The Chemistry Cruncher Vol.

2
18 13 14 15 16 17

Transition Metals [10 Middle Columns]

10

11

12

Halogens Alkali Alkaline Metals Earth

STOICHIOMETRY Start With: Mass (g,kg,etc.) Volume (L,mL,etc.) or # of items (atoms,molec.) of a Given reactant or product 1 M O L E Convert to: Moles of Given

FLOW

CHART Convert to: Mass (g,kg,etc.) Volume (L,mL,etc.) or # of items (atoms,molec.) of Unknown reactant or product

Multiply by: Mole Ratio from the Balanced Chemical Equation

Diatomic Elements Bromine Chlorine Fluorine Hydrogen Iodine Nitrogen Oxygen HOFBrINCl

= atomic mass in grams for an element = formula mass in grams for a compound = 6.02 x 1023 atoms of an element = 6.02 x 1023 formula units of a compound = 22.4 liters of a gas at STP For mole problems call Avogadros No.: 6.02 x 1023

Colligative Properties Tb p = Kb pm Tfp = Kfpm H2 O Kb p = .52C/m Kfp = 1.86C/m Gases at STP

pH = - log [H+ ] & pOH = - log [OH-]

Diagonal Rule 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 7s 7p

relative/%error Er = |O-A | A
Gas Laws Boyles Law: V1 P1 =V2 P2 Charles Law: V1 T2 =V2 T1 Combined Gas Law: V1 P1 T2 =V2 P2 T1 Ideal Gas Law: PV=nRT R=.0821 L-atm mole-K

# of Liters

# of Particles (atoms/molec. etc.) 6.02 x 1023 Moles

# of Grams Formula Mass Moles Moles

moles
Std. Temperature 0C 273.16 K

22.4

Moles of Solute Molality kg of solvent

Normality Molarity + Oxidation Number

Molarity Liters

Std. Pressure: 1 atm 760 mmHg 101.3 kPa 14.7 lb/in2 760 Torr 1.01 x 105N/m2

Acetate

Nitrate

s s s s s s s s i s d Magnesium s Manganese s Mercury I (ous) s/i Mercury II (ic) s Nickel s Potassium s Silver s Sodium s/i Tin II (ous) Tin IV (ic) Zinc s
Aluminum Ammonium Barium Barium Cadmium Calcium Copper I (ous) Copper II (ic) Hydrogen Iron II (ous) Iron III (ic) Lead II (ous) Lead IV (ic)

s s s s s s/i s s s s s/i s s i s/i s s i s s/d s

s i i i i d s i i i i i i i s i s i

s s s s s s s s s s/i s s s s s s

s s s s s i s s s s s/i d s s i s s s i s s s/d s
Cl-

s s s s s i s i s i i i HOH s i s i i i - i s i s - s/i i i i s s s i s s i s s i ss
OHI-

s s s s s s s s s s s s s/d s s s s s s s
NO3 -

i s i i i i s i i i i i i i i i d i d i i i
O-

i s i i i i s i i i i i/d s/i i s i s i i
PO4 -3

d Al+3 s s NH4 + i s Ba+2 s i Cd+2 i i Ca+2 i Cu+ d i Cu+2 s s H+ s s i Fe+2 s/i i Fe+3 i i Pb+2 - Pb+4 s d Mg+2 i Mn+2 s i Hg2 +2 i d i Hg+2 i Ni+2 s s i s K+ s ii Ag+ s s Na+ s i Sn+2 s/d i Sn+4 s i Zn+2
SO4 -2 S-2

Sulfate

Oxide

s = soluble i = insoluble - = does not exist s/i = partly soluble d = decomposes

Solubility Table
Hydroxide Carbonate Chlorate Chloride Phosphate Bromide Iodide Sulfide

Reaction Types Direct Combination or Synthesis A + B -----> AB Decomposition or Analysis AB -------> A + B Single Replacement A + BC ------> B + AC Double Replacement AB + CD -------> AD + CB Combustion of Hydrocarbon C xHy + O2 ----> CO2 + H2O Common Acids Sulfuric H2SO4 Nitric HNO3 Hydrochloric HCl Acetic HC2H3O2 Carbonic H2CO3 Phosphoric H3PO4 Perchloric HClO4 Oxalic H2C 2O4
Polyatomic Ions NH4 +1 C2 H3 O2 -1 AsO4 -3 AsO3 -1 HCO3 -1 HSO4 -1 CO3 -2 ClO3 -1 ClO2 -1 CrO4 -2

C2 H3 O2 Br-

CO3 -2 ClO3 -

Prefixes 1. mono 6. hexa 2. di 7. hepta 3. tri 8. octa 4. tetra 9. nona 5. penta 10. deca
Do what you oughta add acid to watta

Ammonium Acetate Arsenate Arsenite

Bicarbonate Bisulfate Carbonate Chlorate

Common Molecular Masses (g/mole) NaCl Al2 O3 HNO3 58.45 101.96 63.01 HC2 H3 O2 60.05 HCl 36.46 HgO CuSO4 KMnO4 216.61 159.6 158.04 NaOH 40.00

[OH-]

Fe2 O3 159.70 H2 SO4 98.08 AgNO3 169.89 KClO3 122.55

Ca(OH)2 74.10 H3 PO4 98.00

Conversions 1.0 in. = 2.54 cm 1.0 lb = 454 g 1.0 qt = 0.9463 L 1.0 km = 0.6214 mi 1 cal = 4.184 J Temp. conversions:

Chlorite Chromate Cyanide CN-1 Dichromate Hydroxide Iodate Nitrate Nitrite Oxalate

Cr2 O7 -2 OH-1 IO3 -1 NO3 -1 NO2 -1 C2 O4 -2

Common Anions & Cations Fe Cu Al Cd Au +2,+3 +1,+2 +3 +2 +1 Pb +2,+4 K +1 Mg +2 Li +1 Ni +2 Zn Ag Sn Hg Co +2 Na +1 +1 Ba +2 +2,+4 Ca +2 +1,+2 Sr +2 +2,+3 H +1 F Cl Br I O -1 -1 -1 -1 -2

C = F-32 1.8
F = (1.8) (C) + 32 K = C + 273.16
Density = mass volume A = pr2 C = pd Vsphere= 4/3p r3 Vcyl. = p r2 h V=lxwxh

Permanganate MnO4 -1 Perchlorate ClO4 -1 Phosphate Sulfate Thiocynate Thiosulfate PO4 -3 SO4 -2 SCN-1 S2 O3 -2

Neutralization: Acid + Base ---> Salt + Water HCl + NaOH ---> NaCl + H2 O

H___ ___OH ___ HOH

acids start with H bases end with OH salts do neither water does both

System International Prefixes [SI] Prefix tera giga mega kilo hecto deka ----deci centi milli micro nano pico abbr. T G M k h da -d c m n p means Trillion billion million thousand hunderd ten base unit 1 tenth 1 hundredth 1 thousandth 1 millionth 1 billionth 1 trillionth multiplier* 1012 109 106 103 102 101 100 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 Plancks constant absolute zero amu Bohr radius

Physical Constants Avogadros number Boltzmann constant Faraday constant gas constant NA ao k F R = 6.0221 x 102 3 /mole = 5.292 x 10-11 m = 1.381 x 10-23 J/K = 9.649 x 104 C/mol e = 8.206 x 10-2 Latm/molK = 62.4 Ltorr/molK = 8.314 J/molK = 8.314 LkPa/molK = 6.626 x 10-34 Js = 0 K or 273.15 C = 1.6605 x 10-24 g = 1.6605 x 10-27 kg = 9.807 m/sec2 = 22.414 L/mol = = = = = = = = = 2.998 x 108 m/s 2.998 x 101 0 cm/s 1.602 x 10-19 C 9.1096 x 10-28 g 0.00054580 amu 1.67265 x 10-24 g 1.007277 amu 1.67495 x 10-24 g 1.008665 amu

h u g Vm c e me mp mn

gravitational const. molar volume at STP speed of light electron charge electron rest mass proton rest mass

* replace prefix with multiplier, eg. 5.92 g = 5.92 x 10-6g

Quantity length mass time amount of substance temperature electric current luminous intensity

SI Base Units Unit meter kilogram second mole kelvin ampere candela

abbr. m kg s mol K A cd

Apparatus ruler balance stopwatch ------------thermometer ammeter light meter

neutron rest mass

Phase Diagram
Hfus Solid

Hvap

Liquid

Vapor BP MP Heat Supplied

stronger

Metric English Equivalents [length] 1.000 mi = 5282 ft 1.000 in = 2.540 cm 1.000 ft = 30.48 cm 1.000 yd = 0.9144 m 1.000 mi = 1.609 km 1 = 1010 m = 0.1 nm 1.000 cm = 0.3937 in 1.000 m = 39.37 in 1.000 m = 1.094 yd 1.000 km = 0.6214 mi

Metric English Equivalents [mass] 1 lb = 16 oz 1.000 oz = 28.23 g 1.000 lb = 453.6 g 1.000 lb = 0.4536 kg 1 metric ton = 1000 kg 1.000 g = 0.03527 oz 1.000 kg = 35.27 oz 1.000 kg = 2.205 lb

Metric English Equivalents [volume] 1 ft3 = 1728 in3 1 yd3 = 27 ft3 = 46656 in3 1.000 in3 = 16.39 cm3 1.000 ft3 = 28.32 dm3 1 m3 = 1 000 000 cm3 1.000 cm3 = 0.06102 in3 1.000 dm3 = 61.02 in3 1.000 m3 = 35.31 ft3

pH

stronger base

Neutral acid

pH

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Electroneg. Differfence 0.0-0.4 0.4-1.0 1.0-2.0 2.0 Si 1.8 Zn 1.6 Pd 1.9 Ir 2.2 P 2.1 Ga 1.6 Ag 1.9 Pt 2.4

Type of Bond

Covalent [NP] Covalent [MP] Covalent [VP] Ionic S 2.5 Ge 1.8 Cd 1.7 Au 2.4 Cl 3.0 As 2.0 In 1.7 Hg 1.9

H 2.1 K 0.8 Se 2.4 Sn 1.8 Tl 1.8

Li 1.0 Ca 1.0 Br 2.8 Sb 1.9 Pb 1.8

Be 1.5 Sc 1.3 Rb 0.8 Te 2.1 Bi 1.9

B 2.0 Ti 1.5 Sr 1.0 I 2.5 Po 2.0

C 2.5 V 1.6 Y 1.2 Cs 0.7 At 2.2

N 3.0 Cr 1.6 Zr 1.4 Ba 0.9 Fr 0.7

O 3.5 Mn 1.5 Nb 1.6 Hf 1.3 Ra 0.9

F 4.0 Fe 1.8 Mo 1.8 Ta 1.5

Na 0.9 Co 1.8 Tc 1.9 W 1.7

Mg 1.2 Ni 1.8 Ru 2.2 Re 1.9

Al 1.5 Cu 1.9 Rh 2.2 Os 2.2

Table of Electronegativities

The Element List

Actinium Ac Aluminum Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Barium Berkelium Beryllium Bismuth Boron Bromine Br Cadmium Cd Calcium Californium Carbon Cerium Cesium Chlorine Cl Chromium Cobalt Copper Curium Dysprosium Einsteinium Erbium Europium Fermium Fm Fluorine Francium Fr Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Hahnium Ha Hassium Helium Holmium Ho Hydrogen Indium Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lawrencium Lead Al Am Sb Ar As At Ba Bk Be Bi B Mercury Molybdenum Neilsbohrium Neodyium Neon Neptunium Nickel Niobium Nb Nitrogen N Nobelium Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Pt Plutonium Polonium Potassium Praeseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon Rhenium Re Rhodium Rh Rubidium Ruthenium Rutherfordium Samarium Scandium Selenium Se Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur Tantalum Ta Technetium Tellurium Terbium Thallium Tl Thorium Thullium Tm Tin Titanium Ti Hg Mo Ns Nd Ne Np Ni

No Os O Pd P

Ca Cf C Ce Cs

Cr Co Cu Cm Dy Es Er Eu

Pu Po K Pr Pm Pa Ra Rn

Activity Series (Metals) Li K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Cd Co Ni Sn Pb H Sb Bi As Cu Hg Ag Pt Au

Periodic Trends
Ionization Energy Increases Atomic Radius Decreases

Rules for Significant Figures Significant figures are the digits in any measurement that are known with certainty plus one digit that is uncertain. Rule 1: In numbers that do not contain zeros, all the digits are significant. 3.1428 [5] 3.14 [3] 469 [3] Rule 2: All zeros between significant digits are significant 7.053 [4] 7053 [4] 302 [3] Rule 3: Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit serve only to fix the position of the decimal point and are not significant 0.0056 [2] 0.0789 [3] 0.000001 [1] Rule 4: In a number with digits to the right of a decimal point, zeros to the right of the last nonzero digit are significant 43 [2] 43.0 [3] 43.00 [4] 0.00200 [3] 0.40050 [5] Rule 5: In a number that has no decimal point, and that ends in zeros (such as 3600), the zeros at the end may or may not be significant (it is ambiguous). To avoid ambiguity express the number in scientific notation showing in the

Buret

Rb Ru Rf Sm Sc

Gd Ga Ge Au Hf

Si Ag Na Sr S

Hs He

Tc Te Tb

Heat Equations
Q = mcT Q = mHf

H In I Ir Fe Kr La Lr Pb

Th Selected Constants for H2 O Sn molar mass......................18.0153 g/mol normal freezing point.........0.00 C normal boiling point.........100.00C average specific heat, Cp .....2.06 J/gC, solid 4.18 J/gC, liquid 2.02 J/gC, gas heat of fusion, Hf............334 J/g heat of vaporization, Hv ...2260 J/g molal fp depression, Kf......1.853 kgC/mol molal bp elevation, Kb .......0.515 kgC/mol

Rounding Rules
XY--------> X When Y > 5, increase X by 1 When Y < 5, dont change X When Y = 5, if X is odd, increase X by 1 if X is even, dont change X Oxidation Loss of egain of O Reduction Gain of eloss of O

Q = mHv

H = Hf(products) - Hf(reactants)

Ionization Energy Decreases Electronegativity Decreases

Shielding Increases Atomic Radius Increases Metallic Properties Increase

Electronegativity Increases Metallic Properties Decrease Shielding is Constant

formula has a charge

yes

ION

Chemical Naming Cruncher

no

cations with only one oxidation state are named as the element (Na1+ = sodium ion); monoatomic anions have an -ide ending (O2- = oxide) polyatomic and multivalent cations polyatomic anions NH41+...ammonium C2H2O21-....acetate 1+.....copper (I), cuprous Cu CO32-...........carbonate Cu2+.....copper (II), cupric Fe2+.....Iron (II), ferrous Fe3+.....Iron (III), ferric Pb2+.....Lead (II), plumbous Pb4+.....Lead (IV), plumbic Sn2+.....tin (II), stannous Sn4+.....tin (IV), stannic ClO31-......... chlorate CrO42-.........chromate CN1-.............cyanide HCO31-........bicarbonate HSO41-........bisulfate MnO41-........permanganate PO43-...........phosphate

formula contains only one element

yes

ELEMENT
Some elements exist as molecules diatomic HOFBrINCl (say it: hofbrincl!)

no

more than two atoms: P4, S8

exception: O3 is ozone

formula contains both carbon and hydrogen (may contain others)

yes

ORGANIC COMPOUND
Organic nomenclature is based on number of carbon atoms in the longest chain. the alkanes functional groups CH4......methane R-OH.........alcohol C2H6....ethane R-NH2.......amine C3H8....propane R-COOH...carboxylic acid C4H10..butane R-O-R........ether C5H12..pentane R-CO-H.....aldehyde C6H14..hexane R-CO-R.....ketone substitutions and functional groups use numbers to indicate their position in the carbon chain; prefixes are used for more than one group (example: 2,2,4-trimethylpentane

no

first element listed in formula is hydrogen

yes

ACID
Acid names are based on the anion in the acid if the anion is.... the name of the acid is.... root-ide hydro-root-ic acid root-ate root-ic-acid example chloride, Cl1- makes hydrochloric acid, HCl(aq) carbonate, CO32- makes carbonic acid, H2CO3 (aq)

no

root-ite root-ous acid nitrite, NO21-, makes nitrous acid, HNO2(aq) Some molecular compounds dissolve in water to form acids. HCl is a gas unless specified HCl(aq)

formula contains only nonmetals and/or hydrogen

yes

BINARY MOLECULAR COMPOUND

Binary molecular compounds use prefixes to indicate the number of atoms in a formula; the name always ends in -ide; mono-is not used except for the second element named. the less electronegative element is written and named first the more electronegative element is named second with an -ide ending Greek prefixes one....mono three...tri five.....penta seven....hepta nine....nona two....di four.....tetra six......hexa eight......octa ten......deca

no

formula contains anion + cation (metal/nonmetal), may contain polyatomic ions

yes

SALT
Salts are named as cation + anion Cation--the name of the element or polyatomic ion; if the cation is multivalent, the oxidation number is indicated by one of the methods below: Stock system: include oxidation number in Roman numerals (Cu2+ = copper (II) traditional: lower oxidation number has -ous ending, higher has -ic ending Cu2+ = cupric) Anion--binary compounds all end in -ide; polyatomic ions have their own names derivatives of the oxygen-containing anions (end in -ate); add one oxygen atom subtract one oxygen atom subtract two oxygen atoms per-root-ate root-ite hypo-root-ite SO42-, sulfate to SO52-, persulfate NO31-,nitrate to NO21-, nitrite ClO31-, chlorate to ClO1-, hypochlorite

1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 H 1.0001 3 Li 6.94 11 Na 22.99 19 K 39.1 37 Rb 85.5 55 Cs 132.9 87 Fr 223

18 2
4 Be 9.01 12 Mg 24.31 20 Ca 40.08 38 Sr 87.62 56 Ba 137.33 57-70 *

Periodic Table
3
21 Sc 44.96 39 Y 88.91

13
5 B 10.81 13 Al 26.98 31 Ga 69.72

14
6 C 12.01 14 Si 28.09 32 Ge 72.61

15
7 N 14.01 15 P 30.97 33 As 74.92

16
8 O 15.99 16 S 32.06 34 Se 78.96

17
9 F 18.99 17 Cl 35.45 35 Br 79.90

2 He 4.00 10 Ne 20.18 18 Ar 39.95 36 Kr 83.80

4
22 Ti 47.88 40 Zr 91.22

5
23 V 50.94 41 Nb 92.91

6
24 Cr 51.99 42 Mo 95.94

7
25 Mn 54.94 43 Tc 98

8
26 Fe 55.85

9
27 Co 58.93

10
28 Ni 58.69

11
29 Cu 63.55

12
30 Zn 65.39

53 54 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 I Xe Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te 126.91 131.29 101.07 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.75 127.60 76 Os 190.2 108 Hs 265.1 77 78 79 80 81 Ir Pt Au Hg Tl 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 109 Mt [268] 110 Uun [269] 111 Uuu [272] 112 Uub [277] 82 Pb 207.2 114 Uuq [289] 83 Bi 208.98 84 Po 209 116 Uuh [289] 85 At 210 86 Rn 222 118 Uuo [293]

72 75 73 74 71 Hf Re Ta W Lu 178.49 180.95 183.85 186.21 174.97 103 Lr 260 104 Rf 261.1 105 Db 262.1 106 Sg 263.1 61 Pm 145 107 Bh 264.1

88 Ra 89-102 226.03 **

*lanthanides

57 58 59 60 La Ce Pr Nd 138.91 140.12 140.91 144.24

62 63 66 70 64 65 67 68 69 Sm Eu Dy Yb Gd Tb Ho Er Tm 150.36 151.96 157.25 158.92 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.04 94 Pu 244 95 Am 243 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 96 Cm 247 97 Bk 247 Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr 98 Cf 251 99 Es 252 100 Fm 257 101 Md 258 102 No 259

**actinides

90 91 92 93 89 Th Pa U Np Ac 227.03 232.04 231.04 238.03 237.05 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium

H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na

Promethium Pm Samarium Europium Sm Eu

Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium

Gadolinium Gd Terbium Tb

Dysprosium Dy Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th

Dmitri Mendeleyev-developed first periodic table Periodic Law - The properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic numbers. Moseley-Discovered atomic numbers by bombarding atoms with x-rays. Atomic No.-The number of protons in the nucleus. Atomic Weight-The average weight(mass) of an atom of an element as determined from naturally occuring mixture of the elements Carbon-12 - The isotope of carbon used as a standard for atomic weights. One atom of carbon-12 has a mass of exactly 12.0000000 amus. AMU- Atomic Mass Unit Ionization Energy- Energy needed to remove the most loosely bound electron from an atom. X + I.E. ------> X+1 + 1eElectron Affinity- Energy released when an atom accepts an electron into its valence shell. X + 1e- ------> X-1 + EA Electronegativity- The ability of an atom to attract electrons in a bond. Shielding (Screening)- The ability of the kernel electrons to reduce the attraction of the nucleus for the valence electrons. Covalent Atomic Radius- Half the distance between two identical nuclei in a covalent bond. VAN der Walls Radius- Half the distance between two adjacent nuclei in a crystal in which they are not sharing electrons. Trends of the Periodic Table (based on increasing At. No.) Row Group Ionization energy Electronegativity Metallic Properties Increases Nonmetallic Prop. Atomic Radius Increases Increases Increases Decreases Increases Decreases Decreases Decreases Decreases

Magnesium Mg Aluminum Silicon Al Si

Molybdenum Mo Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce

Rutherfordium Rf Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Ununnillium Unununium Ununbium ******** Ununquadium Uuq ******** Ununhexium ******** Ununoctium ******** ******** Uuo Uuh Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub

Phosphorus P Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

Group Names & Characteristics Group 1- Alkali Metals -Very Reactive Group 2 -Alkaline Earth Metals - Reactive Group 17- Halogens - Contains solids, liq. & gases Active Group 18- Noble Gases-All monatomic. Unreactive Groups 3 to11-Transition Metals - Incomplete d sublevels, colored compounds, variable ox. nos. Metals- Left of stairs, Solids except Hg, malleable,ductile,good conductors. Nonmetals- Right of stairs, Tend to be molecular, covalent bonding, gases or soft liguids, some are diatomic (HOFBrINCl) Metalloids-have both metllic and nonmetallic properties, Si,Ge,As,and Sb are used extensively in the electronics industry to make semiconductors.

Praseodymium Pr Neodymium Nd