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ALUMNO: JOSE ALBERTO CHAVEZ LOPEZ LUIS FERNANDO JIMENEZ LOPEZ CARRERA: MAESTRIA EN INGENIERIA ELECTRONICA

MATERIA: FUNDAMENTOS DE INGENIERA ELECTRNICA

TRABAJO: PRACTICA # 3 ANALIZADOR DE ESPECTROS ESA-L1500A

FECHA: 7/OCTUBRE/2011
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Introduccin
En esta prctica nos familiarizaremos con el analizador de espectros ESA-L1500A, siguiendo los pasos del manual de usuario para realizar las pruebas recomendadas que ah se muestran y aprender a usar las funciones que este dispositivo brinda y con ello poder realizar mediciones de frecuencias deseados de una seal de la manera ms adecuada.

Con esta prctica se pretende aprender a utilizar de una manera muy eficiente y correcta el analizador de espectros ESA-L1500A para apoyarnos de el en algunas de las practicas que estaremos haciendo en la maestra.

Equipo que sirve para observar el nivel de potencia y la frecuencia de una porcin del espectro electromagntico. Este instrumento tiene un rango desde 9 Khz. Hasta 1.5 GHz.

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Marco terico
Un analizador de espectro es un equipo de medicin electrnica que permite visualizar en una pantalla las componentes espectrales en un espectro de frecuencias de las seales presentes en la entrada, pudiendo ser sta cualquier tipo de ondas elctricas, acsticas u pticas. En el eje de ordenadas suele presentarse en una escala logartmica el nivel en dBm del contenido espectral de la seal. En el eje de abscisas se representa la frecuencia, en una escala que es funcin de la separacin temporal y el nmero de muestras capturadas. Se denomina frecuencia central del analizador a la que corresponde con la frecuencia en el punto medio de la pantalla. A menudo se mide con ellos el espectro de la potencia elctrica. TIPOS Hay analizadores analgicos y digitales de espectro:

Un analizador analgico de espectro es un equipo electrnico que muestra la composicin del espectro de ondas elctricas, acsticas, pticas, de radiofrecuencia, etc. Contrario a un osciloscopio un Analizador de Espectros muestra las ondas en el dominio de frecuencia en vez del dominio de tiempo. Puede ser considerado un voltmetro de frecuencia selectiva, que responde a picos calibrados en valores RMS de la onda. Los analizadores analgicos utilizan un filtro pasa banda de frecuencia variable cuya frecuencia central se afina automticamente dentro de una gama de fija. Tambin se puede emplear un banco de filtros o un receptor superheterodino donde el oscilador local barre una gama de frecuencias. Algunos otros analizadores como los de Tektronix utilizan un hbrido entre anlogo y digital al que llaman "tiempo real" analizador de Espectros. La seales son convertidas a una frecuencia ms baja para ser trabajadas con tcnicas FFT o transformada rpida de Fourier.

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Un analizador digital de espectro utiliza la (FFT), un proceso matemtico que transforma una seal en sus componentes espectrales. Algunas medidas requieren que se preserve la informacin completa de seal - frecuencia y fase este tipo de anlisis se llama vectorial. Equipos como los de Agilent Technologies (antiguamente conocidos como Hewlett Packard) usan este tipo de anlisis.

Desarrollo de la prctica
La metodologa que utilizamos para realizar el desarrollo fue seguir el manual de usuario del analizador de espectros ESA-L1500A y hay que tomar en

cuenta algunos smbolos que son muy importantes

The instruction documentation symbol. The product is marked with this symbol when it is necessary for the user to refer to the instructions in the documentation. El smbolo de la documentacin de instruccin. El producto es marcado con este smbolo cuando es menester que el usuario se refiera a las intrusiones en la documentacin. This symbol is used to mark the on position of the power line switch. Este smbolo est acostumbrado a la marca lo en posicin del interruptor de la lnea de fuerza elctrica.

This symbol is used to mark the standby position of the power line switch.

Este smbolo se usa para marcar la posicin de relevo del interruptor de la lnea de fuerza elctrica.

This symbol indicates that the input power required is AC.

Este smbolo seala que el poder de aporte requerido es corriente alterna.

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Front Panel Features

Front Panel Feature Overview

Las llaves de claridad le permiten cambiar la claridad del despliegue. Las llaves del men son las llaves sin etiqueta al lado de la pantalla. Las etiquetas de la llave del men son la anotacin en la pantalla al lado de las llaves sin etiqueta. La mayor parte de las llaves etiquetadas en el analizador de espectros el panel delantero (tambin el grupo de expertos delantero designado teclea) los mens de acceso de teclas de funciones relacionadas.
La medida accede

a un men de llaves que hacen algunas medidas comunes del analizador de espectros.
La frecuencia, el Intervalo,

y el Tamao son las tres llaves grandes que activan las funciones primarias del

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analizador de espectros y mens de acceso de funciones relatadas.

5

Las funciones de CONTROL acceden a los mens que le permiten ajustar el ancho de banda de resolucin, ajustarse el tiempo de barrido, y controlar el despliegue del instrumento. Tambin colocaron otros parmetros del analizador de espectros necesitados para hacer medidas. Las funciones de SISTEMA afectan al estado del analizador de espectros entero. El esquema de la impresora y las rutinas de alineacin son a los que se accedi con la llave de Sistema. La llave Preprogramada verde vuelve a arrancar el analizador de espectros para un estado sabido. El men crucial File le permite ahorrar y cargar huellas, estados, mesas de la lnea de lmite y factores de correccin de tamao para o de memoria del analizador de espectros. enva una copia de los datos de la pantalla a una impresora. Use las llaves del men de la Impresora bajo el Sistema antes de usar la llave Estampada. Vea Captulo 4 para ms detalles.
La impresin

Las funciones del MARCADOR controlan los marcadores, ledas fuera de las frecuencias y los tamaos a lo largo de la huella del analizador de espectros, automticamente localizan las seales de tamao ms alto, y se guardan una seal en el centro de la pantalla.
El AURICULAR. El

conector del AURICULAR (la parte trasera localizada la puerta en plan simptico con el panel delantero) provee una conexin para una gata del auricular en lugar de usar el speaker interno.
El VOLUMEN. La manija de VOLUMEN puede ajustar

el volumen del orador interno. El orador es al que se dio vuelta de vez en cuando con el orador Adelante Fuera de llave en el men Det/Demod. Las llaves de DATOS, cul incluyen las llaves de paso, la manija, y el teclado pequeo numrico, le permiten cambiar el valor numrico de una funcin en ejecucin.

10

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11

El TECLADO EXT. El

connectorisa EXT KEYBOARD El conector de miniestrpito de 6 alfileres que es compatible con la mayora de teclados de la PC. El teclado externo no es incluido con el analizador de espectros. El teclado externo puede usarse para entrar en ttulos de la pantalla y rdenes remotas.
El PODER de la SONDA provee poder

12 13

para sondas del ac de impedancia alta u otros accesorios. Esc. La llave Esc (la escapada) desactiva la funcin en ejecucin y gana limpiamente el texto de funcin en ejecucin del despliegue. Esc abortar unos mensajes estampados (si uno est en curso) y claros de error del despliegue del analizador. Tambin aclara aporte y condiciones electrgenas rastreadoras del recargo.
Ms. La Ms llave

14

accede a otras pginas de un men de la multipgina. Uno 1 de 2 escribe mensaje es exhibido simplemente por encima de la llave si que hay ms que una pgina. (APORTE 75 Para Option 1DP) es el aporte de la seal para el analizador de espectros.
APORTE 50

15

16

LA RADIOFRECUENCIA FUERA DE 50 (Para Option 1DN) o la RADIOFRECUENCIA FUERA DE 75 (La forOpcin1DQ)

es la salida de la fuente para el generador incorporado que rastrea. El 1DN de opcin o 1DQ slo.

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Rear Panel Features

Rear Panel Feature Overview

Power input is the input for the line power source. Make sure that the line-power source outlet has a protective ground contact. Line Fuse. The fuse is removed by twisting 1/4 turn. Replace only with a fuse of the same rating. See the label on the rear panel. Standard Inputs/Outputs

3b

accepts the positive edge of an external voltage input that triggers the spectrum analyzer
EXT TRIG IN (TTL)

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internal sweep source.

3c

indicates when the spectrum analyzer is sweeping.

HI SWP OUT (TTL)

(Shown) HP-IB and parallel (Option A4H) are optional interfaces. HP-IB supports remote instrument operation and direct printing of screen data. The parallel port is for printing only. (Not Shown) RS-232 and parallel (Option 1AX) are optional interfaces. RS-232 supports remote instrument operation and direct printing of screen data. The parallel port is for printing only.

NOTE

Only one optional interface can be installed at a time. Option 1AX or Option A4H must be installed in slot 1 on the rear panel. Option A4H is shown installed in slot 1 in Figure 6.
5 Spectrum Analyzer Inputs/Outputs (Option A4J):

provides a voltage ramp corresponding to the sweep of the spectrum analyzer (0 V to 10 V).
SWP OUT HI SWP OUT (TTL) indicates

when the spectrum

analyzer is sweeping.
HI SWP IN (TTL) AUX VIDEO OUT

can be grounded to stop sweeping.

provides detected video output (before the analog-to-digital conversion) proportional to vertical deflection of the trace. Output is from 0 V to 1 V. Amplitude-correction factors are not applied to this signal. The output signal will be blanked occasionally during retrace by the automatic alignment routine. Select a very long sweep time to minimize this, or turn off the Auto Align All function (and use Align Now All manually to maintain calibration.) Refer to the Alignments key description in Chapter 4 for more information on alignment key functions. is a 50 , 21.4 MHz IF output that is the down- converted signal of the RF input of the spectrum analyzer. Amplitude-correction factors are not applied to this signal. This output is taken after the resolution bandwidth filters and step
AUX IF OUT

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gains and before the log amplifier. The output signal will be blanked occasionally during retrace by the automatic alignment routine. Select a very long sweep time to minimize this, or turn off the Auto Align All function (and use Align NowAll manually to maintain calibration.) Refer to the Alignments key description in Chapter 4 for more information on alignment key functions.
6

accepts an external frequency source to provide the 10 MHz, 15 to +10 dBm frequency reference used by the spectrum analyzer.
10 MHz REF IN

provides a 10 MHz, 0 dBm minimum, timebase reference signal.

10 MHz REF OUT 7 Service Connector. The

service connector is for

service use only.

8

selects a preference for when power is applied to the analyzers rear panel power connector. The analyzer can be set to always be off when power is connected, or it can be set to go to the on/off condition that existed when power was disconnected. This is useful when the analyzer is used at an unattended location to ensure that the analyzer powers on after a power outage.
Power On Selection DC Fuse.

Protects against too much power to the DC power connector on the rear panel of the spectrum analyzer.
DC Power is the Refer to. Power

10

input for the DC power source. Requirements in the Specifications

Chapter.

La potencia alimentadora es el aporte para la fuente de poder de la lnea. Asegrese de que la conexin de salida de la fuente de poder de lnea tiene un contacto protector de la tierra. El Fusible de la Lnea. El fusible est distante por vuelta serpenteante del 1/4. Reemplace slo con un fusible de la misma valuacin. Vea la etiqueta en el panel trasero. Los Inputs/Outputs Estndar

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3b

EXT TRIG Indiana (la lgica transistortransistor) acepta el borde positivo de un

aporte externo de voltaje que detona el analizador de espectros la fuente interna de barrido.
3c Hawaii SWP OUT (la lgica transistortransistor) indica cundo pasa

rpidamente el analizador de espectros.

4

(Mostrado) HP-IB y paralelo (la Opcin A4H) son interfaces optativas. HP-IB soporta operacin remota del instrumento y dicte estampado de datos de la pantalla. El puerto paralelo es para estampado slo. (No Shown) RS-232 y paralelo (la Opcin 1AX) son interfaces optativas. RS-232 soporta operacin remota del instrumento y dicte estampado de datos de la pantalla. El puerto paralelo es para estampado slo.

NOTA

Slo una interfaz optativa puede ser instalada a la vez. El 1AX de opcin u Option A4H debe ser instalado en ranura 1 en el panel trasero.

El Analizador De Espectros Inputs/Outputs (la Opcin A4J): SWP OUT provee una rampa

de voltaje correspondiente al barrido del analizador de espectros (0 V para 10 V).

Hawaii SWP OUT (la lgica transistor-transistor) indica

cundo pasa rpidamente el analizador de espectros.

Hawaii SWP Indiana (la lgica transistor-transistor) puede

estar castigado sin salir para dejar de barrido.

AUX VIDEOGRABE FUERA le provee la

detectada salida de vdeo (antes de la conversin anloga a digital) proporcional a la deflexin vertical de la huella. La salida est de 0 V para 1 Los factores de correccin V. Amplitude no son aplicados a esta seal. La seal de salida ser ganada limpiamente
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ocasionalmente durante el retrazo por la rutina automtica de alineacin. Haga una seleccin un tiempo largusimo de barrido para minimizar esto, o quitarle las ganas el Automvil Align Toda funcin (y el uso Align Ahora Todo manualmente para mantener calibracin.) Refirase a la descripcin crucial Alignments en el Captulo 4 para mayor informacin sobre funciones de la llave de alineacin.
La FI AUX de FUERA es

uno 50 , 21.4 la salida de declaracin IF MHz que es la seal de converso cado del aporte de RADIOFRECUENCIA del analizador de espectros. Los factores de correccin de tamao no son aplicados a esta seal. Esta salida es tomada despus de que el ancho de banda de resolucin filtra y el paso lucra y antes del amplificador del leo. La seal de salida ser ganada limpiamente ocasionalmente durante el retrazo por la rutina automtica de alineacin. Haga una seleccin un tiempo largusimo de barrido para minimizar esto, o quitarle las ganas el Automvil Align Toda funcin (y el uso Align NowAll manualmente para mantener calibracin.) Refirase a la descripcin crucial Alignments en el Captulo 4 para mayor informacin sobre funciones de la llave de alineacin.
6

acepta una fuente externa de frecuencia le proveen al 10 MHz, 15 a la referencia de frecuencia +10 dBm usada por el analizador de espectros.
10 el RBITRO MHz a quien Indiana 10 el RBITRO MHz FUERA DE provee un

10 MHz, 0

mnimo dBm, seal remisiva timebase.

7 El Conector de Servicio. El

conector de servicio es para

uso de servicio slo.

8

selecciona una preferencia para cundo el poder es aplicada al conector trasero de poder del panel del analizador. El analizador puede estar colocado para siempre estar cerrado cuando el poder est conectado, o puede ser determinado para ir a lo en la condicin / feriada que existi cuando poder fue desconectado. Esto es til cuando el analizador es usado en una posicin desatendida para asegurar que el analizador energiza en despus de una interrupcin de poder.
El poder En la Seleccin

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9 El fusible de corriente directa. Protege en

contra de demasiado

energice para el conector de potencia de CD en el panel trasero del analizador de espectros. 10

El poder de corriente directa es

el aporte para la fuente de

potencia de CD.
Refiera a. Impulse Requisitos en el Captulo de

Especificaciones.

Screen Annotation

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Screen Annotation
Item 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Description Detector mode Reference level Active function block Screen title Time and date display RF attenuation External keyboard entry Detector Ref Level Refer to the description of the activated function. Change Title Time/Date On Off Attenuation Auto Man Refer to the external keyboard information in the Measurement Guide. Ext Amp Gain Marker Count On Off Auto Couple Function Key

8 9 10

Preamplifier gain Marker counter Measurement uncalibrated or function-in-progress messages Remote/local operation Error messages Key menu title Key menu Frequency span or stop frequency Sweep time Frequency offset Video bandwidth Center frequency or start frequency Resolution bandwidth

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

See Local key in Chapter 4. See Chapter 3, Troubleshooting, Dependent on key selection. See key label descriptions in Chapter 4. Span, Stop Freq Sweep Time Auto Man Freq Offset Video BW Auto Man Center Freq, Start Freq Resolution BW Auto Man

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21 22 23 Auto alignment routine is on Threshold Amplitude correction factors on Auto Align Threshold On Off See Using Amplitude Correction Factors in the Measurement Guide.

Item 24 25 26 Trigger

Description Trig Trace

Function Key

Trace mode Video average

Video Average On Off Display Line On Off Ref Lvl Offst Scale Type Log Lin

M bg27 Display line 28 29 Amplitude offset Amplitude scale

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Making a Measurement
Haremos ahora las primeras mediciones con el analizador de espectros. Para no daar el analizador utilizamos una seal de precisin descrita por alguna de las teclas que encontramos en esta seccin. Iniciamos presionando la tecla de color verde llamada:
Preset

key.

Aqu tenemos una breve descripcin de los pasos y la imagen correspondiente 1. First, turn the instrument on by pressing On. Wait for the powerup process to complete. 2. Press the green Preset key. 3. Turn on the internal 50 MHz signal by pressing System, 50 MHz
osc On Off

(On).

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4. Set the frequency. Elegir una frecuencia. Precionamos la opcion de frecuencia. Despues de que le cento se aproxime al lado izquierdo de la pantalla activamos la opcion de centrar frecuencia, de esta manera la mostraremos al centro de la pantalla

En esta seccin encontramos algunas aplicaciones como el de elegir un ancho de banda. Que se realiza de la utilizando los comandos start y estop fercuency.

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5. Set the span. Elegiendo un rango, el span se refiere directamente al rango de medidda entre las ondas del espectro, lo hacemos de la siguiente manera: presionamos la opcin span, incluida en el men de control y calibramos para este caso a 20 MHz

6. Set the amplitude. When the peak of a signal does not appear on the screen, it may be necessary to adjust the amplitude level on the screen.Press Amplitude. Ref Level .0 dBm appears in the active function block. The Ref Level menu key label appears in inverse video to indicate that reference level is the active function. The reference level is the top graticule line on the display and is set to 0.0 dBm. Changing the value of the reference level changes the amplitude level of the top graticule line. If desired, use the reference level function to place the signal peak at the top of the screen using the knob, step keys, or numeric keypad. (Marker functions measure the frequency and amplitude of a signal.) 7. Set the marker. Poner una marca, las instrucciones para maraca un pico del espectro, que viene a ser el pico mas alto, seguimos las siguientes intrucciones: To activate a marker, press the Marker key (located in the MARKER section of the front panel). The Marker Normal label appears in inverse video to show that the marker is the active function. Turn the knob to place the marker at the signal peak. You can also use the Peak Search key, which automatically places a marker at the highest point on the trace.

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Aqui presentamos las imagines

Front-Panel Key Reference

The key descriptions are organized like the spectrum analyzer menus. Use the following table to locate a specific key.

Amplitude
activates the reference level function and accesses the amplitude menu keys. Amplitude menu key functions include the following: reference level, input attenuation, vertical scale, mixer level, amplitude units, amplitude correction, and amplitude offset.
Amplitude

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Para la amplitud encontramos los siguientes menu, diponibles en la pantalla, y dejamos las imagines. Seguimos las instrucciones correspondientes.
Ref Level:

Key Access: Amplitude

Attenuation Auto Man Scale/Div

Sets the input attenuation in 5 dB increments.

sets the logarithmic units per vertical graticule division on the

Scale/Div only Log Lin key is set

display. appears in the Amplitude menu when the Scale Type to Log. Using Scale/Div, values may range from 0.1 to 20 dB per division. Key Access: Amplitude
Scale Type Log

Pressing Scale Type Log Lin always sets the units specified for the current amplitude scale. Pressing Preset or powering on the spectrum analyzer sets the default units. accesses the softkeys that change the amplitude units. The amplitude units can be changed by pressing dBm, dBmV, dBuV, Volts, or Watts. When amplitude units is set to Watts, amplitude readings below 1 pW will be rounded to 0 pW. Key Access:
Amplitude

Amptd Units

Ref Lvl Offst

adds an offset value to the displayed reference level. Offsets are entered by using the numeric keypad. Entering an offset does not affect the trace or the attenuation value. Reference-level offsets are used when gain or loss occurs between a device under test and the spectrum analyzer input. accesses the following Ampcor menu keys, which allow you to create or modify an amplitude-correction factors table. Key Access: Amplitude, More turns the current amplitude-correction factors on or off.

Ampcor

Ampcor On Off

Key Access: Amplitude, AmpcorModify Ampcor accesses the following Modify Ampcor menu keys.
Select Point

allows you to create or edit an amplitude-correction factor data point. Enter the point number to be created or edited by using the numeric keypad, then press Enter. Press Back Space to correct errors. Key Access: Amplitude, Ampcor, Modify Ampcor

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Select Freq

allows you to enter the frequency value for an amplitude- correction point. Enter the frequency value by using the numeric keypad. Change the frequency value by using the step keys or the knob. Press Back Space to correct errors. Key Access: Amplitude, Ampcor, Modify Ampcor
Select Amptd

allows you to enter the amplitude value for the current amplitude-correction point. Change an amplitude value by using the step keys or the knob. Press Back Space to correct errors. Key Access: Amplitude, Ampcor, Modify Ampcor
Delete Point

Deletes an amplitude-correction factor. Key Access: Amplitude, Ampcor, Modify Ampcor adds a positive or negative preamplifier gain value, which is subtracted from the displayed signal. The function is similar to the Ref Lvl Offset function, however with the Ext Amp Gain function, the attenuation may be changed depending on the preamplifier gain entered Key Access: Amplitude, More
Ext Amp Gain Max Mixer Lvl lets you change the maximum input mixer level from 10 dBm to 100 dBm in 10 dB steps using the step keys, and 1 dB steps using the knob. Pressing Preset resets the maximum input mixer level to 10 dBm. Key Access: Amplitude, MoreInput Z Corr 50 75

sets the input impedance for voltage-to-power

conversions

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Auto Couple
couples the following functions: resolution bandwidth, video bandwidth, attenuation, sweep time, center-frequency step, video bandwidth, and videobandwidth to resolution-bandwidth ratio.
Auto Couple

BW/Avg

The BW/Avg key activates the resolution bandwidth function and accesses the softkeys that control the bandwidth functions: Resolution BW Auto Man, Video BW Auto Man, and VBW/RBW Ratio. It also accesses Video Average On Off.

Resolution BW Auto Man

changes the spectrum analyzers 3 dB resolution bandwidth from 1 kHz to 3 MHz in a 1, 3, 10 sequence using the step keys, and to 5 MHz using the numeric keypad. As the resolution bandwidth is decreased, the sweep time is increased to maintain amplitude calibration. Resolution bandwidth is also related to span. As span is decreased, the resolution bandwidth is decreased. A # mark appears next to Res BW on the display when it is not coupled. To recouple the resolution bandwidth, press Resolution BW Auto Man so that Auto is underlined (or press Auto Couple). The resolution bandwidth can be changed using the step keys, the knob, or the numeric keypad. Key Access: BW/Avg

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Video BW Auto Man

changes the spectrum analyzer post-detection filter from 1 Hz to 3 MHz in a 1, 3, 10 sequence using the step keys. As the video bandwidth is decreased, the sweep time is increased to maintain amplitude calibration. A # mark appears next to VBW on the bottom of the spectrum analyzer display when it is not coupled. To couple the video bandwidth, press Video BW Auto Man so that Auto is underlined (or press Auto Couple).

NOTE

Auto-coupling the video bandwidth function also resets the VBW/RBW ratio to 0.300 X. If you want to auto-couple the video bandwidth to a nonstandard ratio, you must set the video bandwidth to auto-couple before setting the videobandwidth/resolution-bandwidth ratio. The video bandwidth can be changed by using the step keys, knob, or numeric keypad. Key Access: BW/Avg

VBW/RBW Ratio

selects the ratio between the video and resolution bandwidths. If signal responses near the noise level are visually masked by the noise, the ratio can be set to less than 1 to lower the noise. The knob and step keys change the ratio in a 1, 3, 10 sequence. Pressing Preset and Auto Couple sets the ratio to 0.300 X. The ratio can be changed using the step keys or the knob. Front-Panel Key Access: BW/Avg

Video Average On Off

initiates a digital averaging routine that averages displayed signals and noise by averaging a number of successive sweeps. The number of sweeps (N) to average is the number that is set by this function. This function does not affect the sweep time, bandwidth, or other analog characteristics of the spectrum analyzer. Annotation on the left side of the display indicates the current number of sweeps averaged.

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Det/Demod
accesses the softkeys controlling demodulation functions, detector functions, the speaker, and dwell time.
Det/Demod

Detector

accesses the Detector menu keys which allow you to select between Peak, Sample, and Negative Peak detection. When sample detection is selected, Smpl appears in the upperleft corner of the screen. Sample detection is used primarily to display noise or noise-like signals. This detection should not be used to make the most accurate amplitude measurement of non noise-like signals. In sample mode, the instantaneous signal value at the present display point is placed in memory. Sample detection is activated automatically for noise level markers or during video averaging. Key Access: Det/Demod

Demod

accesses the softkeys to select AM demodulation or turn demodulation Off. Key Access: Det/Demod turns the internal speaker on and off. The volume from the speaker is controlled by the front-panel volume control knob. Pressing Preset sets Speaker On Off to On. sets the dwell time for the marker pause, during which demodulation can take place. The dwell time can be set from 2 milliseconds to100 seconds. Key Access: Det/Demod.

Speaker On Off

Dwell Time On Off

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Display
accesses the Title menu keys which allow title entry, and the Preferences menu keys which allow you to turn the graticule, annotation, time/date, or inverse video, on or off. Display softkeys also include Display Line On Off, Threshold On Off, and Contrast.
Display

Display Line On Off

Threshold On Off

The line, which can be used for trace arithmetic, has amplitude values that correspond to its vertical position when compared to the reference level. To deactivate the display line, press Display Line On Off so that Off is underlined. (Also see the Video (trigger) key description in the Trig key menu.) Key Access: Display shold appears in the active-function block and on the lower- left side of the display. The T threshold level does not influence the trace h memory or marker position. The peaks found e by the markers must be at least the peakexcursion value above the threshold level. The v Threshold function is also activated by the Pk a Threshold function in the Search menu. Key l Access: Display u e Title accesses the following Title menu keys which allows you to execute, change, or clear a title on your display. o Key Access: Display f t Change Title allows you to write a 53-character title across h top of the display. The marker readout may interfere with the the e last 26 characters. The markers can be turned off by pressing Marker, Marker All Off. Pressing Change Title accesses the softkey t menus that contain the available characters and symbols. h r e

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File
File accesses the

softkey menus used to load, save, and delete data from spectrum analyzer memory.

Load accesses

a softkey menu that allows you to load a saved spectrum analyzer state (State), select the trace in which trace data is to be loaded (Trace A B C) and load the trace data, load the current limit line tables (Limits), or load amplitude correction factors (Ampcor). . Key Access: File
Load Now loads

a selected state, trace, limit line table, or amplitudecorrection factor. Key Access: File, Load
Save accesses

a softkey menu that allows you to store state data (State), select the trace in which trace data is to be saved (Trace A B C) and save the trace data, save limit line tables (Limits), and saveamplitude-correction factors (Ampcor) in spectrum analyzer memory.
New Filename accesses a softkey menu the naming of files. New Filename does On Off is On. Save Now stores

for selecting display title characters for not appear on the menu when Internal Lock

a selected state, trace, limit line table, or amplitude-correction factor in spectrum analyzer memory. Save Now is not available when Internal Lock On Off is On it is replaced with (Locked). Key Access: File, Save
Delete accesses

the delete softkey menu. Select State or Trace to clear an instrument state or trace. Select Limits to clear the current limit line table, or Ampcor to clear the current amplitude-correction factors table. Key Access: File

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Delete Now allows

you to delete a selected state, trace, limit line table, or amplitude-correction factor from spectrum analyzer memory. Key Access: File, Delete a softkey menu to clear data from spectrum analyzer memory. Selections include All States, All Traces, All Limits, All Ampcor, or All Memory. Key Access: File
Erase Internal accesses

Freq Count
Freq Count activates the Marker Normal function if sets Marker Count On Off to On.

there are no markers, and then

Marker Count On Off

turns on the marker counter when On is underlined. If no marker is active before Marker Count On Off is pressed, a marker is activated at the center of the display. Press Marker Count On Off (so that Off is underlined), to turn the marker counter off. Press Count Resln Auto Man to change the marker counter resolution to an uncoupled value.Freq Count

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Resolution Auto Man

manually

Allows the resolution of the marker counter to be selected or auto- coupled. Freq Count.

Measure
accesses softkey menus that edit limit line functions (Limits), determine the N dB bandwidth of a signal (N dB Points On Off), determine % AM of a signal (% AM On Off), and determine third-order intercept (TOI On Off).
Measure

Limits accesses

the following Limits menu keys. Limit lines can be created by the user to test trace data. A limit line is a test limit made up of a series of line segments, positioned according to frequency and amplitude within the measurement range of the spectrum analyzer. There can be one upper limit line and one lower limit line which set maximum and minimum test limits.
Limit Display Y N Auto displays

any portion of the limit lines that are currently within the spectrum analyzer display boundary. If Y (yes) is underlined, the limit lines are displayed.Key Access: Measure, Limits turns the limit line testing and (if Limit Display Auto is selected) the display of the limit lines on and off. Key Access: Measure, Limits
Limit Test On Off % AM On Off determines

the percent of amplitude modulation of the largest displayed signal and its two sidebands. The sidebands are assumed to be entirely from amplitude modulation. If there are differences in the sideband amplitude, the larger value is used. The measurement runs continuously, reexecuting at the end of each sweep. Key Access: Measure

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finds the third-order intercept of the two highest amplitude signals and the two associated distortion products. The measurement compensates for unequal test signal amplitude. The measurement runs continuously, re-executing at the end of each sweep. The units for the displayed value can be selected by pressing the Amptd Units softkey. The two test signals and the two associated distortion products must all be displayed for the measurement to function. The relative amplitudes and frequencies of the displayed signals must fit the TOI pattern. All of the signals must be greater than the peak excursion above the threshold. Key Access: Measure
TOI On Off

Source Amptd
accesses the tracking generator key functions. (Options 1DN or 1DQ only) Without Option 1DN or 1DQ, pressing Source Amptd will cause the error message Required option not installed to appear on the analyzer display.
Source Amptd

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activates (On) or deactivates (Off) the output power of the tracking generator. The power level can then be adjusted using the numeric keypad, step keys, or knob. Pressing any digit, 0 through 9, on the numeric keypad brings up the selected terminator menu. See specifications and characteristics in Chapter 9 for the available output power for your tracking generator. Key Access: Source Amptd
Amplitude On Off Power Sweep On Off

activates (On) or deactivates (Off) the power-sweep function. The value of the power-sweep range is displayed in the active-function block when Power Sweep On Off is set to On. The analyzer continues to sweep the specified frequency range when power sweep is on. (To do a power sweep at a fixed frequency, set the analyzer to zero span at the desired frequency). Key Access: Source Amptd allows you to select between automatic and manual adjustment of the tracking generators switching attenuator. The HP ESAL1500A can be manually adjusted from 0 to 60 dB in 10 dB steps. When auto-coupled, the attenuation function automatically adjusts the attenuator to yield the source amplitude level specified by the Amplitude On Off softkey function. Set Attenuation Auto Man so that Man is underlined (decoupled) for power sweeps greater than 10 dB. offsets the displayed power of the tracking generator. Using the amplitude offset capability of the tracking generator allows you to take system losses or gains into account, thereby displaying the actual power delivered to the device under test. Key Access: Source Amptd

Attenuation Auto Man

Amptd Offset

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Span
The Span key activates the Span function and accesses the menu of span functions. Pressing Span allows the user to change the frequency range symmetrically about the center frequency. The frequency-span readout describes the total displayed frequency range; to determine frequency span per horizontal graticule division, divide the frequency span by 10.

Span Zoom

finds the highest signal peak on the display. If a marker is not already on the peak, it places a marker there, turns on the signal-track function, and activates the span function. changes the spectrum analyzer span to full span showing the full frequency range of the spectrum analyzer. Full span turns Signal Track On Off to Off. Key Access: Span

Full Span

Zero Span Track On Off

changes the frequency span to zero. Zero span turns Signal to Off. Key Access: Span

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Sweep
The Sweep key activates the Sweep Time function, and accesses the sweep menu keys: Sweep Time Auto Man, Sweep Cont Single, and Swp Coupling SR SA.

Sweep Time Auto Man

selects the length of time in which the spectrum analyzer sweeps the displayed frequency span. In all spans, the sweep time varies from 5 milliseconds to 2000 seconds. Reducing the sweep time increases the rate of sweeps. The sweep time can be changed using the step keys, the knob, or the numeric keypad. Key Access: Sweep switches the spectrum analyzer between the continuoussweep mode and the single-sweep mode. If the spectrum analyzer is in single-sweep mode, Single is underlined.. Key Access: Sweep

Sweep Cont Single

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Swp Coupling SR SA

Trace
accesses the trace keys that allow you to store and manipulate trace information. Each trace is comprised of a series of data points that form a register where amplitude information is stored. The spectrum analyzer updates the information for any active trace with each sweep. If two traces are being written to, they are updated on alternating sweeps.
Trace

Trace A B C

selects the softkey menu used for trace A, trace B, or trace C

functions. erases any data previously stored in trace A and continuously displays any signals during the sweep of the spectrum analyzer. This function is activated at power-on and by pressing Preset.
Clear Write A

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Trig
The Trig key accesses the menu of keys that allow you to select the sweep mode and trigger mode of the spectrum analyzer.

Free Run

activates the trigger condition that allows the next sweep to start as soon as possible after the last sweep. Key Access: Trig activates the trigger condition that allows the next sweep to start if the detected RF envelope voltage rises to a level set by the display line. When Video is pressed, the display line appears on the display. The spectrum analyzer triggers when the input signal exceeds the display line level at the left edge of the display. Key Access: Trig activates the trigger condition that allows the next sweep to be synchronized with the next cycle of the line voltage. Key Access: Trig

Video

Line

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External activates the

trigger condition that allows the next sweep to start when positive- going external voltage (connected to Ext Trig In on the rear panel) passes through approximately 1.5 volts. The external trigger signal must be a 0 V to +5 V TTL signal. Key Access: Trig

CONCLUSIONES Concluimos diciendo que el uso del analizador de espectros es una herramienta indispensable para nosotros los estudiantes de la maestra en ingeniera electrnica porque nos facilita el anlisis de seales de tipo espectro magntico tambin nos permite analizar seales portadoras y de modulacin, para poder analizar dichas seales es muy indispensable el uso del analizador de espectros este nos rebela el comportamiento de la seal que a su vez nos muestra el comportamiento del dispositivo o un sistema en anlisis. JOSE ALBERTO CHAVEZ LOPEZ

El analizador de espectros nos sirve para analizar el espectro electromagntico, de esta manera podemos disear antenas de radiofrecuencia, o mejorar la calidad de recepcin de algn equipo encargado de dicho trabajo. Una gran ventaja es que tambin podemos encontrar picos de frecuencia alta y de esta manera trabajar en ondas portadoras en equipos de modulacin, demodulacin, sistemas de seguridad (por que podemos encontrar frecuencias de operacin de equipos de comunicacin e inhibir el uso de la seal) LUIS FERNANDO JIMENEZ LOPEZ

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BIBLIOGRAFIA: MANUAL DE USUARIO DE HEWLET AND PACKARD ESA-L1500A

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