Bio Aviation Fuel

Jennifer Holmgren
UOP LLC

World Biofuels Markets Congress 12-14 March, 2008 Brussels, Belgium

2008 UOP LLC. All rights reserved.
UOP 4942-01

UOP
Leading supplier and licensor of process technology, catalysts, adsorbents, process plants, and technical services to the petroleum refining, petrochemical, and gas processing industries UOP technology furnishes 60% of the worlds gasoline, 85% of the worlds biodegradable detergents, and 60% of the worlds para-xylene Strong relationships with leading refining and petrochemical customers worldwide UOPs innovations enabled lead removal from gasoline, biodegradable detergents, and the first commercial catalytic converter for automobiles
2003 National Medal of Technology Recipient

Biofuels: Next in a Series of Sustainable Solutions

What is an Alternative Fuel?

Conventional Fuel (Per fuel specification)
Aviation turbine fuel shall consist of refined hydrocarbons derived from conventional sources including: crude oil, natural gas liquid condensates, heavy oil, shale oil, oil sands

Alternative Fuels
Derived from all other sources: biomass, natural gas, coal
Kg/100 MJ
6.00 Methanol

Fuel Weight Unit Energy

5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 Biodiesel Ethanol

r tte Be

FT Synthetic Fuel Liquid Methane Liquid Nitrogen

Jet A/Jet A-1

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00
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Source: Chevron

Litres/100 MJ Fuel Volume/Unit Energy

UOP Strategy
Fuel Additives / Blends
Ethanol Biodiesel Diesel

Fuels
Jet Gasoline

UOPs Bio-Fuels Technology Goals

Identify and utilize processing, composition, and infrastructure synergies to lower capital investment, minimize value chain disruptions, and reduce investment risk.

Inedible Oils: Jatropha

Generation 1
Vegetable oils, greases to diesel, gasoline and jet fuel

Generation 2
Lignocellulosic biomass to fuels Algal oils to fuels
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Production of Jet Fuel UOP/ENI EcofiningTM

Oil BioOil Deoxygenation/ Isomerization Green Diesel

New Bio-Oil to Jet Process Based on Ecofining

Oil BioOil Deoxygenation/ Selective Cracking/ Isomerization
Crude Oil
Gasoline Gases Jet Diesel No. 2 Lubricating Oils Heavy Fuel Oils Asphalt

Green Jet

60 300 400 500

Coconut Oil
6 8 10 15

650 to Boiling Point, F

1000

1300

Jet

Soybean Oil
43 71
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20 Number of Carbon Atoms

Properties of UOPs Bio-Based JP-8

JP-8 Spec % aromatic (*added) Freeze Point, C Flash Point, C Specific Gravity @ 15C Heat of combustion (Btu/lb) IBP, C (D86) 10% (D86) 20% (D86) 50% (D86) 90% (D86) FBP, C (D86) 168-229 183-262 300 157-205 max 25 vol % -47 38 .775-.84 18400 min Soybean oil derived JP-8
15% -50 54

Coconut oil derived JP-8

22% -62 56

Petroleum JP-8 18.8 -50 51 0.804 18600 159 182 189 208 244 265

0.779 18600 165 176 180 199 268 279

0.780 18655
169

177 179 188 226 262

Feedstock Flexibility Demonstrated

UOP 4942-07

Distribution Statement "A" (Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited)

Green Jet Economics

Green Jet Economics
$5.00 Production Cost, ($)

$4.00

$3.00

$2.00

Feedstock Cost Assumed: $2.78/gal Potential with low cost ($2/gal) feedstock

$1.00 25%

50%

75% Process Yield (%)

100%

Process and Catalyst Improvements

Economics driven by feedstock costs and process efficiency

Distribution Statement "A" (Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited)

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Enablers for a Sustainable Biomass Infrastructure

Global Transport Fuels
2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 450 400 350 300 M t/a 250 200 150 100 50 0

European Transport Fuels

M t/a

Total

Diesel Gasoline

Cellulosic Waste
1200 900 MJ/Hectare'000

Total

Diesel Gasoline

Cellulosic Waste

360 Liters/Hectare '00 270

Oils Productivity

50 25 0

160 80 0
Algae

Cellulosic waste could make a significant contribution to liquid transportation pool. Algal Oils could enable oils route to biodiesel, green diesel and jet fuel.

Soy Castor Sunflower Rape- Jatropha Palm Seed seed

Increases Availability, Reduces Feedstock Cost Technology Breakthroughs Required

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Source: Transportation fuels are from Purvin & Gertz Tables II-3 and II-4, 2007 Consumption, Europe

Lignocellulosic Biomass to Fuels Via Pyrolysis

Corn Stover
P P Refinery P

Deoxygenate
P P

Biomass

Pyrolysis

Stabilization

Biocrude
Other Refinery Processes

Gasoline Diesel Jet Chemicals

Mixed Woods

Collaboration with DOE, NREL, PNNL

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2nd Generation Renewable Jet Fuel from Oils and Biomass

Natural Oils and Fats

Deoxygenation

Selective Cracking/ Isomerization

Green Jet-range Jet-range paraffins

Renewable Jet Fuel

Solid Biomass Pyrolysis Catalytic Stabilization/ Deoxygenation Jet Range cyclic hydrocarbons

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Properties Bio JP-8: Renewable Aromatics

JP-8 Spec Freeze Point (oC) -47 Flash Point (oC) 39 Density (g/mL) 0.775

Starting Bio Paraffin -53 53 0.759

Corn Stover Woody Pyrolysis Pyrolysis Oil Oil -56 -54 49 54 0.790 0.782

100% Bio-derived JP-8 successfully prepared

UOP 4942-08

Distribution Statement "A" (Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited)

Integrated Algal Processing for Jet Fuel Production

Green Jet (paraffin-rich)

CO2

l Oi

Bi om as s

2nd Generation On-spec On-spec Renewable Jet Fuel

Green Jet (rich in cyclic hydrocarbons)

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Biofuel Fuel: Key Issues for Aviation

Technical Risks
Thermal stability fuel system component coking Storage stability biological growth Low temperature performance Combustion properties Material compatibility fuel system and hot section Trace contamination (metals, micronutrients) Low Density - aircraft range

Quality Risks
Inconsistent product (source dependent) Lack of robust control Fragmented industry

Extensive Certification Process

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Synthetic Fuel Introduction: Key Challenges

Plant Investment Risk Deters Investment

New Fuels Must Be Validated for Use

Risk Reduction: Need to Find Least Expensive and Quickest Route to Validate New Fuels
Need Large Quantity of Fuel to Flight Test

Plant Is Very Expensive

Need Plant to Make Large Quantity of Fuel

Need to Get Early Assessment of Fuel Suitability to Justify Government and Industry Investment

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Commercial Alternative Fuel Activity

CAAFI (Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels Initiative)

- Euro CAAFI forming

IATA Alternative Fuels Project

- IATA 2007 Report on Alternative Fuels released Feb 2008

ASTM Emerging Fuels Task Force CRC Emerging Fuels Group Oil company initiatives (Shell, AirBP, Chevron, etc.) Boeing & Airbus Alternative Fuel Initiatives Engine manufacturer initiatives

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Achieving Sustainability
Renewables are going to make up an increasing share of the future fuels pool - Multitude of bioprocessing approaches possible - Fungible biofuels are here First generation biofuels, though raw material limited, are an important first step to creating a biofuels infrastructure. Second generation feedstocks, cellulosic waste and algal oils, have the potential to make significant contributions. Jet fuel certification presents unique challenges to rapid adoption - Must work with standard setting agencies and OEMs to create a robust but rapid process Important to promote technology neutral and performance based standards and directives to avoid standardization on old technology.
UOP 4942-22

Acknowledgements

DOE, Project DE-FG36-05GO15085 Paul Grabowski DARPA, Project W911NF-07-C-0049 Dr. Douglas Kirkpatrick

The work presented in this paper was at least partially funded by the U.S. Army Research Office under DARPA contract no. W911NF-07-C-0049 and the contents thereof do not necessarily reflect the position or the policy of the U.S. Government, and no official endorsement should be inferred.

Nodan mamomamo
Danke schn

Teekkr ederim

Gracias

Xie xie Eso

Maulanenga Aachaykin Efcharisto Hvala Ookini Dekoju Danyavad Spasibo Grazie Ngiyabonga

Thank You Obrigado Gum xia Kiitos Merci Tawdi Terima kasih Sha sha Ang kun

Dhannvaad

Arigato Gum xia

Giittus Shukran

Ksznm

Qujanaq mersi
UOP 4942-24

Wiyarrparlunpaju-yungu

UOP 4942-25

What is an Alternative Fuel?

Conventional Fuel (Per fuel specification)
Aviation turbine fuel shall consist of refined hydrocarbons derived from conventional sources including: crude oil, natural gas liquid condensates, heavy oil, shale oil, oil sands

Alternative Fuels
Derived from all other sources: biomass, natural gas, coal
Kg/100 MJ
6.00 Methanol 3.5 2.3 Ethanol Biodiesel Liquid Hydrogen from Coal Liquid Methane from Coal Jet Fuel from Coal Jet Fuel from Natural Gas Methanol from Natural Gas Liquid Methane from Natural Gas Biojet Fuel Liquid Hydrogen form Coal and Nuclear Power 1.0 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 0 1 Jet Fuel from Crude Oil 2 3 4
UOP 4942-02

Fuel Weight Unit Energy

5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 0.00

r tte Be

1.8 1.5 1.3 0.8 Liquid Nitrogen 0.4

FT Synthetic Fuel Liquid Methane

Jet A/Jet A-1

Source: Chevron

Litres/100 MJ Fuel Volume/Unit Energy

Relative CO2 Emissions Compared with Jet Fuel

Current/Future Aircraft Need Better Fuel

Commercial drivers - Improved engine efficiency - Improved emissions - More electric aircraft
(increased heat load)

Alternate fuels need to look similar to current fuel near team (drop in fuel) Engines & components need to be designed for future fuels - Tolerant of future fuels
(low lubricity, low aromatics)

Military drivers - Improved engine efficiency

Place increased demand on aviation fuel - Increased thermal stability - Lower freeze point - Cleaner fuel (no sulfur, low
aromatics, low GHG)

and thrust/weight ratio Long range/High altitude/High Mach aircraft Increased heat load into fuel

Faster fuel approval process - True material specification - Generic fuel approval - not

refinery/feed stock dependent Replace rig/engine testing with bench/lab tests

UOP 4942-03

Bio-Jet Fuel
Crude Oil
Gasoline Gases Jet Diesel No. 2 Lubricating Oils Heavy Fuel Oils Asphalt

60 300 400 500

Coconut Oil

to Jet
15 4,000

650 Boiling Point, F

1000

1300

Soybean Oil
43 >1000 Trillion 71

6 5

8 10 18 75

20 Number of Carbon Atoms 366,000

Number of Paraffin Isomers

UOP 4942-05

Production of Jet Fuel UOP/ENI EcofiningTM

Oil BioOil Deoxygenation/ Isomerization Green Diesel

New Bio-Oil to Jet Process Based on Ecofining

Oil BioOil Deoxygenation/ Selective Cracking/ Isomerization Green Jet

Sample JP-8 Spec UOP JP-8 range paraffins

Freeze Point, oC

Flash Point, oC

Density, g/cc

-47 -52.6

38 53

0.775 0.759

Aromatic additives required to make JP-8 specification; also true for synthetic jet fuel

Integrated Biofuels Production

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Meeting JP-8 Specifications: Aromatics to Meet Density Specs

Oil
Deoxygenation Selective Cracking/ Isomerization

Green Jetrange paraffins

Aromatics (<25%)

Sources of Aromatics Fossil sources Renewable sources

Renewable JP-8

UOP 4942-20

Commercial Alternative Fuel Activity

CAAFI (Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels Initiative)

- Euro CAAFI forming

IATA Alternative Fuels Project

- IATA 2007 Report on Alternative Fuels released Feb 2008

ASTM Emerging Fuels Task Force CRC Emerging Fuels Group Oil company initiatives (Shell, AirBP, Chevron, etc.) Boeing & Airbus Alternative Fuel Initiatives Engine manufacturer initiatives

UOP 4942-15