Inversion (for formal style):

a) b) c) Negative adverbs: (Never, barely, no doubt, nowhere else, ) Conditional Sentences: So + adj: I have never seen such a nice girl = NEVER have I seen such a nice girl If you should need more information, ask for it = SHOULD you need more information, ask for it He got so busy that = SO busy DID he GET that

Linking words and useful expressions

a) To give personal opinion:
It is from this angle that the postponement clause must, in my opinion, be considered. As far as Im concerned, that was the best film of the year. It is my belief that we all have the need to feel special It is a subject which I personally take extremely seriously. A further/another/one advantage of wood is that it involves fixing large quantities This is the only way of minimizing the main disadvantage of intermodal transport To start with, we have to state that quite a number of the interviewees are aware of the issue In the second place, we have made several decisions that can be viewed in a positive light Thirdly, China believes that the Security Council should actively and steadily continue its work in this regard. First of all there will be a set of minimum requirements for all types of content Afterwards, they kill the activist and bury the body in secret Finally, these networks will also study phenomena related to violence. One very/A further convincing point in favor of smoking being banned in public is that it causes cancer. it is a widely held assumption that women are always the victims and men are always the perpetrators scientist support/oppose the view that human impacts have contributed to climate change these arguments, one by one, can be challenged. In areas such as this, the emphasis should, to my mind, be placed on efficiency and common sense. It seems to me that we need to focus in particular on the content of two documents presented this week. Im inclined to believe that this vote could be a watershed. Apart from that, the security situation has remained relatively stable. Besides being young and sentimental, he has little else to say. Furthermore, the development of wind technology is far from over Lifting weights not only increases muscle tone, but it also increases bone mass With reference to the specific content of Article 23 According to a recent research, certain moles are at higher risk for changing into malignant melanoma.

b) To list advantages/disadvantages

c) To list points

d) To list points in a sequence of time

e) To introduce points for and against

f) To introduce opinions

g) To add more points to the same topic

h) To refer to other sources

i) To express Problems/solutions

Measures should be taken so as to deal with the issue of illegal immigration Serious attempts to solve this problem must be made Another way to overcome the problem would be If attempts were made to address the problem, the consequence would be The man was acquitted of the crime because This was due to the fact that a person developed sudden paralysis and change in well-being. Owing to the lack of substantial evidence, the man was acquitted. Since we cannot identify individuals in future generations, it is not possible to speak of their rights. As a result some 5,000 people, mainly children, die every day from diarrhea Furniture can now be better adapted to the dimensions of the room, thus, more can fit in. We have therefore accepted that this declaration should be made Consequently, the name represents this unstoppable force of nature that Due to the storm, the pilot decided to turn back, so that the flight would not be jeopardize Due to the storm, the pilot decided to turn back, in order to avoid jeopardizing the flight Of course, this cannot be achieved through communication alone Indeed, this is a field in which there are more questions than answers Needless to say, it took them longer than they expected. Actually, we are starting to pay off a historical debt to the Venezuelan countryside by nationalizing this company It is a fact that, smoking during a long period of time can be damaging for your health This could include, for instance, acts of urban violence. For example, many countries have requirements of law for notarization of a document by a notary or attestation by a commissioner for oaths. Expenses can be broken down by various categories such as food, rent and utilities. Use a bilingual dictionary or an online translator like www.wordreference.com. These frameworks are organized in accordance with components, namely, substantive civilian, military, and support. Likewise, the judge is entitled to request the necessary material of his or her own motion. In addition, some laws are available in their original language as well. As a general rule, though, we recommend taking pictures in normal color mode. On the whole, the status of the community is different from that of the other smaller communities. In most cases, the caller will hang up. As a result, their rulings are, by and large, likely to be accepted by the community. The couple's strategy: "We can help them up to apoint," says Blocker-Merlo. To a certain extent, this is true but computers will always need human input To the best of my knowledge, the information submitted is accurate As far as I know, Canary Wharf is the tallest building in London It is alleged that their ultimate aim is a single tax on natural and legal persons. Some point out that the biggest investors in renewable energies are the conventional energy sectors.

j) To express cause

k) To express effects

l) To express purpose

m) To emphasise a point

n) To express reality

o) To give examples

p) To establish general statements

q) To make partially correct statements

r) To express limit of knowledge

s) To state other peoples opinion

t) To make contrasting points

You might, however, see a message telling you that a certificate is expired or invalid. Nevertheless, I should like to comment on the spirit in which these negotiations were held. In this way the EU will increase its powers, even though the Member States have not legally bestowed them. In spite of the fact that the food must go through this segment, most of it is not absorbed On the other hand, the country was very concerned about the negative impact of piracy. In addition, one party produced only amoxicillin trihydrate, whereas the other produced cefalexin as well. Even if a girl is playing with a doll, every once in a while throw her a ball or take her on a run. The fact that university graduates cannot find employment contradicts the belief that a university education They have neither income nor any other support. Smoking is not considering healthy, not/neither is consuming too much alcohol. Since we think in terms of time, we cannot understand sequence apart from time. Files are drafted, but nobody knows what is in them,except for the officials involved. In other words, the price of goods must reflect their real environmental cost. In such a situation it is essential to focus on what can actually be achieved. They, indeed, set their tax rates to attract desirable taxpayers, although other factors also affect their choices. That is to say, if you drive carefully you are less likely to have an accident. Even so, was a likewise serious error to do a generation portrait from this thesis. You can work with compressed files and folders in the same way that you work with uncompressed files and folders. A breast implant is a silicone shell filled with either silicone gel or a salt-water solution known as saline. Alternatively, we could engage in a debate on the duty, or right, to interfere.

u) To express balance

v) Negative addition

w) To express exception

x) To clarify

y) To express similarity

z) To give an alternative

aa)

To express condition

Remember always to keep makeup remover lotion nearby in case you make a mistake. Im hoping to get paid today; if so, I will be going out tonight, if not I will commit suicide Otherwise, itll be another night in front of the TV.

bb)

To conclude

In conclusion, Syrian and Israel have begun proximity peace talks under the auspices of Turkey. For the above-mentioned reasons, we have chosen to abstain from voting on this issue. I shall not go into the legal argument now, but we will take everything into account. I am writing you to advise you of a meeting regarding There are no recommendations either concerning the education of children with special needs. With regard to health, there was some improvement in maternal and infant survival rates. In reference to this, we are supplying you with an e-mail address

cc) To make a reference

dd)

To summarize

In short, dignity to the last must be the guiding principle. briefly, his performance on stage was perfect On the whole, the status of the community is different from that of the other smaller communities.

Useful sentences

These are iconic images found on the streets of London, and as such, they tend to appear frecuently on souvenir from the UK. There is a commonly held belief that St Patrick, the patron of Ireland, used the shamrock to explain the notion of the trinity.

Essays
Should use (formal style): Passive voice: it is argued that Impersonal constructions: it is a common belief that, in most countries Advanced vocabulary: heated debate concerning the controversial issue Formal linking words: furthermore, however, nevertheless, Inversion (condicionals): Never has this been more obvious Should not use: Short forms: Im, its, etc Colloquial expressions, phrasal verbs: Lots of, put up with, etc Expressions: they are over the moon Short sentences: Many people think so. They are wrong. Simple linking words: And, but, so,

Quotations in any paragraph: (as Clint Eastwood said an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth)

a) Introductory paragraph: Hacer una explicacin sobre el tema. Hacer referencia a una idea impactante (Imagine millions of people comming home from school every day to sit staring at a wall for four hours.) Dirgete al lector (you may think this is an exaggeration) o haz una pregunta retrica (have you ever imagined a world without cars?) b) Main body: donde, en varios prrafos (4 5) exponemos una idea clara en cada uno, explicamos las razones argumentndolas y ponemos ejemplos. Ordena las ideas (firstly, secondly, etc) y usa linking words (however, altough, etc) Haz referencias a otras Fuentes (Experts have proved that) No uses ejemplos personales (In my school) ni estadsticas inventadas (A recent study showed) c) Closing Paragraph: resumir la idea principal, expresando tu opinin. haz una pregunta retrica (si no se us en la introduccin) (have you ever imagined a world without cars?) Dar al lector algo en qu pensar (Perhaps then people will reconsider what it is like to actually communicate each other)

FOR AND AGAINST ESSAYS Introduction

State topic (without stating your opinion)

OPINION Introduction
State topic and your opinion

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM Introduction

State the problem and its causes / effects

Main Body
Paragraphs 2 3 for arguments for & justifications, examples or reasons Paragraphs 4 - 6 for arguments against & justifications, examples or reasons

Main Body
Paragraphs 2 4 for viewpoints, examples & reasons Paragraph 5 for opposite viewpoints, examples & reasons

Main Body
Paragraphs 2 5 suggestions & results

Conclusion
Summarise your opinion

Conclusion
State your opinion

Conclusion
Summarise/ restate your opinion

Letters
Formal letters a) An appropriate greeting (formal, semi-formal, informal) b) An introduction paragraph (reasons for writing) c) A main body (develop the subject) d) A conclusion (summarize the subject) e) An appropriate ending (formal, semi-formal, informal) Formal Greetings and Endings Formal language and complex sentences Non-colloquial English Passive Formal greetings: Dear Sir//Mr and Ms Smith. Informal greetings: Not abbreviated forms Formal endings: Informal letters Informal Greetings and Endings Informal language and style, Idioms, phrasal Colloquial English Abbreviated forms Semi-formal letters Formal Greetings Informal endings Respectful tone

Informal endings

Letters of request
To begin letters: I am writing to request your kind permission for me to//I am writing to ask whether you could possibly inform me about To end letters: I look forward to receiving your reply as soon as possible//Thanking you in advance for your kind cooperation

Letters giving information

To begin letters: I am writing to let you know that//I am writing with regard to your letter requesting information about To end letters: I look forward to being able to help you again in the future//Please do not hesitate to contact me should you require further information

Letters of advices
To begin letters: I am writing in response to your letter requesting advise about Advises//suggestions: I would like to offer one or two suggestions//It might be to your advantage To end letters: I hope that these suggestions have been useful//I would be pleased to offer any additional advice you may require//Please do not hesitate to contact me should you have any further questions

Letters making suggestions/recommendations

Use linking words like: Thus, therefore, as a consequence, etcI would also suggest advertising in the local newspaper, as a result, you would attract more attention.

Letters to the authorities/editor

To begin letters: I am writing to draw your attention to//I am writing to express my approval/disapproval of To state your opinion: It seems to me that//it is my firm belief that To end letters: I hope you will give this matter your urgent consideration//further consideration and that suitable measures will be taken.

Letters of complaint
To begin letters: mild complaint: I am writing to complaint about//express my disappointment with strong complaint: I regret to inform you how shocked I was//I am writing to express my extreme dissatisfaction with mild complaint: I trust this matter will receive your immediate attention//be resolved as soon as possible. strong complaint: I must insist on//I will have no choice but to

To end letters:

Letters of apology
To begin letters: I am writing to offer my apologies for//Please accept my sincere apologies for Linking words: With regards to//Cleary//Obviously//Needless to say//In fact Making amends: Please allow me to offer as compensation for To end letters: Once again, my sincere apologies for the inconvenience caused//I hope that my apologies will be accepted.

Letters of application
To begin letters: I am writing with regard to the vacancy Experience/ qualifications: My qualifications include//I have successfully completed a course inat To end letters: I would be available for an interview at any time