) 232-3900
T. X. Ho Chevron O i l F i e l d Research Company P.O. Box 446 La Habra, CA 90631

M i l e s F. Jaroska Schl umberger 14910 A i r l i n e Road P.O. Box Drawer A Rosharon, TX 77583 (713) 431-0282 Wade Johnson Dresser A t 1 as P.O. Box 1407 Houston, TX 77251 ( 7 13 972-4783 Y u j i Kanaori Los A1 amos National Laboratory P.O. Box 1663/MS-J979 Los Alamos, NM 87545 (505) 667-1199
J. R. Kelsey Sandia National Laboratories P.O. Box 5800 A1 buquerque, NM 87185
( 505) 844-6968

(213) 694-7431
Jacques Holenka Schl umberger 500 Gulf Freeway Houston, TX 77023 ( 713) 928-8605 Chuck Hol1ingsworth H a r r i s Corporation 11217 Morolco Road N.E. Albuquerque, NM 87111 ( 505) 888-0800
Jim Hudson U. S. Geological Survey 505 Marquette A1 buquerque, NM 87102

(505) 471-5932
Robert W. H u l l U.S. Geological Survey 345 M i ddl e f i l d Road e

John P. Kennelly, Jr. U.S. Geological Survey 345 M i ddl e f i l d Road/MS-923 e Menlo Park, CA 94025 (415) 323-8111 Ext 2386 George L. Kerber Squire-Whitehouse Corporation 9940 Barnes Canyon Road San Diego, CA 92121 (619) 587-9633 Randal 1 K. K i rschman P.O. Box 391716 Mountain View, CA 94039 (415) 369-7531 Dona1d Koel f ch J o i n t Oceanography I n s t i t u t e 1755 Massachusetts Avenue S u i t e 800 Washington, DC 20036 (202) 232-3900

MS-427 Menlo Park, CA 94061 (415) 323-8111 Ext 2979

W. C. Huth Sandia National Laboratories P.O. Box 5800 Org 1540 Albuquerque, NM 87185 ( 505 1 844-3690 Gregory Jarczyk H a r r i s Corporation 1717 E. Morten S u i t e 250 Phoenix, AZ 85020 (602) 870-0080

106

A1 f r e d Krampe Schl umberger-Doll Old Quarry Road Ridgefield, CT 06877 (203 431-5437 E r i c W. Krieger N E WF K i r t l a n d AFB Albuquerque, NM 87117-5000

Peter Leonhardt Endevco 30700 Rancho V i e j o Road San Juan Capistrano, CA 92675 ( 714 1 493-8181 Marshal 1 Levine Nemar #3 Grapevalley Park Melvern, PA 19355 (215) 251-0118 Thomas M. L i t t l e Schl umberger P.O. Box 2175 Houston, TX 77252-2175 ( 713) 928-4396 Dennis A. Lynch Dresser A t 1 as 2421-A Portola Road Ventura, CA 93003 (805 1 642-7774 Michael J. Lynch H a l l i b u r t o n Services P.O. BOX 1431/MS-0450 Duncan, OK 73536 (405 ) 251-3607

M i c h i o Kuriyagawa Los Alamos National Laboratory P.O. BOX 1663/MS-J981 Los Alamos, NM 87545 (505) 667-1916
Kenichi Kusunoki NED0 Higashi-Ikebukureo 1-1-3 Toshimaku, Tokyo 170 Japan 03-981 -151 1 James L a l i c k e r Great Guns Logging Digital Division 9810-A East 58th S t r e e t Tulsa, OK 74146 (918 252-5416 Markus Langseth J o i n t Oceanography I n s t i t u t e 1755 Massachusetts Avenue S u i t e 800 Washington , DC 20036 (2021 232-3900 Roger Larson J o i n t Oceanography I n s t i t u t 1755 Massachusetts Avenue S u i t e 800 Washington, DC 20036 (202) 232-3900 L a r r y L e is i n g Anadri 11-Schl 200 Macco Blv Sugar Land, TX ( 713 ) 240-4949

C1aude Mabi 1e ng Ocean D r i 11i Program P.O. Drawer GK College Station, TX 78743 (405) 845-6150
Carl M a r t i n Welex-Hall i b u r t o n P.O. Box 42800 Houston, TX 77242 (713) 496-8307 Mark Mathews Los Alamos National Laboratory P.O. BOX 1663/MS-C335 Los Alamos, NM 87545 (505) 667-8476

77478

107

John Mattes Whi t t a k e r Corporati on E l e c t r o n i c Resources D i v i s i o n 100 East Tultunga Avenue Burbank, CA 91502

Thomas H. Moses, Jr. U . Geol o g i c a l Survey S 345 M i d d l e f i e l d Road

MS-923
Menlo Park, CA

94025

(818) 843-5770
Robert Mauld i n Whi t t a k e r Corporation E l e c t r o n i c Resources D i v i s i o n 100 East Tultunga Avenue Burbank, CA 91502

(415) 323-8111
Demmie L. Mosley O i 1 We1 1 P e r f o r a t o r s P.O. Box 399 M i l l s , WY 82644

(307) 473-9270
Richard Murphy NL McCullough P.O. Box 60060 Houston, t X 77205 Nobuo Nagata NED0 Higashi -1kebukuro 1-1-3 Toshimaku, Tokyo 170 Japan

(818) 843-5770
Gene Mayes Bel 1 Petroleum Systems 5144 S.E. Loop 820 Ft. Worth, TX 76140

(817) 478-1171
Russel 1 McDuff School o f Oceanography U n i v e r s i t y of Washington MS WB-10 Seattle, WA 98195
( 206 )

03-981-1511

545-1947

Daniel McMahon Endevco 30700 Rancho V i e j o Road San Juan Capistrano, CA 92675

Walt Niewierski H a r r i s Semiconductor P.O. Box 883/MS 59-03 Melbourne, FL 32907

(305) 729-5261
Ron O l i v e r

(714) 493-8181
Lloyd E. M i l l e r H a r r i s Semiconductor P.O. Box 883 MS 4-59-03 Melbourne, FL 32907

Los A1 amos National Laboratory P.O. Box 1663/MS-J900 Los Alamos, NM 87545 FTS 575-3415
Barry W. Palmer B I C C Pyrotenax LTD 523 North B e l t S u i t e 540 Houston, TX 77060

(305) 729-5261
Dr. Melvin M i l l e r Nemar #3 Grapevalley Park Melvern, PA 19355

(713) 591-1551
Steven E. Palmer Squire-Whi tehouse Corporation 9940 Barnes Canyon Road San Diego, CA 92121
( 619)

(215) 251-0118
Richard G. M i l l e r Gearhart I n d u s t r i e s , Inc. P.O. Box 1936 F t . Worth, TX 76101 (817) 293-1300 Ext 5818

587-9633

108

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V

Janet E. Pariso U n i v e r s i t y o f Washington WB-10 School of Oceanography Seattle, W 98112 A

( 206)

J. A. Rochelle Environmental Science 3030 McKinney Dallas, TX 75204

543-8542

(214) 871-2210
Charles C. Ross Squire-Whi tehouse Corporation 9940 Barnes Canyon Road Sal? Diego, CA 92121

B j o r n Paulsson Chevron O i 1 Fie1d Research Company P.O. Box 446 La Habra, CA 90631

(213) 694-7161
M i t c h e l l F. Peterson Chevron Of 1 F i e l d Research Company P.O. Box 446 La Habra, CA 90631

(619) 587-9633
Raymond Rowzee Welex-Hal1 i burton P.O. Box 42000 Houston, t X 77242

(2131 694-9319

(713) 496-8159
Mathew Sal i sbury Dal housi e U n i v e r s i t y Center f o r Marine Geology H a l i f a x , Nova Scotia B3H3J5

John Petro Petrophysi c a l Services 1500 Salado Avenue Mountain View, CA 94043

(415) 960-0964
W i l l i a m H. P f e i f e r PDA Engi n e e r i ng 1560 Brookhollow Drive Santa Ana, CA 92705

(902 424-6531
Chet Sandberg Raychem 300 C o n s t i t u t i o n D r i v e Menlo Park, CA 94025

(7141 556-2800

(415) 361-4770
N. Harold Sanders Dresser A t l a s R&E P.O. BOX 1407 DC-1 Houston, TX 77251

George P h i l p o t The Rochester Corporation Culpeper, VA 22701 A l a i n P. P o t t i e r Schl umberger 500 G u l f Freeway Houston, TX 77023

(713) 972-6157
Fred Sawin Vector-Schl umberger 555 I n d u s t r i a l Road Sugar Land, TX 77478
( 713 )

(7131 928-4413

P h i l i p Questad IC1 10301 Willows Road Redmond, MA 98052

771-3132

(206 882-3100
James Rannel s U.S. Department o f Energy Geothermal and Hydropower Technologies Division Washington , DC 20585

George E. Schaller Ceramic Magnetics, Inc. 87 F a i r f i e l d Road F a i r f i e l d , NJ 07006

(201) 227-4422

109

John Schauffe B I C C Pyrotenax LTD 523 North B e l t S u i t e 540 Houston, TX 77060

Ken Stephens U. S. Geological Survey 505 Marquette A1 buquerque , NM 87102 (505) 474-5932
0. L. Stone Schl umberger P.O. Box 2175 Houston, TX 77252
( 713 1

(713) 591-1551

P. Schl umberger
P.O. Box 2175 Mail Drop 3A Houston, TX 77252-2175

928-4393

Run M. Shively Chevron O i 1 F i e l d Research Company P.O. Box 446 La Habra, CA 90631

C h a r l i e Suh B e l l Petroleum Systems 5144 S.E:Loop 820 Ft. Worth, TX 76140

( 817)

(213) 694-7195
Bob Sloan Schl umberger Nuclear Department 500 Gulf Freeway Houston, TX 77023

478-1171

George Tennyson U.S. Department o f Energy A1 buquerque Operations O f f i c e _ P.O. Box 5400 . Albuquerque, NM 87115 Raymond W. Teys A F Scientific D r i l l i n g M P.O. Box 808 Houston, TX 77001

(713) 928-4872
Tony Small We1ex P.O. Box 42800 Houston, TX 77242
( 713)

(713) 799-5475
Lewis Thompson Vacuum B a r r i e r Corporation 4 Barten Lane Woburn, MA 01801

496-8169

Ray D. Solbau LBL #1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley, CA 94720

( 415 )

(617) 933-3570
Ron Toms U.S. Department o f Energy Geothermal and Hydropower Techno1ogies Division Washington, DC 20585 V1 adimi r Vaynshteyn Schl umberger 14910 A i r l i n e Road Rosharon, TX 77583

486-4438

Jimmy D. Starnes Gearhart Industries, Inc. P.O. Box 1936 F t . Worth, TX 76101

(817) 293-1300
Francis Dosecc, 601 E l m Norman,
G. S t e h l i InC. Street OK 73019

(713) 431-0213

(405) 325-6111

110

C. L. Veach CRC Wireline, Inc.

Grand Prairie, TX 75053-4024 (214 1 988-8200 Anthony Veneruso F1 opetrol Johnston Schl umberger P 0 Box 36369 .. Houston, TX 77236-6369
(713) 240-7000

Billy F. Wilson Dresser Atlas Houston, TX 77251

(713) 972-6418

P.O.

Box 534024

P.O.

Box 1407

Piero Wolk National K Works 1717 Brittemoore Road Houston, TX 77043 David M. Yates Hot Hole Instruments 2059-B 41st Street Los Alamos, NM 87544
( 505

R. Von Herzen

WHO1
Woods Hole, MA (617) 548-1400
02543

672-3403

James Waggoner Schl umberger 500 G u l f Freeway Houston, TX 77023

Ralph Mal kingstick Great Guns Logging D i g i t a l Division 9810-A East 58th Street Tulsa, OK 74146
(918) 252-5416

U.S. Department o f Energy 1000 Independence Avenue S.H. Washing ton, DC 20585 (202 252-8082
NWEF

Raymond H Mal 1ace, Jr

Charles A. Weisleder
I

Kirtland AFB Albuquerque, NM 87117-5000

(505) 844-9021

Matthew We1 ch Nova Marketing 9207 Country Creek Houston, TX 77036

( 713 ) 988-6082

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