Math 2065

Review Exercises for Exam II

The syllabus for Exam II is Sections 2.2 2.6 of Chapter 2 and Sections 3.1 3.4 of Chapter 3.
You should review all of the assigned exercises in these sections. In addition, Section 2.1 contains
the main formulas for computation of Laplace transforms, and hence, while not explicitly part
of the exam syllabus, it will be necessary to be completely conversant with the computational
techniques of Section 2.1. For this reason, some of the exercises related to this section from the
last review sheet are repeated here. A Laplace transform table will be provided with the test.
Following is a brief list of terms, skills, and formulas with which you should be familiar.
Know how to use all of the Laplace transform formulas developed in Section 2.1 to be able
to compute the Laplace transform of elementary functions.
Know how to use partial fraction decompositions to be able to compute the inverse Laplace
transform of any proper rational function. The key recursion algorithms for computing
partial fraction decompositions are Theorem 1 (Page 108) for the case of a real root in the
denominator, and Theorem 1 (Page 117) for a complex root in the denominator. Here are
the two results:
Theorem 1 (Linear Partial Fraction Recursion). Let 1
0
(:) and Q(:) be polynomials.
Assume that o is a number such that Q(o) = 0 and n is a positive integer. Then there is
a unique number
1
and polynomial 1
1
(:) such that
1
0
(:)
(: o)
a
Q(:)
=

1
(: o)
a
+
1
1
(:)
(: o)
a1
Q(:)
.
The number
1
and polynomial 1
1
(:) are computed as follows:

1
=
1
0
(:)
Q(:)

-=o
and 1
1
(:) =
1
0
(:)
1
Q(:)
: o
.
Theorem 2 (Quadratic Partial Fraction Recursion). Let 1
0
(:) and Q(:) be polyno-
mials. Assume that o + /i is a complex number with nonzero imaginary part / = 0 such
that Q(o+/i) = 0 and n is a positive integer. Then there is a unique linear term 1
1
:+C
1
and polynomial 1
1
(:) such that
1
0
(:)
((: o)
2
+ /
2
)
a
Q(:)
=
1
1
: + C
1
((: o)
2
+ /
2
)
a
+
1
1
(:)
((: o)
2
+ /
2
)
a1
Q(:)
.
The linear term 1
1
: + C
1
and polynomial 1
1
(:) are computed as follows:
1
1
: + C
1

-=o+oi
=
1
0
(:)
Q(:)

-=o+oi
and 1
1
(:) =
1
0
(:) (1
1
: + C
1
)Q(:)
(: o)
2
+ /
2
.
1
Know how to apply the input derivative principle (Corollary 7, Page 95) to compute the
solution of an initial value problem for a constant coecient linear dierential equation
with elementary forcing function. See Section 3.1.
Know how to use the characteristic polynomial to be able to solve constant coecient
homogeneous linear dierential equations. (See Algorithm 4, Page 186.)
Know how to use the method of undetermined coecients to nd a particular solution of
the constant coecient linear dierential equation
oj

+ /j

+ cj = )(t)
where the forcing function )(t) is an exponential polynomial, i.e., )(t) is a sum of functions
of the form ct
I
c
o|
cos /t and dt
I
c
o|
sin /t for various choices of the constants o, /, c, and d,
and non-negative integer /. (See Algorithm 4, Page 190.)
The following is a small set of exercises of types identical to those already assigned.
1. (a) Complete the following denition: Suppose )(t) is a continuous function of exponen-
tial type dened for all t 0. The Laplace transform of ) is the function 1(:)
dened as follows
1(:) = ()(t))(:) =

0
c
-|
)(t) dt
for all : suciently large.
(b) Using your denition compute the Laplace transform of the function )(t) = 2t 5.
You may need to review the integration by parts formula:

nd = n

dn.
Solution. The Laplace transform of )(t) = 2t 5 is the integral
(2t 5)(:) =

0
(2t 5)c
-|
dt,
which is computed using the integration by parts formula by letting n = 2t 5 and
d = c
&|
dt, so that dn = 2 dt while =
1
-
c
-|
. Thus, if : 0,
(2t 5)(:) =

0
(2t 5)c
-|
dt
=
2t 5
:
c
-|

0
+

0
2
:
c
-|
dt
=
(

2t 5
:
c
-|

2
:
2
c
-|
)

0
=
5
:
+
2
:
2
.
2
The last evaluation uses the fact (veried in calculus) that lim
|
c
-|
= 0 and
lim
|
tc
-|
= 0 provided : 0.
2. Compute the Laplace transform of each of the following functions using the Laplace trans-
form Tables (See Pages 103104). (A table of Laplace Transforms will be provided to you
on the exam.)
(a) )(t) = 3t
3
2t
2
+ 7
1(:) = 3
3!
:
4
2
2!
:
3
+
7
:
=
18
:
4

4
:
3
+
7
:
.
(b) p(t) = c
3|
+ sin

2t
G(:) =
1
: + 3
+

2
:
2
+ 2
.
(c) (t) = 8 + cos(t,2)
H(:) =
8
:
+
2
:
2
+ 1,4
=
8
:
+
4:
4:
2
+ 1
.
3. Compute the Laplace transform of each of the following functions. You may use the
Laplace Transform Tables.
(a) )(t) = 7c
2|
cos 3t 2c
7|
sin 5t
1(:) =
7:
(: 2)
2
+ 9

10
(: 7)
2
+ 25
.
(b) p(t) = 3t sin 2t
Solution. Use the transform derivative principle: {t)(t)} (:) = 1

(:). Apply
this formula to the function )(t) = 3 sin 2t so that 1(:) = 6,(:
2
+ 4). Since p(t) =
t)(t), the transform derivative princple gives:
G(:) = 1

(:) =
12:
(:
2
+ 4)
2
=
12:
(:
2
+ 4)
2
.

(c) (t) = (2 t
2
)c
5|
Solution. Use the rst translation principle. Then
H(:) =
2
: + 5

2
(: + 5)
3
.

3
4. Find the inverse Laplace transform of each of the following functions. You may use the
Laplace Transform Tables.
(a) 1(:) =
7
(: + 3)
3
)(t) =
7
2
t
2
c
3|
.
(b) G(:) =
: + 2
:
2
3: 4
Solution. Use partial fractions to write
G(:) =
: + 2
:
2
3: 4
=
1
5
(
6
: 4

1
: + 1
)
.
Thus p(t) =
(
6c
4|
c
|
)
,5 .
(c) H(:) =
:
(: + 4)
2
+ 4
Solution. Since
H(:) =
:
(: + 4)
2
+ 4
=
(: + 4) 4
(: + 4)
2
+ 4
=
: + 4
(: + 4)
2
+ 4
2
2
(: + 4)
2
+ 4
,
it follows that (t) = c
4|
cos 2t 2c
4|
sin 2t .
5. Find the Laplace transform of each of the following functions.
(a) t
2
c
9|
2
(: + 9)
3
(b) c
2|
t
3
+ t
2
sin 5t
1
: 2

6
:
4
+
2
:
3

5
:
2
+ 25
(c) t cos 6t

d
d:
(
:
:
2
+ 36
)
=
:
2
36
(:
2
+ 36)
2
(d) 2 sin t + 3 cos 2t
2
:
2
+ 1
+
3:
:
2
+ 4
4
(e) c
5|
sin 6t
6
(: + 5)
2
+ 36
(f) t
2
cos ot where o is a constant
Solution. Use the transform derivative principal twice, applied to )(t) = cos ot.
Then, 1(:) = :,(:
2
+o
2
) and
{
t
2
cos ot
}
(:) = 1

(:). Since 1

(:) = (o
2
:
2
),(:
2
+
o
2
)
2
, the Laplace transform of t
2
cos ot is
1

(:) =
2:
2
6:o
2
(:
2
+ o
2
)
3
.

6. Find the inverse Laplace transform of each of the following functions.

(a)
1
:
2
10: + 9
Solution. Since :
2
10: 9 = (: 9)(: 1), use partial fractions:
1
:
2
10: + 9
=
1
8
(
1
: 9

1
: 1
)

1
{
1
:
2
10: + 9
}
=
1
8
(c
9|
c
|
).

(b)
2: 18
:
2
+ 9
2 cos 3t 6 sin 3t
(c)
2: + 18
:
2
+ 25
2 cos 5t + (18,5) sin 5t
(d)
: + 3
:
2
+ 5
cos

5t + (3,

5) sin

5t
(e)
: 3
:
2
6: + 25
Solution. Since :
2
6: + 25 = (: 3)
2
+ 4
2
, we conclude:

1
{
: 3
:
2
6: + 25
}
= c
3|
cos 4t.

(f)
1
:(:
2
+ 4)
5
Solution. Use partial fractions to write
1
:(:
2
+ 4)
=
1
4
(
1
:

:
:
2
+ 4
)
,
so that

1
{
1
:(:
2
+ 4)
}
=
1
4
(1 cos 2t) .

(g)
1
:
2
(: + 1)
2
Solution. Use partial fractions to write
1
:
2
(: + 1)
2
=
1
:
2

2
:
+
1
(: + 1)
2
+
2
: + 1
,
so that

1
{
1
:
2
(: + 1)
2
}
= tc
|
+ 2c
|
+ t 2.

7. Compute the convolution t t

3
directly from the denition.
Solution.
t t
3
=

|
0
t(t t)
3
dt
=

|
0
t(t
3
3t
2
t + 3tt
2
t
3
) dt
=

|
0
(
t
3
t 3t
2
t
2
+ 3tt
3
t
4
)
dt
=
(
t
3
t
2
2
t
2
t
3
+
3
4
tt
4

t
5
5
)

|
0
= t
5
(
1
2
1 +
3
4

1
5
)
=
t
5
20
.

8. Using the table of convolutions (Page 167), compute each of the following convolutions:
6
(a) (1 + 3t) c
5|
Solution.
(1 + 3t) c
5|
= 1 c
5|
+ 3t c
5|
=

|
0
c
5t
dt + 3
(
c
5|
(1 + 5t)
25
)
=
1
5
(c
5|
1) + 3
(
c
5|
(1 + 5t)
25
)
=
8c
5|
8 15t
25
.

(b) (1,2 + 2t
2
) cos

2t 2t
3

2
4
sin

2t
(c) (c
2|
3c
4|
) (c
2|
+ 4c
3|
) tc
2|

5
2
c
2|
+ 16c
3|

27
2
c
4|
9. Solve each of the following dierential equations by means of the Laplace transform:
(a) j

3j

+ 2j = 4, j(0) = 2, j

(0) = 3
Solution. As usual, Y = (j). Applying to both sides of the equation gives
:
2
Y (:) 2: 3 3(Y (:) 2) + 2Y (:) =
4
:
and solving for Y (:) gives:
Y (:) =
2:
2
3: + 4
:(: 2)(: 1)
=

:
+
1
: 1
+
C
: 2
=
2
:

3
: 1
+
3
: 2
,
where the last two lines represent the decomposition of Y (:) into partial fractions.
Taking the inverse Laplace transform gives
j(t) = 2 3c
|
+ 3c
2|
.

(b) j

+ 4j = 6 sint, j(0) = 6, j

(0) = 0
7
Solution. As usual, Y = (j). Applying to both sides of the equation and
solving for Y gives:
Y (:) =
6:
:
2
+ 4
+
6
(:
2
+ 4)(:
2
+ 1)
=
6:
:
2
+ 4
+
2
:
2
+ 1

2
:
2
+ 4
.
Taking the inverse Laplace transform gives
j(t) = 6 cos 2t + 2 sin t sin 2t.

10. Using the Laplace transform, nd the solution of the following dierential equations with
initial conditions j(0) = 0, j

(0) = 0:
(a) j

j = 2 sint j(t) = (1,2)(c

|
c
|
) sint
(b) j

+ 2j

= 5j j(t) = 0
(c) j

+ j = sin 4t j(t) = (1,15)(4 sin t sin 4t)

(d) j

+ j

= 1 + 2t j(t) = 1 c
|
+ t
2
t
(e) j

+ 4j

+ 3j = 6 j(t) = c
3|
3c
|
+ 2
(f) j

2j

= 3(t + c
2|
) j(t) = (3,8)(1 2t 2t
2
c
2|
+ 4tc
2|
(g) j

2j

= 20c
|
cos t j(t) = 3c
2|
5 + 2c
|
(cos t 2 sin t)
(h) j

+ j = 2 + 2 cos t j(t) = 2 2 cos t + t sin t

(i) j

= 30 cos 3t j(t) = 3c
|
3 cos 3t sin 3t
11. Solve each of the following homogeneous linear dierential equations, using the techniques
of Chapter 3 (Characteristic equation).
(a) j

+ 3j

+ 2j = 0
(b) j

+ 6j

+ 13j = 0
(c) j

+ 6j

+ 9j = 0
(d) j

2j

j = 0
(e) 8j

+ 4j

+ j = 0
(f) 2j

7j

+ 5j = 0
(g) 2j

+ 2j

+ j = 0
(h) j

+ .2j

+ .01j = 0
8
(i) j

+ 7j

+ 12j = 0
(j) j

+ 2j

+ 2j = 0
Answers
(a) j = c
1
c

+ c
2
c
2
(b) j = c
1
c
3
cos 2t + c
2
c
3
sin 2t
(c) j = (c
1
+ c
2
t)c
3
(d) j = c
1
c
(1+

2)
+ c
2
c
(1

2)
(e) j = c
/4
(c
1
cos

4
+ c
2
sin

4
)
(f) j = c
1
c
5/2
+ c
2
c

(g) j = c
/2
(c
1
cos(t,2) + c
2
sin(t,2))
(h) j = c
0.1
(c
1
+ tc
2
)
(i) j = c
1
c
4
+ c
2
c
3
(j) j = c

(c
1
cos t + c
2
sin t)
12. Solve each of the following initial value problems. You may (and should) use the work
already done in exercise 10.
(a) j

+ 3j

+ 2j = 0, j(0) = 1, j

(0) = 3.
(b) j

+ 6j

+ 13j = 0, j(0) = 0, j

(0) = 1.
(c) j

+ 6j

+ 9j = 0, j(0) = 1, j

(0) = 5.
(d) j

2j

j = 0, j(0) = 0, j

(0) =

2.
(e) j

+ 2j

+ 2j = 0, j(0) = 0, j

(0) = 2
Answers
(a) j = 2c
2
c

(b) j =
1
2
c
3
sin 2t
(c) j = (1 + 2t)c
3
(d) j =
1
2
(c
(1+

2)
c
(1

2)
)
(e) j = 2c

sint
13. Find a second order linear homogeneous dierential equation with constant real coecients
that has the given function as a solution, or explain why there is no such equation.
(a) c
3|
+ 2c
|
(b) c
|
cos 2t
(c) c
|
t
2
9
(d) 5c
3|2
+ 7c
|
(e) 2c
3|
sin(t,2) (1,2)c
3|
cos(t,2)
Answers
(a) j

+ 4j

+ 3j = 0
(b) j

+ 2j

+ 5j = 0
(c) Not possible since c

t
2
is not an exponential polynomial, that is, it is not a sum of terms of
the form t

t cos /t or t

t sin/t for any choice of / 0, o, / . (See Corollary 2, page

185).
(d) 2j

3j = 0
(e) 4j

24j

+ 37j = 0
14. Use the method of undetermined coecients (See Section 3.4) to nd the general solution
of each of the following dierential equations.
(a) j

3j

4j = 30c
|
(b) j

3j

4j = 30c
4|
(c) j

3j

4j = 20 cos t
(d) j

2j

+ j = t
2
1
(e) j

2j

+ j = 3c
2|
(f) j

2j

+ j = 4 cos t
(g) j

2j

+ j = 3c
|
(h) j

2j

+ j = tc
|
Answers
(a) j = c
1
c
4
+ c
2
c

5c

(b) j = c
1
c
4
+ c
2
c

+ 6tc
4
(c) j = c
1
c
4
+ c
2
c

+ (30,17) sin t + (150,51) cos t

(d) j = c
1
c

+ c
2
tc

+ t
2
+ 4t + 5
(e) j = c
1
c

+ c
2
tc

+ 3c
2
(f) j = c
1
c

+ c
2
tc

+2 sin t
(g) j = c
1
c

+ c
2
tc

+
3
2
t
2
c

(h) j = c

+ c
2
tc

+
1
6
t
3
c

15. Solve each of the following initial value problems. You may (and should) use the work
already done in exercise 13.
(a) 4t
2
j

7tj

+ 6j = 0, j(1) = 1, j

(1) = 2
10
(b) t
2
j

+ 5tj

+ 4j = 0, j(1) = 1, j

(1) = 0
Answers
(a) j =
8
13
t
1/2
+
5
13
t
6
.
(b) j = t
2
(1 2 ln t).
11