Determining whether hydroponics provides a benefit in plant growth in comparison to fertiliser.

Muhammad Hashim Chishty

8170 May 2012

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

Aim: To determine whether the hydroponics growing system provides a benefit in plant growth compared to fertilisers. Basic findings: All plant types grow to a higher average height when grown using hydroponics. Main trend: All plant types grow to a higher average height when grown using hydroponics. Null Hypothesis: There will be no differences in the heights of plants irrespective of the growing technique. Alternative Hypothesis: Plant height will be the greatest when using the hydroponics growing technique.

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

Research and Rational Vegetation is thought to thrive in areas in which there is an abundance of vital resources available to aid the growth of the plant such as an ideal balance of sunlight, water and various nutrients. Chemicals are frequently used in agriculture to alter the characteristics of plants and manipulate their quality to meet satisfy diverse operational needs. Hydroponics defines a category of hydroculture (in which plants are grown in a soilless culture) where the essential micronutrients (M) for maximum plant growth to their genetic potential are present in an aqueous mineral nutrient solution or inert medium. In recent time, a wide range of adaptations have been pioneered into the design process and manufacturing methods concerned with hydroponics systems. Research and various different environmental conditions have lead to overall improvements and a better understanding into the fulfilment of definite crop growing needs. This presents an efficient demonstration of the ingenuity and vitality of hydroponic soilless cultivation
Figure 1, Image 1. Early water or solution culture experiment in hydroponics by J. Von Sachs and W. Knop. Plants were grown in containers fitted with supports for the stems and partially filled with nutrient liquid. Source : Advanced Guide To Hydroponics [1985]

Soilless cultivation can be referred to as the use of any technique of growing plants that does not incorporate the use of the earth, fertilizers or composts and similar complexes. Various names have been allocated to crop production without the usage of soil including nutriculture, chemiculture, artificial growth, soilless agriculture, aquiculture and olericulture. However, the most popular and widely referred to name that best describes this process is undoubtedly hydroponics. Hydroponics takes advantage of the fact that green plants that grow without soil are entirely dependent for their provisions of the vital inorganic elements upon solutions of nutrient ions in water.

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

Research
During the time period, circa 1860 to 1900, the preparation of laboratory water cultures became much standardised and the fundamental manner of using set compositions were finally established. It was understood that the concentration of the nutrient solution used may vary -/+ 0.1% - 0.6% and still generate optimal growth. The identification of ten of the elements essential for healthy augmentation was paramount in the synthesis of a number of nutrient combinations which were given official recognition in order to represent hydroponics. The following is the chemical composure knows today as Knops solution (1865) [After J. A. L. W. Knop (1817 1901), German chemist. Chemical name Potassium chloride Monopotassium phosphate Magnesium sulphate Calcium nitrate Ferric chloride Water Chemical formula KCl KH2PO4 MgSO4 Ca(N03)2 FeCl3 H20 Amount of substance in grams 0.12 0.25 0.25 1.00 Trace 1000

The chemical composure of Sachs standard formula (1860) (by plant physiologist J. v. SACHS 1832-1897) differs slightly in chemical composition. Chemical name Potassium nitrate Calcium phosphate Magnesium sulphate Calcium sulphate Sodium chloride Ferrous sulphate Water Chemical formula KCl KH2PO4 MgSO4 CaSO4 NaCl FeSO4 H20 Amount of substance in grams 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 Trace 1000

Prior to the development of Sachs standard, the importance of mineral nutrients was established, however the confusion of which nutrients were required was a problem since the composure of plants remains did not show if present elements were actually necessary for plant survival or if they were simply a roughage, by product or contaminant. J. V. SACHS discovered his hydroponic technique which allowed him to analyse the influences of all ions on plant growth. He proposed that cations Ca2+, K+, Mg2+ and small amounts of Fe2+ or Fe3+, as well as the anions H2PO4-, SO42-, and NO3- are essential for plants to develop and sustain their endurance to external factors.

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

J. V. SACHS proposed that certain chemicals were necessary for optimum plant growth but in order to fully understand their function in plant development, the significance of each compound is shown below. Mineral Sulphur Significance Component of amino acids and proteins, coenzyme A, aids the resistance of plants to bitter cold temperatures. A component of chlorophyll, counter ion of ATP Regulatory functions, stabilisation of membranes, movement control and plays a part in the structure of the cell wall. Known to act as a buffer and resists changes of alkali salts and organic acids within a plant, maintaining a healthy pH. A major component of nucleic acids, involved in the phosphorylation of sugars and proteins. Promotes blooming and the growth of roots. Also a major source of energy. (ATP) The synthesis of proteins from amino acids, in nucleotides and chlorophyll. Increases fruit production and the quality of crops. It is a co-factor for a large number of enzymes and is essential for the regulatory processes and synthesis Is involved in osmotic processes and aids plant metabolism. Vital for chlorophyll synthesis!

Magnesium Calcium

Phosphate

Nitrate

Potassium

Chloride Iron

If we review both hydroponic compositions composed by J. A. L. W. Knop and J. V. SACHS, it becomes apparent that all of the above minerals are present in both solutions. Based on this fact, theoretically, plants grown in these solutions will bear a greater advantage than those grown in standard soil for the sole reason that if a plant is given every nutrient, mineral and chemical that it possibly requires in sufficient amounts, then the plant will grow to the maximum size that its genetics will allow it to. Soils contain a mixture of these nutrients, sometimes a surplus of one but lack sufficient quantities of the remainder, sometimes contain a few but have none in surplus amounts but rarely ever contain them in a perfect equilibrium as that in hydroponics solutions that have been perfectly engineered to the specification of growth maximisation. As the composition of soil varies significantly with location, using soil from one area does not give an accurate overall representation of the nutrient composition of soils. To better illustrate the potential of soil in plant growth, fertiliser will be referred to as soil. The main purpose of fertilisers is to enhance the growth of plants and they vary in composition slightly. The average proportion of nutrients in fertilisers is illustrated below.

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

Figure 2, graph 1. A pie chart representing the ratio of nutrients in fertiliser.

It becomes apparent that fertilisers lack major macronutrients which can be found in both hydroponic solutions that have been featured. To be deficient of nutrients would lead to the assumption that fertilisers are disadvantageous to plant growth compared to soilless cultivation techniques which provide the plant with nutrients such as calcium, magnesium, sulphur, chloride & iron which are not a feature of traditional fertilisers. It was this information which was beneficial in developing a hypothesis for this investigation.

The ultra structure of the cell wall of a plant distinguishes it from other cells in which it contains specific features that only exist strictly in plants. The major organelles that are present here but not in any other type of cell including animal cells are the cell wall, vacuoles and chloroplasts. In order to link the significance of chemicals and nutrients to a plant, the uptake and ultra structure must be clearly defined as it plays a vital role in nutrient uptake.

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

Figure 3, image 2, showing the cytoplasm in the plant cell Source: bms.westford [2011]

The cytoplasm is one of the key features of the plant cell and consists of a gel like substance that resides between the cell membrane.

It is this substance which holds together all of the cells internal organelles in this eukaryotic cell minus the nucleus which is separate and contained inside the nucleoplasm with the exception of prokaryotes where the nucleus can be found within the cytoplasm itself. The majority of cellular activities and processes occur here. Further analysis allows us to come across an area of the cytoplasm known as the cytosol which is also a gel like substance. The cytosol is the part of the cytoplasm that is not held within organelles and comprises of a complicated combination of thin cytoskeleton filaments, molecular substances and water. The mesh of fibres within the cytoskeleton contains a system of porous material and soluble Figure 4, image macromolecules, for example, proteins and calcium.
3, showing the vacuole within the cytoplasm.

Another distinct feature of the plant cell is the membrane bound organelle known as a vacuole. It is suspended within the cytoplasm and present plant and fungal cells but only in a small percentage of protest animal and bacterial cells. Vacuoles are surrounded by their own type of cell membrane known as a tonoplast and restrain enzymes, molecules and remarkably other substances which the vacuole may have engulfed. They are largely formed by the fusion of vesicles and retain no ordinary structure which can vary dramatically between different species and organisms.

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

Nutrients present in both fertiliser and hydroponic solution which are only vital for plant survival and play no role in yield maximisation. Determinations of cystolic and vacuolar [K+] by use of compartmental analysis and responses to [K+] deficiency have shown that cytosolic [K+] is held unvarying at the expense of vacuolar [K+]. The initial reaction of plant roots to [K+] scarcity is the overall shift of [K+] from roots to shoots. Homeostasis is accomplished via changes in [K+] transport at the root plasma membrane and the tonoplast (the membrane of the vacuole discussed earlier). [K+] is responsible for providing plants with appropriate ionic environments for processes within the cytosol and is paramount in growth regulation. It is used for the regulation of the opening and closing of the stomata which then links to gaseous exchange and cell turgour and not only is [K+] significant for regulatory purposes but it is also necessary for the synthesis of proteins via amino acids. Phosphorus The functions of this nutrient cannot be performed by any other and its adequate supply is essential for optimum growth and reproduction. Phosphorous is taken up as the orthophosphate ion [H2PO4-] and [HPO4=]. It is incorporated into organic compounds such as DNA, RNA, phospholipids, enzymes and importantly, adenosine triophosphate (ATP). This is the supply of energy that coerces a multitude of energy driven chemical reaction inside the plant. Phosphorous is major constituent in the building blocks of genes and chromosomes and is a vital part of conveying genetic information from one generation to the next. Nitrogen A source of nitrogen is an essential element of the proteins that produce cell material and plant tissue. In addition, it is required for the function of biochemical agents such as chlorophyll (the substance which allows the process of photosynthesis possible), enzymes (which aid organisms to carry out biochemical processes and incorporate nutrients) and nucleic acids (DNA & RNA). The nitrogen present in soils is due to the fact that nitrogen gas comprises of a huge 76% of the earths atmosphere. However, the nitrogen present in soils is of a sort that cannot be directly accessed by plants. It is for this reason that the nitrogen found in chemical fertilisers is a form that can be used immediately by plants after a succinct conversion

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

Nutrients present in proposed hydroponic solution which play a role in yield maximisation. As these are present in only one of the growing techniques, it is the role of these that will determine any differences between hydroponics and fertiliser growth techniques. Calcium In many cases, calcium fertilisation has been disregarded and only considered after the development of deficiency disorders whilst large firms are in pursuit of economic prosperity to produce crops of quality and value. The thickness and strength of the cell wall is substantially increased by the addition of calcium. This nutrient plays an essential part of the cell wall and provides the plant with extensive structural rigidity by making cross links inside the pectin polysaccharide matrix. The major benefit that accompanies calcium uptake to plants is disease reduction. Bacterium and fungi infect the tissue of plants by releasing by products which can dissolve the middle lamella. Increasing the calcium content of a plant lowers the effectiveness of bacterial and fungal by products and therefore protects the plant from infection. Many plants have been described to have narrow uptake windows for calcium and uptake is enhanced to a large extent where calcium is available in a soluble form. This is the case in sachs standard where calcium is sourced from both calcium phosphate and calcium sulphate which means it is immediately available for uptake. Disease reduction is not directly relevant to my investigation as the plants concerned were grown in an environment very different to a farm where such feature is substantially beneficial, however, due to calcium being present in sachs solution, its role will still be considered.
Figure 5, table 1, showing the effect of calcium on bacterial pathogen infection. Source: Calciums Role In Plant Nutrition [2002]

Theoretically, calcium deficiency causes a host of issues for plants and the reasons are diverse and complex. Problems caused by a lack of calcium that can be immediately noted include the death of various growing points on the plant, abnormally large amounts of dark green leaf, the premature shedding of buds and weakened stems.

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

Magnesium Magnesium sustenance in plants is often ignored and the shortage of this nutrient has adverse effects on plant growth. A faction of essential plant functions depend on sufficient supplies of magnesium such as root formation, photosynthesis and chlorophyll. Magnesium influences reactions such as photophosphorylation (ATP formation in the chloroplasts), CO2 fixation, synthesising of proteins and the production of oxygen. Numerous critical biochemical and physiological procedures are affected by magnesium deficiency, ultimately leading to impairments in growth and yield. It is also known to activate specific enzymes when it is present in a considerable amount such as ribulose-1, 5-biophosphate or RuBP which is in the photosynthesis process. It is also the most abundant enzyme on the face of the earth. Excessive amounts of potassium (generally found in fertiliser) usually further aggravates the stress caused by magnesium deficiency as the plant mistakes the potassium for magnesium and incorrectly uptakes this nutrient. As magnesium is the central atom of chlorophyll, deficiency usually results in degradation of chlorophyll in older leaves and the main symptom to become apparent, chlorosis, a distinct yellowing between the veins of leaves and necrosis, the premature aging and death of cells.
Figure 5, image 3, comparing plant leaves with low magnesium levels and adequate magnesium. Source: Magnesium, A forgotten element. [2010]

Figure 6, image 4, comparing plant leaves with low magnesium levels and adequate magnesium. Source: Magnesium, A forgotten element. [2010]

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

Sulphur The amounts of sulphur that is required as a plant nutrient is low, approximately 20 pounds per acre of land, nevertheless it is substantially beneficial to plants as a nutrient, important for protein formation. Deficiency is illustrated as a slight yellow fade on upper leaves. Sulphur deficiency should not be confused with nitrogen deficiency as the characteristics of deficiencies are very similar, distinguished by the fact that sulphur deficiency leads to a yellow fade on younger upper leaves whilst tending to be on lower, older leaves for nitrogen. 90% + of the total sulphur of most soils is found within organic matter which is naturally mineralised into organic sulphur (the sulphate ion, SO4 S) which can be taken up by the plant. Sulphur makes its way to the roots of a plant through the atmosphere (sulphur dioxide gas), through soil minerals already present, via pesticides, organic wastes such as manure, sulphur containing irrigation water and fertilisers.

Figure 7, image 5, showing sulphurs life cycle in the environment. Source: Sulfur deficiency symptoms. [2005]

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

The term plant growth may have become too generalised and vague to describe the complex process which a plant undergoes whilst growing so it is described here. Growth of a plant is the change in size of plant organs and cells due to cell division and enlargement. Enlargement demands the elasticity of the cell walls to change and the increase of the water content in the vacuole. Growth can generally be divided into two categories, determinate (where the organism reaches a specific size and ceases to grow any further) and indeterminate (where cells will continue to keep dividing indefinitely) as is the case for plants. Plant growth occurs in regions known as meristems. These are areas of repeated division of cells which later on will become specialised and relate to their specific function. There are two types of meristems, apical and lateral; the apical meristems are the area of primary growth in a plant and these are found at the shoots and roots where unspecialised cells are found and will undergo mitosis, elongate and eventually become specialised to carry out a particular task and then become part of permanent tissue within the plant. This cycle continues as growth continues. Lateral meristems, as the name suggests grow from the side of plants and instead of growing upwards and contributing to plant height, lateral meristems relate to the thickening of plants and structural support. Eventually new layers form the vascular bundle which contains the xylem and phloem which boosts transportation around the plant. The secondary layer continues to expand and gaps form in the cambium and allow gaseous exchange to take place so that carbon dioxide from the external environment can be incorporated into the plant.

Figure 8, image 6, showing the meristem regions present in the root and shoot. Source: Click4biology [2010]

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

Rationale
Advances in our understanding of biochemistry have lead to major breakthroughs in scientific awareness and the ability to manipulate and take advantage of extensive knowledge to benefit in (in this case) plant yield. Large scale events in history were central to the dogma that farming was the mainstream method to feed and sustain a population and when a lack of knowledge prevailed with respect to safe and reliable crop production (in the case of the Irish famine 1845-1851) massive famines occurred leading to the demise of millions of men, women and children. It was intriguing to discover that advances in this field which could have potentially saved millions of lives and changed the demographics of an entire country became standardised only 9 years after the end of the Irish potato famine by the synthesis of sachs standard and knops solution. Perhaps such a large scale event was a catalyst for such research and development as both hydroponics solutions have the ability to maximise plant yield to what is genetically possible and provide crops with chemicals not normally found in soil fertilisers let alone soil such as magnesium, sulphur and calcium which plays a major role in the strengthening of the cell wall and middle lamella and significantly reduces the effectiveness of bacterial and fungal activity. The rationale behind this investigation stems from curiosity behind the anonymity that if hydroponics growing systems were developed and implemented prior to major crop related famines such as the Irish potato famine; could such disasters have been avoided? The reality is that even today, where a variety of growing techniques are known of and practised, famines still occur with catastrophic implications in the developing world such as in parts of Asia and in the horn of Africa. There is ambiguity here as perhaps such regions lack up to date knowledge of biological principles with regard to growing systems and so are unable to do so or do possess the knowledge but cannot endeavour to do so due to economical repercussions. The rationale explicitly was to conduct an experiment to determine whether hydroponics growing techniques really do benefit plant growth substantially and if this is the case, is the process economically viable? It was the opportunity to address this issue that lead me to conduct this investigation using three types of food crops, garlic, parsley and coriander. If the results of this investigation provide to be promising, then under every circumstance will findings be communicated to agricultural agencies based within countries plagued with crop related famines in recent history.

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

Plants will grow differently in different locations as the faction of nutrients available for plants differs per area and so it can be deduced that the content of soil or any other medium has a direct impact on the characteristics of the plant grown therein. The different nutrients broken down into their components gives an insight into their specific contributions to the plant which helps in providing a context for the investigation to be conducted as it is these very nutrients that distinguish between the constituents of fertilisers and hydroponics solutions and so will be the reason for any differences in plant growth. As there is a feasibility to manipulate these nutrients and the method of transferring them to the plant, the rationale for the investigation is very much supported in that it becomes possible to test plant growth by controlling the relevant nutrients administered to it and measuring the differences (if any) that the plant experiences in its development. If the investigation does confer to the alternate hypothesis, then a decisive conclusion can be made regarding why hydroponics is beneficial to plants linking into the breakdown of the nutrients in this section. Examination of the individual nutrients allowed analysis of which growth mediums would be most appropriate and this had a direct link to its implementation in the planning section as it was important to determine which hydroponics solution would be the most effective in comparison to fertiliser.

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

References and Sources:

BassiriRad, H. 2005. Nutrient Acquisition by Plants, An Ecological Perspective. Volume 181 Cakmak, I. Yazici, M.A, 2010. Magnesium: A Forgotten Element in Crop Production, Better Crops/ Vol.94, No.2 p23&24. Cell Structure, 2010. Image of cell. [online] Available at: http://bms.westfordk12.us/pages/teams/7green/cells/GroupH/Hindex.html [Accessed 28 November, 2011]

Douglas, S. J. 1985.Advanced Guide To Hydroponics-[Soilless Cultivation]

Easterwood, G.W,2002. Calciums Role In Plant Nutrition, p1&2.

Functions of Phosphorous in plants, 1999. [online] Available at: http://www.ipni.net/ppiweb/bcrops.nsf/$webindex/ECBABED567ABDCDD852568EF0063 C9F4/$file/99-1p06.pdf [Accessed 8 January, 2012]
Hergert, G.W, 2005. Sulfur, Deficiency Symptoms, p39-43.

Mineral Nutrients, 2003. [online] Available at: http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e16/16a.htm [Accessed 7 December, 2011] Plant Nutrients, 2004. [Online] Available at: http://www.ncagr.gov/cyber/kidswrld/plant/nutrient.htm [Accessed 2 February, 2012]

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

Source 1 Information acquired by this source was in light of how nutrients are taken up by plants and was found in volume 181 of a book series authored by Hormoz BassiriRad. Research allowed me to discover that Hormoz BassiriRad is a physiological plant ecologist whom uses observational and experimental approaches to develop his understanding of how plants behave and respond to natural stresses and pollution. Hormoz BassiriRad is a professor at the University of Illinois, Chicago and is a holder of a PhD in plant physiology which he obtained at the University of Arizona in 1990. Both universities in the USA are large and well established institutes of higher education that boast world class modern equipment and have a combined endowment of more than $2.6bn which concludes that information sourced from either universities or Dr Hormoz BassiriRad is of significant reliability and more than credible to meet the demands required by this investigation in terms of validity. Dr Hormoz BassiriRad boasts an extensive portfolio with an array of publications not only by himself, but in collaboration with other leading scientists in the field and constantly conducts large scale experiments and extensive research to thoroughly extrapolate his knowledge and understanding in the field of plant biology. Source 7 The article that presented the importance of sulphur was in part 1 of a series of online published articles by the author, Gary W. Hergert whom is a professor of agronomy (The science of soil management and crop production) and horticulture at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln and holds three degrees, a bachelor of science in agronomy, a masters of science in agronomy and a PhD of agronomy. Similar to the previous author, Dr Hergert has published a display of books, articles and journals dating back to the 1980s and is a professional member and fellow of the American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America which are prominent international scientific societies. Dr Gary W. Hergert is extensively literate in the field and thoroughly knowledgeable of his peer reviewed publications which render this source credible in terms of reliability and validity. Source 2 An article written by two doctors, Dr Ismail Cakmak and Atilla M. Yazici is immediately of potential worth due to the professionalism of the authors. Dr Cakmak obtained a BSc in soil science and plant nutrition at the Cukurova University in Turkey but progressed to a full PhD in plant nutritional physiology from the Stuttgart-Hohenheim University which is one of Germanys leading universities in agriculture. Dr Ismail Cakmak was the receiver of two awards from the scientific and research council of Turkey in 1994 and 1999 and has a library of online articles accessible via the Sabanci University website, the university at where he currently works. Dr Mustafa Atilla Yazici is also a faculty member at this university and holds a total of three degrees, a BSc, an MSc and a PhD in soil science and plant nutrition. Their combined work in this article lead me to believe that the publication would be of a high standard, reflecting the extensive combined knowledge of plant biology.

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

Trial 1 This is the initial trial and its sole purpose is to decipher whether traditional germination procedures are appropriate in order to successfully initiate the germination of seedlings and then limited further growth. Controls in this trials will be limited if any and the results, analysed and manipulated to select the best possible growing technique for the set of control plants that will be directly compared with another set of plants growing using hydroponics techniques. Three types of seeds will be used in this trial experiment: Parsley Coriander Garlic

Methodology for trial 1 1. Dampened cotton wool pieces and forced this into a test tube half filled with water in order to keep the cotton wool moist at all times. Care was taken to ensure that the cotton wool is semi submerged so that the top is only damp and not submerged in water. 2. Placed three parsley seeds maximum onto the moist cotton wool and separate out to give seeds sufficient space for germination if trial is successful. 3. Repeated steps 1 & 2 but this time with three coriander and garlic in order to achieve a setup where there are three test tubes, each with different plant types. 4. Labelled all test tubes with the appropriate seed name and place inside a test tube rack. 5. Placed the test tube rack in an area where there is an abundance of light, for example near a window or inside a propagator. In this trial, the test tube rack was left adjacent to a window, exposed to direct sunlight. 6. Left the test tube rack for a minimum of one week and within that time, performed visual checks every day looking for evidence of seed germination.

Result for trial 1 Upon inspecting the test tube rack after 1 day, the cotton wool still appeared to be moist, ensuring that the seeds would not dehydrate, the seeds showed no sign of germination and considering that sunlight, water and oxygen was available to the seed and that it had only been one day since the start of the investigation, the experiment was given more time. Inspections upon days two through six showed identical results and upon day seven there was a sign of germination in the test tube containing garlic seeds. The results were negligible.

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

Since the percentage of seeds that germinated was so low, this method was abandoned and the medium in which the seeds were planted was changed for trial number two in aspiration of more successful germinations. Trial 2 Aim: The aim for this trial is to determine a method to successfully germinate seeds to a suitable length. The failure of trial 1 meant that a more successful technique was required. Methodology 1. A tray with holes in the bottom (of size 50cm x 28cm with a depth of 6cm) was filled with industrial fertiliser. 2. Five of Parsley, garlic and coriander seeds were planted in alternating rows across the length of the tray with fertiliser completely covering the seeds.

Figure 9, image 7, showing the tray of seeds in trial number 2.

3. Each row was labelled with the appropriate seed name to ensure differentiation. 4. The whole tray was then placed inside a 55cm x 30cm tub which was filled with water. The holes at the bottom of the tray allowed water to saturate the fertiliser.

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

Day

Parsley

Coriander

Garlic

No growth at this No growth at this No growth at this time, nothing could time, nothing could time, nothing could be seen above soil. be seen above soil. be seen above soil. No growth at this Plumule was seen No growth at this time, nothing could emerging from time, nothing could be seen above soil. seed. be seen above soil. Plumule was seen Plumule became Plumule was seen emerging from larger and began emerging from seed. growing. seed. Radicals became Radicals developed Radicals and roots longer and roots and roots became were present. were present. long. Root continued to Stem became Stem grow. apparent, roots visible. continued to grow. Stem started appear. became

to Stem had become Stem had become longer at this point. longer.

Stem had become Stem was long and Stem was much more lengthened roots hairs had lengthened and the and roots were developed. roots had also long. become very long.

Results show that this method of germination promotion is much more effective than in trial one. Seeds germinated and grew rapidly with evidence of stem formation observed as early as day five. In this experiment, these three plants grown using industrial fertiliser will be the control variable and grown for seven days and then compared with identical plants grown in different growth mediums such as hydroponics solutions.

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

The experiment in trial 2 was used to investigate and establish a more efficient method of seed germination than the method used in trial 1. Since trial 2 was successful in establishing a reliable and effective seed germination technique, it will be used again in trial 3, this time not to measure seed germination success, but the length of the shoot of the respective plants, garlic, parsley and coriander. Trial 2 allowed me to realise the importance of control variables which will now be controlled in the next trial Trial 3 500 grams of industrial fertiliser was measured and placed inside a tray (of size 50cm x 28cm with a depth of 6cm). 10 seeds of each type were placed inside the fertiliser in rows. They were then watered with 300 millilitres of water for a week; also another control variable within this trial. The 200 grams of the organic fertilizer was one of the control variables. The plastic tray was then placed on a windowsill so the seeds could receive natural light. Measurements were then taken for the next week with a vernier calliper . This is an accurate way of measuring the length of the shoots, with measurements being made in mm. Control Variable Effect of different conditions How am I going to control the variable Using a measuring cylinder. 300ml of water was used.

1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

Volume of water

Measurements of the amount of water given to the plants were kept constant in order to ensure validity. Also any changes in the water amount could affect the growth of the plants height.

Volume of organic fertilizer

The amount of fertilizer given Using scales. could considerably affect the results of the experiment. 500 grams of organic Therefore measurements of fertilizer. the amount was taken.

A variable that was impossible to control was light. As the apparatus was placed upon a windowsill, the source of light was the sun, as opposed to a lamp which could be easily controlled. As the experiment ran for a short period of time at the same place and within the same time of year, the impact of not being able to control this variable was minimised.

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

The Average Length of Shoots in industrial fertiliser of 10 seeds of corresponding seed type in millimetres. Type of Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Seed:

Parsley Coriander Garlic

0 0 0

6.1 5.9 8.0

13.4 14.1 17.7

20.8 22.0 27.8

27.3 28.4 34.8

34.2 35.0 41.8

36.4 41.1 50.9

The results of this trial show that the largest increase of shoot length over 7 days was the garlic plant followed by coriander and then parsley. The aim of this trial was solely to obtain data on the germination and length of shoots over a period of 7 days that can be directly cross compared with germination of the same seeds using hydroculture instead of traditional fertiliser. The use of 10 seeds of each type was manageable and a mean, easily calculated. For trial number 4, my final trial, the seeds were grown using a method of hydroculture known as hydroponics. They were grown using the well established formula of sachs standard containing a complex compilation of nutrients and chemicals engineered for maximum plant yield. Bearing in mind that this process involves the suspension of plant roots in the hydroponic solution, this renders seed germination using this technique implausible as using hydroponics would saturate the seed. For this reason the seeds were germinated using the method from trial 2 and then immediately transferred into the hydroponic solution during day 2 when there was evidence of sufficient root formation. The largest increase in plant size for all three plants occurred during the period between day 1 and 2 where all plants more than doubled in their size. Growth rate decreased after this period but still occurred at a steady rate up until day 7 when the trial was stopped.

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

Final experiment Risk assessment The plants were removed from the fertiliser at day number 2 which meant certain precautions had to be taken before touching this material. Gloves were worn during this process to ensure the prevention of bacterial contamination and infection from fertiliser coming into contact with cuts or other vulnerable areas. A major issue facing hydroponics gardeners is the development and sustained growth of salmonella in plant systems. The impact of this was minimised by ensuring conditions in my final experiment do not match that which are preferred by salmonella bacterium. One of such conditions is the presence of a humid environment, similar to that found in conventional greenhouses where hydroponics systems are used to cultivate vegetables on an industrial scale. In order to minimise this, the simple hydroponic system that was used was set up and placed upon the windowsill of a cool and ventilated classroom equipped with an air conditioning unit which meant that the temperature never exceeded 15 degrees Celsius during the 7 day period. The opening of the windows at regular intervals during the experiment ensured that a light breeze eliminated any risk of sustained humidity (if ever present) and also reduced the risk of dampness which also promotes salmonella growth. Humidity is a problem at one end of the spectrum however cold, stagnant solution is also a promoter of bacterium. The risks of this was minimised by the replacement and replenishment of sachs solution at 2 day intervals and a constant monitoring of solution temperature with the use of a thermometer. Lastly, there was an emphasis on cleanliness to eliminate the risk of infections spreading. This was controlled by monitoring the plants and ensuring any dead leaves were removed of and discarded immediately. These precautions were a direct barrier from infection of salmonella bacterium which in some cases can be fatal and involve mild symptoms including nausea, vomiting, fever, cramps, diarrhoea and headaches. In some cases, infected individuals may experience Reiters syndrome which is characterised by acute pains in the joints, irritation of the eyes and painful urination. The resistance of plants to mould is amplified in the presence of potassium (K) so as a preemptive measure, sachs standard was chosen over knops solution as sachs standard comprises of a substantially larger amount of potassium. It was of paramount importance to carry out risk assessment and take into account precautions whilst carrying out the final experiment to prevent salmonellois as the consequences of ignoring such procedures are potentially costly and hazardous to health

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

Control The volume of hydroponics solution (sachs standard)

Effect of this and reasoning behind it The measurement of the volume of the solution that the plants are grown in was kept constant after the replenishment in order to ensure validity as any changes to consistency may have effects on the plants growth. This step ensures that there is no stagnant solution left inside of the propagator for long periods of time. This is an issue as the stagnant solution may be a factor contributing to salmonella growth and also result in the various salts to assimilate at the bottom of the propagator. Using very small amounts of fertiliser would not be effective and would not give the desired outcome of seed germination to a sufficient extent. A similar amount of fertiliser was used in this experiment to that used in trial 2 as it proved effective in seed development. This was weighed out with the aid of electronic scales and was 400 grams. A small number of seeds would result in an investigation that is not as valid or reliable as one with many seeds. A large number of seeds would increase the validity of the investigation but would increase the chances of anomalies occurring and make calculations unmanageable.

How was this variable controlled? By the use of a measuring cylinder.

How often the solution is replenished

Solution was made up using 200 grams of sachs solution for every litre of water and was done every 2 days to replace old solution.

Mass of organic fertiliser that the plants prior to day 2 were grown in.

400 grams of fertiliser was used due to it being sufficient in trial 2.

Amount of seeds used

In this experiment, 10 seeds were used. This is a sufficient amount to obtain a wide range of data of such kind and ensures a degree of validity. This amount also proved appropriate in earlier trials where a mean was easily calculated.

Figure 10, image 8, showing digital scales used to measure the mass of organic fertiliser.

Precision Precision in this experiment was key; in order to produce a set of results that are very reproducible, the many measurements in this

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

experiment needed to be precise. This increased the validity of this set of data and in turn, the ultimate value at the end of the experiment resulting in a value that is close to the true one therefore establishing accuracy. When deciding upon which apparatus is best appropriate for measuring the mass of the organic fertiliser, it was between digital and analogue scales. Analogue scales were similar in operation to digital scales and provided the same result however the fact that there is a probability of human error in the interpreting of the mass of fertiliser with regard to the position of the needle on analogue devices being subjective, the digital scales was used. The electronic digital scale provided precision readings of the fertiliser mass provided that the scales were calibrated to zero every time whilst harnessing the container in which the fertiliser was to be held. The most frequently used apparatus in this experiment was the vernier caliper. Whilst determining the length of shoots, its small scale divisions allowed for the ultimate precision, the reason for which it was chosen over a ruler. Measurements, taken in millimetres ensured that no part of the shoot was left unaccounted for and with a reading error Figure 11, of a mere 0.05 mm, image 9, it was certain that showing a this apparatus was vernier sufficiently caliper appropriate in used to length measure determination. Its plant shoot. operation involved placing the shoot between the jaws of the caliper and tightening accordingly. After tightening, the measurement can be read by referring to the scale on the vernier caliper. The apparatus which was used to measure volumes of water which was used to dampen the cotton wool in trial 1, water the seeds in trial 2 & 3 and make up appropriate hydroponic powder: water ratios was the measuring cylinder. This, similar to the vernier calliper uses millilitre measurements as opposed to millimetre, both being small sub units, which can be found on the side of the graduated cylinder ensuring an acceptable degree of precision. When reading from the digital scale, the chances of human error occurring are insignificant due to the display reading. When reading from the vernier caliper, the chances of human error are higher but

Figure 12, image 10, showing the transfer of water into a measuring cylinder.

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

this is minimised due to the presence of the vernier scale which allows the reading to become clear. In the case of the graduated measuring cylinder, the problem of subjective interpretation again comes to mind as the two different liquids (the hydroponics solution and the water) can tend to behave differently whilst inside the cylinder, making it harder to read the measurements, hence increasing the chances of human error. In order to minimise the effects of this, when reading from the cylinder, the value which was used was that which was at the base of the meniscus. The meniscus is a slight curvature of liquid inside the sides of the cylinder which is a result of static charges ensuing in liquid to stick inside the walls. Measuring from the base of the meniscus and not the sides ensured maximum precision and is a skill I obtained from conducting chemical titrations. To put this into context, it is illustrated below.
Figure 13, image 11, showing the procedure of measuring from the base of the meniscus to ensure precision.

Stringent techniques in the measurements throughout the experiment resulted in data that was as close to the true value as could be possibly made in the given circumstances resulting in accuracy. This data was ready to be processed into information that can answer the main question within this investigation.

Method 1. 500 grams of industrial fertiliser was measured and placed inside a tray (of size 50cm x 28cm with a depth of 6cm). 2. 10 seeds of each type (parsley, coriander and garlic) were placed inside the fertiliser in rows. 3. They were then watered with 300 millilitres of water for a week; also another control variable within this trial. The 200 grams of the organic fertilizer was one of the control variables. The plastic tray was then placed on a windowsill so the seeds could receive natural light. 4. Sachs solution was made up by dissolving 200 grams of sachs powder into every litre of water. The amount chosen was 300 grams in a total of one and a half litres of water. 5. This was mixed and poured into a propagator in which the seedlings were placed.

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

Figure 14, image 12, showing the propagator into which the plants were placed after two days of growth inside fertiliser.

6. All seeds were removed from the organic fertiliser at day two, the fertiliser was washed from the newly developed roots and these roots were then suspended inside the sachs hydroponics solution.

Figure 15, image 13, showing the propagator with garlic plants (right), parsley and coriander plants (left) during day seven of the experiment.

7. Fresh solution was prepared in exactly the same composition as the old solution and replaced the old hydroponic solution every two days until the end of the experiment. 8. Measurements were then taken for the next five days with a vernier calliper.

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

Table showing heights of parsley plants during when they were in fertiliser (days 1-2) and in hydroponics solution, (days 3-7) Day 1 Seed number: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Average Length (mm) Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7

0 0 0 0 0 Negligible 0 0 0 0 0

6.0 5.8 4.9 6.6 6.3 6.1 5.8 5.5 6.1 6.6 6.56

17.5 18.8 16.0 16.8 17.2 18.2 11.0 16.7 17.3 16.2 16.57

24.3 25.2 23.9 23.8 26.4 25.9 20.9 25.5 26.6 25.9 24.84

30.9 33.5 33.1 32.4 32.6 35.0 29.2 32.5 33.6 34.4 32.72

37.8 39.3 38.88 37.9 38.2 39.4 35.2 36.9 37.8 38.8 38.01

42.6 44.1 43.5 44.9 42.9 44.2 40.8 42.9 43.8 44.3 43.4

Figure 16, graph 2, showing the comparison between the parsley plants in two growth mediums.

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

After ensuring measurements were taken from ten different seeds using precision techniques, it was evident whilst transforming the raw data into information via graph construction, that a trend was present. The graphs illustrated in blue, green and red, each correspond to their seed type, parsley, coriander and garlic respectively and show the growth of seeds in sachs hydroponics solution and regular fertiliser. With respect to the hydroponics data, it should be apparent at this stage that up until day two, all seeds were grown in fertilisers in order to acquire sufficient mass so that immersion of roots in hydroponics solution may become possible and effective; therefore data collection during days one and two referring to both hydroponics solution and fertiliser were carried out in identical circumstances, using the same apparatus, techniques and controlling the exact same variables. As expected, the results between days one and two on all graphs are so similar, that it appears that they have been almost superimposed unto one another. The parsley seeds in fertiliser grew at a substantial rate, much faster than that which was predicted, increasing at a steep positive correlation from day one until six before levelling out at day seven with a maximum average value of 36.4milimetres. These values were taken for cross comparison with the same seed type grown using a different technique. With respect to the shoot length of parsley seeds in hydroponics solution, there was rapid growth between days one until six. At day number one, the length of the seed shoot was very much in its premature stage and was recorded to be zero or slightly above zero in which case it was recorded as negligible due to there not being a small enough scale to measure this with. Day two saw a considerable change to the physical attribute of the seeds where it became obvious rather than subtly apparent that the shoot had burst through the seed and was measurable at an average height of 6.56 millimetres as opposed to zero the previous day. Day three resulted in the combined average height of plant shoots to increase by more than 2.5 times, standing at 16.57mm. It was also noted that seed number seven had a noticeably lower height than the other nine seeds but was included in the average value calculation. Day four saw an increase by factor of almost 1.5 at a mean of 24.84mm and the lowest value was seed number seven which was the anomaly the day before. This was later categorised as a systematic error which continued into the latter days. The average length of shoot at day five was higher than that of day four at 32.72mm however it was noted that the rate of successive shoot length growth was steadily decreasing, this time being at 1.3 times the previous figure. The lowest value was again associated with seed number seven. At the penultimate day of the end of the experiment, the shoot length was 38.01mm and at the last day, 43.4mm which was the slowest rate of growth so far at 1.14 times the previous value. Being day seven, the experiment was stopped and all values recorded for statistical analysis, It was noted that every value of every day of every seed grown using sachs standard was noticeably higher than the values of seeds grown using fertiliser.

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

Table showing heights of coriander plants during when they were in fertiliser (days 12and in hydroponics solution, (days 3-7) Day 1 Seed number: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Average Length (mm) 0 0 0 0 0 Negligible 0 0 0 0 0 5.7 5.8 5.5 5.9 6.2 6.1 5.9 5.3 5.9 5.8 5.81 18.4 19.9 18.8 18.4 18.8 19.0 16.8 17.8 18.6 18.8 18.53 26.4 26.0 26.7 26.4 29.1 26.6 24.5 27.3 26.6 26.4 26.6 32.3 34.8 34.4 33.9 33.3 30.0 34.3 33.9 34.4 35.8 33.71 40.4 42.2 40.1 40.9 43.4 39.9 38.3 41.1 41.2 42.2 40.97 49.3 48.4 47.7 48.9 47.7 49.8 48.8 49.2 50.1 49.6 48.95 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7

Figure 17, graph 3, showing the comparison between the coriander plants in two growth mediums.

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

Referring to the coriander seeds which correspond to the graph above, it can be seen that when seeds were germinated using fertiliser, growth was fast with the first indication that growth in fertiliser of coriander would not surpass that of parsley as the first average measurable value taken at day two was 5.9mm, 0.2mm lower than the average shoot length of parsley plant at day two. At day three, the shoot grew at a rate of 2.3 times, standing at an average height of 14.1mm which was 0.7mm higher than that of the average parsley height at day three. The Coriander plant continued to surpass the height of parsley every successive day reaching a maximum of 41.1mm at day seven which was 1.12 times greater than the parsley plant under the same circumstance. With reference to the coriander plant grown in hydroponics solution, its growth was similar than that of its neighbour in fertiliser at the first day at 5.81mm, only 0.9mm lower and this was expected as at day one and two, fertiliser was used. The measurements taken the very next day averaged out to be 3.1 times the previous average at 18.53mm. This was the largest increase and can be clearly seen on the graph as the steepest rise and was also expected as this was the first measurement in hydroponics solution. The rate of increase decreased the following day at 1.4 times and this rate of increase was roughly maintained throughout the experiment to day seven. The average measurement at day five was 33.71mm, an increase at 1.3 times. It was noted that seed number six was noticeably lower than the rest of the seeds during that day and remained lower than usual even during day six where it brought the average measurement down to 40.97mm but at day number seven, it had increased to being the second highest plant in the day seven series. The average measurement taken at this day was 48.95mm with all plants conforming to a similar height and no anomalies were recorded. Every recorded average value of coriander in hydroponics solution significantly surpassed the height of the same seed type in fertiliser, a trend which was also noted whilst growing parsley.

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

Day 1 Seed number: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Average Length (mm)

Day 2

Day 3

Day 4

Day 5

Day 6

Day 7

0 0 0 0 0 Negligible 0 0 0 0 0

7.9 8.3 8.4 8.2 8.1 7.9 7.8 8.6 8.1 7.2 8.05

19.5 19.9 20.02 19.9 21.2 20.0 19.7 20.22 19.98 19.84 20.02

31.3 32.1 29.9 30.9 29.1 33.9 31.3 32.3 30.9 30.1 31.18

40.4 37.9 42.7 41.8 40.9 44.1 42.4 43.4 40.2 40.0 41.38

49.4 42.2 49.4 49.2 49.0 51.1 48.4 49.4 49.4 49.0 48.65

60.1 52.2 60.4 60.43 63.3 60.11 62.2 63.3 61.2 60.4 63.64

Figure 18, graph 3, showing the comparison between the garlic plants in two growth mediums.

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

It was noticed immediately at day two that the growth of garlic plants in fertiliser was somewhat higher than that of its parsley and coriander counterparts measuring at 8mm compared to 5.9 in coriander and 6.1 in parsley, averaging to a value of 6.0mm. Day three also presented an average measurement that was above that of the other plant types at this day which was at 17.7mm, 2.2 times that of the previous day, rising to 27.8mm at day four, 1.5 that at day three and kept increasing but at slightly decreasing rates until reaching a maximum of 50.9mm at day seven which was the highest recorded average value for any plant shoot across the range of thirty plants used in this trial. It was noted that at the penultimate day, the measurement of the garlic plant exceeded the value of both parsley and coriander at day seven. It was important to note that the higher values associated with the garlic shoots occurred despite the control of variables and so it was accepted that the garlic plants were generally taller than the parsley and coriander even when the independent variable was unchanged (growth medium). As the independent variable was changed to hydroponics solution as opposed to fertiliser, the dependant shoot lengths began to also change. Measurements at day one and two conformed to the previous values obtained by growth of garlic seeds in fertiliser as was the case here also but once the plant was immersed in sachs solution after day two, the measurement at day three indicated a slightly higher value than its fertiliser counterpart at 20.02mm. The measurements taken at day four was 1.3 times this value and indicated a gentle increase which was also the case for day five where the rate of increase was the same. After this, it can be seen in the graph that between day five and six, there is a blip and a short period of slowed growth where the rate of increase was only 1.1 times the previous average measurement. All measurements on day six were close together with the exception of seed number two which would have been a reason contributing to the sluggish growth observed which may be due to a particular factor that was present during the time period between day five and six. The average measurement at day seven was higher than expected at 63.64mm and can be seen on the graph as a steep positive correlation. Plant number two again was measured to be 52.2mm, considerably lower than the 63.64mm average and was considered an anomaly but included in the average calculation.

Evaluation The results of this experiment are clear and coherent and indicate a definitive correlation. If I compare day three of both experiments (the day at which the plants were transferred into the hydroponics solution) growing parsley plants, it can be seen that the percentage increase in height achieved by the parsley plant grown in hydroponics solution was (16.57-13.4) =3.17, (3.17/13.4)*100= 23.6% higher than the parsley plant grown in fertiliser. If day four is compared, the percentage increase of the parsley plant in hydroponics was (24.84-20.80) =4.04, (4.04/20.80)*100= 19.42% higher than the plant in fertiliser. At day five it was (32.72-27.3) = 5.42, (5.42/27.3)*100= 19.85% higher, at day six it was (37.8-34.2) = 3.6, (3.6/34.2)*100= 10.52% higher and at day seven it is (42.6-36.4) = 6.2, (6.2/36.4)*100= 17.03% higher.

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

If I compare day three of both experiments growing coriander plants, it can be seen that the percentage increase in height achieved by the coriander plant grown in hydroponics solution was (18.53-14.1) =4.43, (4.43/14.1)*100= 31.41% higher than the coriander plant grown in fertiliser. If day four is compared, the percentage increase of the coriander plant in hydroponics was (26.6-22.0) =4.60, (4.60/22.0)*100= 20.90% higher than the plant in fertiliser. At day five it was (33.71-28.4) = 5.31, (5.31/28.4)*100= 18.6% higher, at day six it was (40.97-35.0) = 5.97, (5.97/35.0)*100= 17.06% higher and at day seven it is (48.9541.1) = 7.85, (7.85/41.1)*100= 19.09% higher. If I compare day three of both experiments growing garlic plants, it can be seen that the percentage increase in height achieved by the garlic plant grown in hydroponics solution was (20.02-17.7) =2.32, (2.32/17.7)*100= 13.11% higher than the garlic plant grown in fertiliser. If day four is compared, the percentage increase of the garlic plant in hydroponics was (31.18-27.80) =3.38, (3.38/27.80)*100= 12.16% higher than the plant in fertiliser. At day five it was (41.38-34.8) = 6.58, (6.58/34.8)*100= 18.9% higher, at day six it was (48.6541.8) = 6.85, (6.85/41.8)*100= 16.4% higher and at day seven it is (63.64-50.9) = 12.74, (12.74/50.9)*100= 25.02% higher. Every plant subject to growth via sachs hydroponics surpassed the height of the same plant type which was allowed to continue to grow in fertiliser irrespective of the stage of growth. The largest increase that was measured was that of the garlic plants at the end of the experiment which measured an average 63.64mm, a 25.02% increase compared to the garlic plants left to grow in fertiliser. It can be concluded that following the germination and growth of a combined total of sixty seeds, the hydroponics growing technique applied in this circumstance not only benefits plant growth, but allows the plant to surpass the height achieved by growth in fertiliser by a substantially noticeable amount and at faster rate between each successive day which is of paramount importance in industry/farming where it is important to obtain maximum plant yield in minimum time.

My rationale was to deduce whether hydroponics solution was really effective to increase plant growth substantially and after hours of planning, growth and write ups it can be shown that all values conform to suggesting that hydroponics is effective. The values at the end of the three main experiments show that the parsley plant in hydroponics solution finished at 17.3% taller than its fertiliser counterpart, the coriander plant in hydroponics finished at 19.09% taller than the coriander plants in fertiliser and that the garlic plant grown in sachs standard was 25.02% taller than the garlic plants left to grow in fertiliser. Not only one plant shows this correlation but all three indicate a causation to support the conclusion that hydroponics solution is a more effective growth medium in comparison to fertiliser. Anomalies were present in the investigation and existed at parsley seed three, day two, parsley seed seven, day two, parsley seed seven, day three, coriander seed six, day five, garlic seed two, days six and seven. The effect that these values had on the average calculated was

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

negligible and only swayed the results marginally below what they should have been if the experiment was running at 100% efficiency. Reasons for anomalous values may have ranged from measuring errors which were minimised by the use of precision equipment, irregular sunlight patterns to which some seeds may have been more sensitive than others due to genetics, the concept that all seeds are genetically different and so will grow differently, due to the large period of time where the plants were left unattended, it is possible that some may have been tampered with, interfering with the growth process. The fact that a total of ten seeds of each type were grown, the effects of anomalous values were minimised. Linking in aspects of the research section allows for the better interpretation for the results in this experiment. Potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen were present in all growing techniques and formed the backbone of the constituents of the fertiliser which allowed the basic plant mechanisms to function such as ionic processes, gaseous exchange, protein synthesis and the biochemical functions of chlorophyll which allows photosynthesis to occur. When analysing the data, it can be said that the heights of all plant type when grown in fertiliser are due to these three elements with the addition of water and sunlight. Changing the independent variable from fertiliser to sachs hydroponics solution allowed a faction of further elements to be incorporated into the plant physiology such as calcium, magnesium and sulphur which are the sole difference between the two methods of growing techniques. Whilst calcium emphasised a focus on disease reduction, magnesium contributed to factors such as root formation and photosynthesis which is also a function of nitrogen and may explain why plants in sachs solution grew to a greater height than in fertiliser as enhanced photosynthetic mechanisms were in place and exhibited. Evaluating the economical aspect to hydroponics; high concentration nutrient solutions are widely available which provide high value for money and are significantly more effective than fertilisers which can be purchased for similar prices. Not only is this growing process the most economical method of supplying nutrients to plants, but it also allows users to prevent the spread of various diseases. Hydroponics frequently includes a higher level of crop yields than is generally obtainable in normal soil/fertiliser culture, together with faster growth and earlier maturity of fruits, flowers and vegetables. Standard hydroponics methods simplify the work input which is further emphasised by the elimination of hard manual operations such as ploughing, digging, weeding and soil sterilisation. The cleanliness intrinsic hydroponics systems combined with the nonexistence of dirt and smells is also a significant factor that assists in the maintenance of good phyto-sanitary conditions.

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

Average length of parsley plants in hydroponics solution. (mm) Sachs Hydroponics Solution/ Day 1 0 Day2 6.56 Day3 16.57 Day4 24.84 Day5 32.72 Day6 38.01 Day7 43.4 mean 23.15

x
0 43.03 274.56 617.02 1070.6 1444.76 1883.56

x
4033.53

Average length of parsley plants in fertiliser. Fertiliser/

6.1

13.4

20.8

27.3

34.2

36.4

19.74

37.21

179.56

432.64

745.29

1169.64

1324.96

y
3889.3

The variance of Sachs Hydroponics solution:

Sx = x-/nx Sy = y/nY

- x = 4033.53/7 23.15 = 40.296 - y = 3889.3/7 19.74 = 165.95

The variance of Industrial organic fertilizer:

The Pooled variance:

2 = nx x Sx + nY x Sy / nx+ nY 2= 7 x 40.296 + 7 x 165.95/ 7+7 2 = 120.310

Standard deviation:

= 2 (Square root of the pooled variance) = 120.310 = 10.96

Difference between the sample means:

XY = 23.15 19.74= 3.41

The T-Test:

(x y) x nx x nY /
Degrees of freedom:

x x

n + nY = (3.41 x 7x7) / (10.96 x 7+7) = 0.58

nx+ nY

= 7+7-2 = 12

The Critical value : = 2.179

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

Average length of coriander plants in hydroponics solution. (mm) Sachs Hydroponics Solution/ Day 1 0 Day2 5.81 Day3 18.53 Day4 26.6 Day5 33.71 Day6 40.97 Day7 48.95 mean 24.93

x
0 33.75 343.36 707.56 1136.36 1678.54 2396.10

x
6295.67

Average length of coriander plants in fertiliser. Fertiliser/ 0 5.9 14.1 22.0 28.4 35.0 41.1 20.92

34.81

198.81

484

806.56

1225

16892.21

y
4438.39

The variance of Sachs Hydroponics solution:

Sx = x/nx Sy = y/nY

- x = 6295.67/7 24.93 = 277.87 - y = 4438.39/7 20.92 = 196.41

The variance of Industrial organic fertilizer:

The Pooled variance:

2 = nx x Sx + nY x Sy / nx+ nY 2= 7 x 277.87+ 7 x 196.41/ 7+7 2 = 276.66

Standard deviation:

= 2 (Square root of the pooled variance) = 276.66 = 16.63

Difference between the sample means:

XY = 24.93 20.92= 4.01

The T-Test:

(x y) x nx x nY /
Degrees of freedom:

x x

n + nY = (4.01x 7x7) / (16.63 x 7+7) = 0.451

nx+ nY

= 7+7-2 = 12

The Critical value : = 2.179

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

Average length of garlic plants in hydroponics solution. (mm) Sachs Hydroponics Solution Day 1 0 Day2 8.05 Day3 20.02 Day4 31.18 Day5 41.38 Day6 48.65 Day7 63.64 mean 30.42

64.80

400.80

972.2

1712.30

2366.82

4050.04

x
9566.96

Average length of garlic plants in fertiliser. Fertiliser 0 8.0 17.7 27.8 34.8 41.8 50.9 25.85

64

313.29

772.84

1211.04

1747.24

2590.81

y
6699.22

The variance of Sachs Hydroponics solution:

Sx = x/nx Sy = y/nY

- x = 9566.96/7 30.42 = 441.33 - y = 6699.22/7 25.85 = 288.80

The variance of Industrial organic fertilizer:

The Pooled variance:

2 = nx x Sx + nY x Sy / nx+ nY 2= 7 x 441.33+ 7 x 288.80/ 7+7 2 = 425.91

Standard deviation:

= 2 (Square root of the pooled variance) = 425.91 = 20.63

Difference between the sample means:

XY = 30.42 25.85= 4.57

The T-Test:

(x y) x nx x nY /
Degrees of freedom:

x x

n + nY = (4.57x 7x7) / (20.63 x 7+7) = 0.414

nx+ nY

= 7+7-2 = 12

The Critical value : = 2.179

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

The statics test chosen is the unpaired T-test as my independent variables are unpaired. This means the data in the independent variables are not linked. In this case my independent variables are the different types of growing techniques so for this reason the unpaired T-test was used.

Conclusion
Prior to the statistical analysis of the raw data, it was stated that there was a clear trend in the results of the investigation however post statistical review reveals an interesting predicament. The critical value was 2.179 (which was established by comparing the degrees of freedom) which is higher than the T value at the 95% confidence level for all three plant types. This striking information actually means that the alternate hypothesis is rejected and the null hypothesis is accepted in its place. Initially this causes confusion as the null hypothesis states there will be no difference in plant heights irrespective of the growing technique when this clearly does not seem the case and initially the alternate hypothesis seemed more appropriate. The reason for the statistical indication towards the accepting of the null hypothesis arises from the fact that the increase in plant heights whilst growing them in hydroponics solution was not significantly large enough for the statistics to incline towards suggesting the alternate hypothesis. This is emphasised by the difference in sample means (XY = 23.15 19.74= 3.41 for parsley), (XY = 23.15 19.74= 4.01 for coriander) and XY = 23.15 19.74= 4.57 for garlic). Here it is obvious that the difference between the two growing techniques in parsley, coriander and garlic plants are not significant and give an average difference of a mere 3.99mm. Certain variables were possible to control but the ones that were uncontrollable are those that caused limitations in the experiment. Such limitations can be identified for example the amount of light that the plants received over the course of the seven day period was very much variable. The effect of this was minimised due to the short period of time this experiment was conducted under in comparison to the yearly season and so reduced the likelihood of major natural light fluctuation. The replenishing of the hydroponics solution was potentially a limiting factor as the new solution may have been more or less concentrated than previous solutions due to a measuring error in the water, sachs powder ratio however this was again minimised due to the use of precision measuring instruments. In relation to the plants in fertiliser, irregular volumes of water during successive watering periods may have contributed to different measurement values to that which were expected. Room temperature was known to have varied especially during the night where temperatures may have plummeted, being another significant limiting factor. Genetic variation is a key concept which is addressed in many stages of this course and the sixty different seeds in this investigation are no doubt, potentially very genetically diverse. This means that all individual seeds have different maximum heights that can be genetically possibly reached.

Muhammad Hashim Chishty, Candidate number 8170, Centre number 33649.

Another limitation which can be easily overlooked is the interpretation of increased plant growth. Surely, this seems straightforward enough however there is discrepancy in saying that increased plant growth strictly means the height of plant. Increased plant growth may refer to increased root formation, stem formation, amount of leaves present, thickness of stem, mass of leaves, surface area of leaves or dry mass of plant. It is possible that the hydroponics solution actually did significantly cause greater growth in the plants which were grown in it but was expressed not in height, but may have caused the plant to grow a larger amount of leaves or be wider or weigh more than the plants grown using fertiliser. For the purpose of this investigation, the height of plants was chosen to determine plant growth as it is the easiest value to measure, quantify and the generally accepted way to measure plant growth however the fact that the other methods of measurement were ignored, this remains the most significant limitation to the main experiment. Future Experiment. Due to excess limitations, this experiment lacked ecological validity as it was carried out in a laboratory and ultimately failed to prove that hydroponics substantially benefits plant growth. If this experiment were to be recreated in the future, it is essential that it is carried out in an environment which represents natural habitat or one similar to industry where yield maximisation is the main priority. Perhaps a larger variety of plant seed types would have lead to data that would support the alternate hypothesis and so this should be considered. An environment where temperature is constantly monitored such as a greenhouse would be the preferable location for all trials and main investigations to occur and an increase in the amount of seeds experimented on would be beneficial. A review over which hydroponics solution to use with cross comparisons between all available nutrient solutions should be considered and the ratio when preparing solutions should be investigated thoroughly to make certain that the optimum mixture is produced ensuring that the null hypothesis is never accepted again.