Exam study notes

Angelique Pilotte, Niagra (1817) - Mixed heritage (native) - Was highly regarded (spent some time in England with her mistress) - When mistress died she moved back to Canada, was hired by another family. - She gave birth in secret, and killed her baby, a week later - Was sentenced to hang - Defense claimed that the presence of baby clothing showed that she wanted to care for the baby. - Defense argued that she gave birth in secret as native women always brought forth their children in secret - The petition was successful and just served a year in jail Sha-wan-a-kis-kie, Amhertburg, 1821 - He was a member of the Odawa nation - In 1821 he killed a native woman in the streets of Amhertburg - He shot her on the main street in broad daylight - It emerged during the trail that the accused was known as a violent individual - He claimed he was just avenging the murder of a parent (a custom sanctioned by native law) - He claimed that his native customs were decreed by treaty, thus making immune to Canadian legal code - Nonetheless he was found guilty and was sentenced to death - The chief justice said the treaties didnt cover legal code. - This was the first case in Ontario were two natives were involved in a crime - After a 2 year search of their files they could not find any treaty that stated that natives on native territory were not forced to follow British law. - He was hanged in 1826 Hilda Blake, Manitoba, 1899 - Housemaid in upper middle class home in Manitoba - In 1899 killed mistress and employer - She pleaded guilty - 2 days before Christmas she was hanged in jail - She was born in 1879 in Norfolk England. - Both her parents died, and she was orphaned - In 1992 (11 year old Hilda Blake) was sent to Halifax, was separated from her brother, and found herself settled with a farming family - She moved around from family to family - In 1898 she was in Brandon Manitoba and she was hired as a servant by Robert and Marry lane - July 15th 1899 while Marry was hanging curtains, Hilda walked up to marry and shot her in the back twice with a pistol. - Marry ran outside screaming, bleeding, and died.

Hilda claimed that a tramp came to the back door, asked for food, and when refused he killed Marry In the time a tramp symbolized everything that was considered wrong at that time period. (no job, no family, shifty and dangerous foreigner. He was an other Hildas story had some holes in it. Police chief Kirculdy started going around some gun shops, and one store owner identified Hilda as purchaser. When this happened she broke down, and she confessed. She wished she would be shot on the spot, while the chief warned her to stop talking. While in jail she wrote a poem called my downfall. She refers to the devil who corrupted her. Was in Robert lane? Did her rape her? What seems more likely she had been having an affair with Robert lane (consensual). She was a huge fan of romantic novels, and it was viewed she had an unrealistic view of her chances with Robert. Petitions were started to try and have her pardoned, and much of the sympathy was because she may have been betrayed by her lover however the petition never went really far She was a lower class servant who killed an upper class mistress, and Victorian society could not forgive this

Elizabeth Gordon, Massachusetts, 1982 - Lizi Gordon and her sister Emma were the daughter of an unmarried women - With heard work and some luck her father made a small fortune - Her mother died when she 2, and her father re-married (to a woman named Abby) - Even though they were rich, her father was frugal, and they lived in a small house with no indoor plumbing and electricity. - They had a servant (Magi) - On the morning of august 4th 1982 only Lizi, her stepmother, and the servant were at home. They were all sick - That morning Abby was killed with an axe. She was struck 19 times - Her father returned at 8:40am. He was greeted by Lizi. She claimed her step mother received a note from sick friend and had to go see her - Magi went to sleep, and Lizi killed her father. - She screamed and called Magi to get the doctor - She claimed to be outside and an axe murder was loose - She said she heard her stepmother come home some timer earlier, and they should check on her - The coroner noticed that Abbys blood was congealed - Abby quickly became a suspect - When they investigated they uncovered that Lizi and her parents had a deteriorating relationship for the past 10 years. Abby wanted to live according to their wealthy status, but her father didnt. - Lizi and he sister were concerned that there inherence might go to their stepmother. - Lizi had tried to purchase poison the day before the murder. - Lizi was forced to testify at an inquest. Her attorneys request to be with her was denied

She gave contrary testimony. where where you during the murder? she claimed to be outside, but no one saw her. When confronted about trying to buy poison she denied it. She claimed she didnt even know where the store was Same day she was arrested and charged with murder Preliminary hearing August 22: Defense claimed she was put under pressure during the inquest, and had taken morphine the day before the grand jury hearing was held. (21 males) Lizi was found burning a blue dress in the kitchen (which is what she wore during the murder) Lizi claimed she was burning the dress because it was full of paint No one had searched the house right after the murder. Why not? The investigators were all men, and they would not riffle through a womens things (especially one of her standing) Only after she was arrested did local authorities search the house. The grand jury voted 20-1 to indictment On December 2nd she was formally charged. She remained in jail since august 12th. She was accused on pre-mediated murder The trail opened on June 5th 1892, capital case was heard by a 3 judge panel. The jury was all male, and all the men were traditional farmers. Evidence: there was no evidence except for the murders. There was no ransacking or things stolen, the burning of the dress, a statement Lizi had made she had her stepmother come in, and a shouldnt someone go check on her upstairs The prosecution suffered a series of setbacks. Her inquest testimony was asked for by persecutors. Defense claimed that as she did not have a lawyer and wasnt under arrest at the time. Thus the police failed in the responsibility to allow her a lawyer. The prosecution was also barred evidence that showed she tried to buy poison the day before the murder. Lizi sister claimed she was the one that recommended that the dress be destroyed, after it was worn while painting The defense argued that id the step mother was murdered 1.5 hours before her father came home. How did she manage to stay so calm and collected? Popular defense: how could a woman of her standing, in her community, commit a murder? She was cultured, went to church, ect.... She didnt fit the physical profile of a criminal women were incapable of committing a crime like this Lizi told her father that her mother got that note. The judges hypothesised that someone sent the note to lure the mother out of the house, so he could rob it, saw not everyone left, and thus killed him The judges message to the jury was to find Lizi not guilty (make up your own about what time the murders were committed) Another axe murder happened in a nearby village a few months after she was arrested. She was found innocent. This was one of the first trials to be massively covered by the press It was highly popularized Although Lizi was probably guilty, the community believed her innocent

They were angry she was brought to trial. let the community exact its own vengeance The judges were also prejudiced and supported the defense Finding Lizi guilty would have undermined Victorian beliefs It was felt that publicly punishing Liza Gordon would be bad for the community They believed that a more informal community punishment would be better suited

Powell v. Alabama (1934) - 9 black men travelling on freight train looking for work Accused of raping two white women (Ruby Bates and Victoria Price)capital offence - Tried with no real lawyer indicted and tried within 4 daysall convicted (except Hayward) and sentenced to death - APPEALED to Alabama Supreme Court decision upheld, believed that accused were properly indicted that they all did not need to be tried individuals, that it was fine they were tried jointly - court disagrees that they did not have a fair and impartial trialex for the case of the newspapers, they reported things that is what there are supposed to do now evidence that the compromised or affected the minds of the jury etc. - New evidence about Ruby Bates being a prostitute is irrelevant - Defence claims of being tried to speedily not enough Thus had to appeal to the Federal Supreme court to keep them from hanging Focus=lack of effective council of the boys - Judged ruled that all local lawyers as attorneys of record just to satisfy the right to council duty but this was not meaningfulthus due process was not given to these individuals - They were from out of stateno effort was made to contact family and see if they could get a lawyer - They were never asked if they had lawyerswhen the trial began they had no lawyer, they had no opportunity to ask questions etc - Everyone needs a lawyer even the innocentthese individuals specifically had low literacy and lack of education made them unable to defend themselves - Must also be given enough time to discuss and plan defence For these reasons the SC overturned the previous conviction and ordered a new trial - 14th amendment to due process was violated - At their new trial they were convicted againa verdict that was again overturned - This became a very embarrassing case for the state - Eventually prison not death - Supreme court of the USA interprets the 14th amendment due process as including the right to have an attorney to defend ones case, that one must be able to work with attorney to come up with a defence Norris v. Alabama (1935) - Scottsboro boys tried in two batches, this is the second batch - Approached appeal differently - Norris et al. tried by jury as demanded by Alabama procedure - BUT jury=all white when there were capable black jurors that were purposefully excluded from participating in trial - Before Supreme Court

Is it possible to have trial which follows the due process of law if blacks were systematically excluded from serving on juries Found that blacks were purposefully left out and the government tried to hide it Sloppy obvious forgeriesnames of black jurors added after the fact Did not take an interest in the forgeries directly but only what they resulted in If blacks were purposely excluded from jury serious implications for the case ANY TRIAL WHICH A WHOLE OR SEGMENT OF THE POPULATION HAS BEEN DELIBERATELY EXCLUDED FROM SERVING ON A POTENTIAL JURY DOES NOT MEET THE STANDARD OF TRIAL CONDUCTED WITH PROPER ATTENTION TO DUE PROCESS Overturned new trial ordered Supreme Court of USA interprets the 14th amendment guarantee of due process as including the right to have a jury which might actually reflect ones own interests/demographic. A jury which excludes ones peers is not an example of due process

Brown v. Mississippi (1936) - March 30th 1934 60 year old farmer Raymond Stuart murdered in apparently an attempted robbery - Never regains consciousness, gives no statementthree black men arrested the same night; Ed Ware, Henry Shields, Yank Ellington - Local residents claimed they would not lynch these men if they were given a quick trial - All three men confessed to the crimebut later enounce them stating that they were obtained through violence in the hands of the Deputy Sheriff Clifford Dial - These confessions were the only real piece of evidence they had against the men - Defences arg= the confession, the overalls, the axe (the confessions were false and the overalls were wrapped in meat thus bloody) - Ed Brown claimed his confession was false and he was tortured into it by Dial and was threatened to repeat it or face further torture - Yankafraid of whit ppl - Dial in court states that the content of the confessions were truethus it didnt matter how they were obtained - Disallows evidence - Still they were convicted and sentenced to death in a trial that only lasted a day. - Very little publicity=very little money to appeal - APPEAL to supreme court based on mistreatment of defendants while in custody - Rejected largely due to procedural mistake of John Clarke who had the opportunity to object to the use of confessions but did not do so at the appropriate time-court felt there was no issue - JUDE ANDERSON highly criticalproper procedure may not have been followed but this paled in significance to the fact the defendants were visibly hurt while taking their trial - APPEAL the USA supreme court - Governor EARL BREWER with the main question of whether the boys deserve to die because the lawyer didnt object? - Overturned conviction ordered new trial

Procedure was followed but the procedure still allowed for the coerced confessions to be used as evidence and thus was a denial to the fundamental conceptions of justice New trial closed with reduction to manslaughter Plea bargain served prison sentences Supreme court of USA interprets the 14th amendment guarantee of due process as including the right of defendants not to be coerced into confessing. The use of torture in gaining confessions is deemed unacceptable.

The Donnelly family murder (Lynching), Lucan, Ontario, 1880 - They were a family of 5 - The perpetrators were never found - The murders happened on the family farm just outside of Lucan, Ontario - Most of the settlers in the area were Irish settlers (as were the Donnellys) (they were from the village of Tipperary) - Mid 19th century Ireland was suffering from poverty and religious feuds - In 1886 the potato crop (which was needed in Ireland) caught a disease and died out. 2 million fled to Canada and the US - They brought with them their old country prejudices (Catholics vs. protestants) - In 1896 the Donnelly family moved to Canada, and they took over a piece of land that was roughly 100 acres. The land was owned by absentee land lords. - They were in essence squatters (this was normal at the time however) - The Donnellys were Catholics but they were part of a small faction that tried to ignore the hatred between religions. - In the 1850s the legal owner of the land formally sold the land to someone else. - When that person arrived (Pat Pherall) arrived he noticed that someone already lived on the land - It went to court. Eventually they were allowed to keep 25 acres out of the 100 they originally took. - In 1856 Pherall was at a barn raising along with the head of the Donnelly family. - Pheral and Donnelly fought. Donnelly took a swing at pheral with an iron handspike. And he hit him in the head. James Donnelly ended up ding 7 years or manslaughter. - While he was doing this the family continued to farm, however they continued to be a centre of community hostility - 2 of Donnellys sons set up a stage cat business that was in direct competition with other individuals - During election time the Donnellys were considered to vote the wrong way as they didnt vote based on religious lines. - This antagonism went on. By the 1870 and 80s divided into factions. They were mainly Catholics who were against the Donnellys. - The Donnelly males would be forced to walk around with guns, property was constantly burned down. - The Provencal authorities appointed a new officer of the law to try to keep the piece. Sadly he was based on the communitys advice and he was a catholic. - The priest was replaced with an Irish priest who also joined the feud against the Donnellys - In the 1870 the community formed a violence committee

They swore an oath to defend Catholics from attacked, be god neighbors, and stop crime. The committee was informed that a cow was stolen, and they searched the Donnelly house to harass them. February 4th 1880 things boiled over. The Donnelly sons were supposed to go to court the next day to face some of their persecutors. However around 40 men came to the family farm around midnight, woke up the family, and beat to death the parents of the family. They also killed the son Thomas, who was home at the time. The 21 year old cousin was also beaten to death. They then set the house on fire and rode 2 and a half miles to another of the sons. They burned down his farm and shot him dead. They then went halfway to the farm of another Donnelly, changed their mind, and went home. A neighbors boy had heard and seen it all. He was able to identify many of the perpetrators. Some of them were the local constable and preacher. Everyone in the community magically forgot everything A murder trial was held in the town of London, however everyone refused to testify 40 men on horseback was practically every man in town In the end the jury couldnt read a verdict, so a new trial the following year was made, which was also abandoned The death of the Donnelly family didnt end, and the feuds got worse, in fact arson got worse. (thus it couldnt have been the Donnellys) The idea of a community getting together to discipline trouble makers was something everyone at that time would have understood. Formal law --------informal law There seems to be a strand of socially acceptable crime Hobson social crimes are crimes that may be formally illegal, but which the majority of the population dont believe to be immoral. I.e. the rich, by law, could hunt in the forests, while the poor couldnt. Thus the poor majority didnt find the poaching laws legal, thus breaking them wasnt immoral. Social crimes were often committed as a form of rebellion and a challenge to the authorities Historians have shown that often the mobs were quite organized. Those who studied food riots in 18th century England, didnt riot because of food shortages, but because the merchants hoarded food. Richard Maxwell brown teaches in the University of Organ. His theories are that vigilantism in the US emerged in part because of the perceived inequalities in the justice system. In the US there is an ideology that the law is supposed to reflect the interests of the people. It was thought that 2 many criminals were receiving sentences that did not reflect the severity of the crime Often criminals could abuse the system by appealing verdicts, or getting a lessened sentence through informal means Vigilantism is believed to be a form of a way to execute popular sovereignty.

Vigilantes behaved as the guardians of the moral order. In the 19th century were composed of lower, middle, and upper class individuals. They were mainly located in small communities in the west were formal law enforcement was fairly week and the disorder of crime was great. They emerged as a response to criminal, or unwanted, activity Vigilantes often worked together with law enforcing, and they has a structured rank system. Whipping and expulsion from the community were the most common in the 1800s, however later hanging became more prevalent Vigilantes felt it was be or be killed The American idea of the revolution was still in them defending themselves from lawlessness The sovereign power to defend oneself The economic reason. The leaders of vigilantly movement were often the elite. And the Vigilante system was cheaper than the formal system It was thought they created a more positive social environment. the majority of vigilantism was directed at real criminals Richard white gives another view however. He sees vigilantism as a another group of men with they own agenda. The groups represented the local community Violence was a part of the west and you had to use it to keep your claim White claimed that these were me who were fighting against perceive v wrongs, however these were personal harms, not harms against society. thus these social bandits did not do what they did for society as a whole. In the south Vigilante groups tended more toward racial order rather than social order Thus vigilantism wasnt strictly directed against African Americans. Though jaws as wells, and trade and labour leaders, and immigrants and those who argued for civil liberties.

Sam House, Georgia, 1899, (Lynching) - Sam House was an African American share cropper - As the newspapers told it (white oriented) Sam House worked for a man named Alfred Cranford. - Apparently Cranford had words with House for doing sloppy work. Sam was heard to muter threats. Thus Alfred was given a gun by his father to protect himself. He and his family was just sitting down to eat dinner, when Sam showed up barefoot in his work close, and he attacked Alfred with an axe and killed him - He then looted the house, battered Cranfords little boy and daughter, then raped the wife before escaping - After the attack the wife raised the alarm, and a search party was quickly formed. $16 000 reward was placed on his head. - One of the investigators suggested that the truth was a little more complicated. He believed that the men got into a fight, and one got killed. The accusation of rape was just made to arouse the interest of the crowed, as were the accusations that he beat up the two little kids. - April 14th 1899 Sam was captured near his mothers house

They handed him over to the sheriff, who then handed him over to the mob. They took him to the wife he raped. The victim didnt even address the mob, her mother did. The mob first tortured him and cut off body parts, they then hanged him Sam claimed he was committing self defense It was believed that a white man had the write to discipline a balk employee. These acts discouraged blacks from committing crimes, holding political office, and the enforce racial segregation between men and women protecting the white race

Sir Edward Coke (1552-1634) (On insanity) - There are those who sometimes have understanding, and sometimes did not. - Such a state might be the result of birth, or a later condition brought about by illness or an accident - The ability to plan and carry out a crime in itself shows that a defendant isnt insane Sir Matthew hale (1609-1676) (On insanity) - Proposed a very absolutist view of criminal responsibility - To be judged insane, one had to be entirely lacking in reason. ones state of mind indistinguishable from infant, brute, of wild beast - Part of 17th century common sense view of criminal insanity - British courts werent a long way toward demystifying insanity: they provide procedural safeguards for those judged to have been insane at the time of their alleged crime Daniel McNaughton, London England, (1843) - Daniel shoots Edmund Drummond, who was the private secretary to the prime minister - Drummond died from his wound 4 days later - (he put the gun to the back and shot him at point black, he then drew another pistol when the police seized him) - At first Drummond seems to not be too badly injured. It seems that the bullet missed all major organs - The following morning however Drummond had trouble breathing - It turns out that the ribs had shattered and the wound became infected - Doctors extracted a large quantity of blood, to deal with the infection, and they applied leeches to the patients back - In the meantime the shooter was arrested and questioned. - He refused to answer questions - When searched that found a bank book to his name, which held 750 pound - In his apartment they found percussion caps for his pistol - The police also discovered witness who saw him loitering around Whitehall, which is where government took place - When confronted once, as to why he was there, he claimed to be constabulary - WHAT WAS THE MOTIVE? - Throughout the questioning he stayed quite - When he was being led out, he asked to be let back in to talk to the magistrate

The Tories in my native city have compelled me to do this. They followed me to France, into Scotland, and all over England. In fact they have accused me of crime of which I am not guilty; they do everything in their power to harass and persecute me. In fact they wish to murder me. When asked if he knew who he shot he asked Sir Robert peel, is it not? Trial began on March 3rd 1864. He claimed he was persecuted. He was guilty of the shooting but not the rest (i.e. not the murder) The prosecution assumed there would be an insanity plea, thus they began discussing his state of mind at the crime The prosecution said if you think he did not know what he was doing while he killed the man, he was innocent. However if the assault happened under partial insanity, only insanity during politics, then he is guilty (I.E. he was completely sane except for his paranoia about the government. Testimonies his friends, and professor, made claimed he always behaved normally Defence attorney Alexander Cockburn Agreed that McNaughton did shoot But we much understand the defendants state of mind at the time he committed the offense Such an understanding must be based on modern medical science (insanity is a disease) Jury was informed (with science of the time) that the brain was composed of two separate parts. One part controlled reasoning, and one part control emotions and passions Disease in one section is possible Cockburn pointed out that even though the witness claimed he was rational, he was still possibly insane They tried to find witness who would prove he was moody and melancholy he was known to break out in fits of laughter. His college roommate said he thought he was being followed at night 7 psychiatrists claimed that his delusion deprived him from any choice during his actions The crown essentially conceded to case. Thus a guilty verdict was not asked for In less than 2 minutes the jury declared not guilty on the grounds of insanity The jury had a very liberal understanding of the definition of insanity The verdict at first glance would widen the definition of insanity He was labelled as a mono-manic somebody with 1 uncontrollable compulsion. After the verdict the people were alarmed. They feared that mad men could now kill them in the streets without recourse Thus Judges created the McNaughton rules An accused is sane unless it can be clearly proven that, at the time of committing the act the party accused was labouring under such a defect of reason, from disease of mind, as to not know the nature and quality of the act he was doing. Defense of metal disorder: no person is criminally responsible for any act committed or any omission made while suffering from a mental disorder that rendered a person incapable of appreciating the nature and quality of the act or omission or of knowing that it was wrong Eventually McNaughton died in the bedlam insane asylum in his cell. He was the model prisoner

Murder of President James A Garfield (1881) - Shot in D.C. train station on 2 July, 1881 - Died on September 19th, 1881 - (likely cause of death) infection from doctors probing for the bullet - Only July 2nd 1881 he was headed to jersey - As he was waiting for the train a shabbily dressed men, ran up to him and shot him twice in the back - His retinue carried him back to the Whitehouse where he was given brandy and ammonia. The doctor in essence poked around to find the bullet, and said he would be alright. They couldnt find the bullet. - The shooter was caught almost right way. The Murderer: Charles Guiteau (1881) - Was the shooter. A letter in his pocket to Washington was found. - Official cause of death the president was ruptured artery (could a have been the bullet or the probing) - Tried his hand at law school in NYC but failed - Wandered about the country as a journalist, religious preacher, law clerk - Always been described as nervous he was twitchy - He was a poor lawyer, had only one trail, and he failed spectacularly - He abused his ex-wife - He took an interest in politics and became a political writer - He tried to get his speeches accepted by Garfield but failed - By 1880 he began writing Garfield in a friendly, personal, manner. - It had occurred to him that he should remove the president, unite the parties, and save the nation - Once he was captured and jailed he was annoyed that he was not granted bail - He knew that in court he could argue his beliefs - He thought he would make $30 000 in his lecture circuit, to afford the best lawyers - He was considered to be eccentric, yet in control - He believed he became the presidential mober through gods will. God took away his will, even though he knew that murder was wrong - It was argued that his behaviour in getting a divorce was very rationally planned out - The defense argued that though he may appear normal, most of the insane did not appear openly deranged - Defense claimed they would prove he was insane. According to medical knowledge insanity was hereditary. Which was abundant in his family - Throughout the opening address Gatau continued to make a spectacle of himself. - On November 28th he took the stand in his own defense, he claimed he was there to demonstrate he was legally insane - The defense called 7 psychiatrists that claimed that he was possibly insane - It was claimed he was morally insane - It was argued that gatau was born without a conscience moral insanity - The government called 12 of its own psychiatrists that claimed that inherited insanity didnt exist.

The prosecution argued that insanity was disease and thus couldnt not manifests only in morality. He was found guilty. he was eccentric but not insane He was hanged

Valentine Shortis, Montreal, (1896) - Born in Ireland, 14th February, 1875 - Only child of wealthy parents - But did poorly in school, showed no talent for business - So, sent to Montreal in 1893 (age 18) to learn to stand on his own two feet - Came from a wealthy family - Failed in his business ventures when arriving in Montreal - His mom got him in unpaid internship in a cotton company - Louis Simpson, the manager, however let him go - Father told him that they could no longer support him - March 1nd 1895: factory payday. $12. 000 in safe - Shoots Hugh Wilson; john Loy, Arthur, Leboeuf, and Maxime lebeuf - J. Loy, & m. Lebeuf die Shortis surrendered - Shortis wanted to see the company revolver. He saw it unloaded - Shortis later lunged for the gun and began shooting - The night watchman was also shot - When police arrived he immediately surrendered and asked to be shot. - He had a reputation as an eccentric - He wore odd clothing - And was known to carry guns - He was fined 2 months ago for shooting two guns at workers for talking 2 loud - Shortis family was on the first boat from Ireland, and they got one of the best lawyers available - The crown argued a straight case of robbery. It was also discovered that he had tried to fraud the post office (a sophisticated plan). Another motive was his gf (Milly Anderson) her parents had some bad business dealings with the cotton company, and it was assumed that they could be a revenge plan. They would then move west and live rich. Prosecution argued that this was premeditated crime - The defense claimed that Shortis had a long history of odd behaviour. They came back with over 500 pages of evidence from Ireland. - He set fires and shot guns - Psychiatrists argued that there was hereditary insanity in his family - His gf said they had grown apart, and she doubted his sanity - The defense had 4 psychiatrists - Dr. Angalan claimed that Shortis was a lad of unsound mind - The persecutors were able to prove the psychiatry didnt quite explain what caused mental illness. - Shortis was convicted and sentenced to death - He spent the rest of his life in prisons and mental institutions. - He was sent to jail in 1896 and paroled in 1941. He died 6 months later.

Aurore Gagnon (child murder) 1920, St Jacque - Farther: Telesphore Gagnon - Mother: Marie-anne Caron (d. 1918) - Stepmother: Marie-anne Houde Her death was at first not suspicious. Child deaths were common at the time her method death however (in a comma with bruises and scars) caused questions to be raised Her parents claimed she would not listen and thus needed to be beaten Autopsy Found 54 wounds that could only have been caused by blows to the childs body Many of her cuts leaked pus Wounds caused by a whip on her lower body She died of blood poisoning and exhaustion as the result of her wounds. With this news the couple were immediately arrested On march 18th both accused where tried and charged with the murder of their daughter What do we know about the parents? The father married his first wife in 1906, and they had 4 children together. Aurore was the second child His wife died 1918. In February 1st, one week after her death, he married his second wife, who was widow who had previously lived with them The Second wife was Marie-anne Houde What do we know about the case? It emerged at the trial that the abuse of the daughter was an ongoing, and open, secret within the community As early as July 1919, rumors about her abuse became well known enough, that the local justice of the peace called the parents in to testify for themselves Aurores sister, testified, that the step mother abused Aurore by beating her on the soles of her feat, hitting her head, and whipping her on a daily basis. She even burned her hands and body The trial of Marie-anne Houde, and her husband Defense entered an insanity plea.... and during the trail it was discovered that she was pregnant Her husband testified on her behalf, and claimed that she had become different since she became pregnant Out of 8 psychologists, only two claimed she was insane She was found guilty, after only 10 minutes of jury deliberation She was sentenced to be hanged The trail of the husband began the next day During his wifes trial he was portrayed as a cowardly husband, He was only charged with manslaughter and got a life sentence in prison Yet after 5 years he was paroled

He moved back to his village, re-married, and had a long life Marie-anne Houde was given a long execution day, in order to let her give birth first. After she gave birth she was given life in prison Circumstances surrounding the case This case was treated as a circus, by the public, due to the time period It happened right after WW I, and people were worried that families were changing Particularly there was a fear of the fact that women began voting. Thus there were discussions about moral decay in the cities Religious leaders began to promote that women have more babies There was a fear of falling birth rates. There was a fear of families in crisis Less than two years after her case a Montreal play about the murder case was written. Case: The torso murder March 1946 when a group of schoolchildren discovered a body in the woods in Hamilton The corpse was missing its head, its arms and legs The torso had bullet wounds but they were superficial John dick (40) was reported by his cousin, Alexander Kammerer, as missing The Victim: John dick Born 1916 HSR (Hamilton street railway) employee Marries, Evelyn Maclean in October 1945 He disappeared 5 months after marrying her. She was young widow, 14 years younger than him, and had a child John claimed his wife was keeping company with other men The Wife: Evelyn Maclean She had been born in Beamsville Ontario on October 14th 1920 She had a dysfunctional childhood & poor parents She yearned for social acceptance with high class individuals social prostitute Never married, but had children She was enrolled in Hamilton most influential academy She tried to buy her way into acceptance. On July 10th 1942, Evelyn gave birth to a daughter, whose father was listed as Norman White (she claimed he was in the navy overseas) which wasnt unusual at the time but it was very convenient A second daughter was still born She, a year later, gave birth to a son. She claimed that she gave him up for adoption Shorty after this her parents separated and thus she, with her mother and daughter, moved into a downtown apartment After a few months though she told her mother she was going to Mary John Dick.

Her mother was confused as for the last 6 months she been hearing about Evelyns boyfriend (William (Bill) Bohozuk). He was in fact Evelyns boyfriend before, and during, her marriage (likely the father of her child, Peter) The night of her wedding she went home alone. Told her husband he couldnt stay with her mother. John dick couldnt afford a house. However as he felt that she might be cheating on her, he began to spy on her Her husband caught her with her boyfriend. Dick warned Bohozuk to stay away from his wife...... however they stayed married In October Dick found a house for them to buy When Dick asked her for the down payment, she refused. Instead she herself purchased the house In October 31st her mother and daughter moved to the house The facts leading up to the case Dicks wife let him know, by accident, that her father stole money from the company he worked at. It was the same company Dick worked at. Eventually Bohozuk, and his own wife, threatened his life, thus he moved out of the house Only 5 months after his wedding Dick attended his grandmothers funeral. He told his mother that if he goes missing, go after my wife, and Mr. and Mrs. McClain (His wifes parents) His wife claimed to the police that he had been involved with mobsters life She claimed she got a phone call where a mobster told her that there was a hit put out on him She borrowed a friends car and met this man after the phone call. Apparently he got out of a car, and he put a sack in her car But the man had to rush off to another business deal. The police executed search warrants In her purse and bedroom they found a pictures of William (Bill) Bohozuk They also discovered a newly laundered car blanket And blood stains on her skirt They found a revolver in her fathers home (a 22 calibre revolver, the same is the ones used in the shooting) they found another one with her sister They searched the car she borrowed The backseat was covered in blood When Evelyn found out that her boyfriend was taken to the station she wanted to make an addition to her statement She ended up completely changing her story Apparently her bf shot her husband, and she had no idea this was going to happen. In essence she just drove the car In the garage they found wood stains on some of the beams and in the cellar of the house they found a bushel basket full of ashes, within which they found bones. They found out the remains were those of her son. (the one she claimed to give up for adoption) The son was never sent to an adoption centre, and she was in fact seen taking him from the hospital.

A new search of Evelyns fathers house turned up a pair of muddy blood spattered shoes, a box of cash in un-marked bills, and a ton of streetcar tickets. The outcome March 26 1946 they charge Evelyn with the murder of her husband and baby Her bf gets the same charge And her father also get charged with the murder of her husband Evelyn was tried first. She was labelled the black widow In the two of her following cases she admitted more and more...of course never fully implicating herself She finally ended up admitting that she met her husband one afternoon, Bohozuk joined them, and they got in her car. They took his body into the garage, dismembered him, burned him, and then threw the torso out On October 16th 1946 she was found guilty and sentenced to be hanged Her father and lover had the next trial The case was a bit less solid, as a lot of it was circumstantial When she was called to testify, she refused......they threatened her with prison (LOL) she didnt care Thus the case fell apart, and her bf and father was set free She made an appeal which was accepted. Her defense tried to prove that she was not warned for one of her statements. Eventually 3 of her statements were not accepted, and she got a new trail In her second trial the case against her was, without her statements, difficult. She was found not guilty.... She went back to jail because of her trail for killing her son She was found guilty of manslaughter When they next tried to convict Bohozuk, he was acquitted for lack of evidence Her father got a year prison sentence for his thefts . Evelyn was given a life sentence yet after 11 years she was paroled, given a new identity by the government, and disappeared.

Belle Gunnes, Serial killer, 1908 . - Standing six feet tall and weighing over 200 pounds, she was a physically strong woman. She killed most of her suitors and boyfriends, and her two daughters, Myrtle and Lucy. She may also have killed both of her husbands and all of her children, on different occasions. Her apparent motives involved collecting life insurance, cash and other valuables, and eliminating witnesses. Reports estimate that she killed between 25 and 40 people over several decades. - Her methods of murder where burning buildings down, poisoning, and axe blows. She had her servant help bury the bodies in the backyard, Jack the Ripper (August 31 to November 9 1888), White Chapel in England. Most famous and infamous Mary Ann Nchols 443 (August 31) London at this time was the larget city in the world

London was the capitol city of the British empire and the east end was its richest area, yet the east end of London, was the poor and ghetto of that time White chapel neighborhood was the poorest area. Very filthy and disordered place There was the murder of prostitutes, late at night Slum might be a sensational place for outsiders, but a place of work The first victim was a prostitute named mary ann Nichols whose body was found around a stable, and close to 200 yards of a hospital The lower part of her abdomen was partly ripped open, and there were 3 or 4 incisions along her body, jack the rippers first Her autopsy called a national attention The second was a week later of another prostitute, Annie Chapman, located in the night in the street, her throat was cut, her uterus was removed, a sexual and surgical mutilation Represented skill of a butcher or a doctor Police speculated that there might have been some kind of code through each scene It created more concerns and social anxieties Police investigated local gangs, marginal residences for suspect, jews were especially suspected and a narrative of anti-semitism was started The murders also refocused attention on crimes and economic standing The murders also exposed police and attention to prostitution The police came under incredible pressure, they were seen to be incompetent and were ridiculed A letter was seen to predict the next murder which was a double murder Catherine Eddowes kidney and uterus removed and Elizabeth Stride her throat was cut The killer had some kind of medical knowledge, doctors were only able to practice surgery in rare times but often were distrusted The unsuccessful attempts to supress sexual anxiety and crimes Doctor Jekly and Mr Hyde: resemblance a duel personality understanding the murders through hyde sexualized the idea of the city one side rich and famous, they other side dangerous the last victim was a 25 year old woman Mary Jane Kelly in this case her heart went missing after this the murders just stopped these five cases were never resolved, and the concentration was always on the usual suspects

Henry Holmes (devil in the white city) - Chicago 1893 world fair - 1890 was chosen to play host to the worlds fair (EXPO) - It would be a way to show the world that it is a top rate city

The killer: changed his name to Henry Holmes Holmes found what her was looking for in Englewood When Holmes arrived it was only half developed An old couple hired Holmes to work in a pharmacy, he bought the drug store from the wife and ran it himself He had piercing blue eyes and was charismatic Holmes was a master manipulator, told people what they wanted to hear Women, of the time, now worked had more time to act for themselves, this also engaged more sexual danger for women however, Holmes was an man on the rise, he got married in 1887 to another woman and he bought undeveloped land across from his store, he sketched out plans of his own and built a castle He installed a wooden shoot from the second floor of his basement He planned a room next to his office which was a air tight room covered with asbestos lined with gas jets In his basement he had hidden chambers Very often he had secret passages, and rooms that can only be locked from outside Some of the rooms were able to reach a temperature of When Chicago was chosen for the fair, Holmes was happy, he used his building to accommodate people Benjamin Pitezel Soon became Holmes confidante, he would channel pretty women and ask them to work as secretaries In 1892 and 93, world was experiencing economic depression Became an extremely dangerous and violent city 1892 murders escalated Holmes also brought prosperity, the majority of his guests were young women out of town , and when there were rooms available he would still turn away men Detectives were seeking clues, but he was only seen as a suspect once he started to wind things down 1892, Holmes and his partner left and wanted to start again They came out with a plan to defraud He admitted insurance fraud The trial ended in Toronto, he registered his three different parties in three hotels, and bought a house on St. Vincent street While he was awaiting execution he confessed to killing 27 people There was proof that her murder at least 9 people The explanation for serial killers in that they are entirely biological Broad historical periods

Readings
Who killed Jackie bates - Father: Ted - Mother: Rose - Son: Jackie - Ted and Rose Bates were an unhappily married couple living in the small Saskatchewan town of Glidden when the Depression struck. - Ted was a butcher but not much of a businessman, or a husband. He drank a lot. The couple had a son named Jackie. - Scrambling to make ends meet in the economic and environmental dustbowl of the 1930s they shuffled off to Vancouver - Ted tried, 3 times, to open grocery stores with the money he made from the sale of his meat market. But he failed. - Thus the family found itself not only without money but falling through what passed for a social safety net at the time. (Vancouver passed a law that somebody had to be a resident for over 12 months to qualify for aid.) - In order to get relief they would have to return to Glidden, something Rose had sworn never to do. - They never got there. After getting back to Saskatchewan they entered into a suicide pact, with Ted and Rose planning to rent a car and die together with eight-year-old Jackie by carbon monoxide poisoning. - They wrote letter outlining their plan. Ted wrote cryptic letters to his friend in Vancouver, his landlord, the man who helped sell his meat market, and finally his mother. - Rose wrote to her friends, the Gardiners, and sent back their luggage to them - On the drive out to the country side, they stopped by the Lees family farm house, were they were invited for a meal. - Then they preceded to drive away and try their plan - It didn't work. Jackie died but the car ran out of gas too soon to finish the job (they hadn't been able to borrow enough). When she awoke Rose pled with Ted to Finish me off too! - He was, however, too weak and dopey from the carbon monoxide to do much of anything. He tried to smash Rose's head in with the car's engine crank but wasn't strong enough. Ditto for his efforts with a butcher knife. Then he tried to cut her throat with a penknife, but only hacked at her neck without severing the carotid artery. Finally he slit his own wrists with razor blades but not deep enough to bleed to death before help, unwanted, finally arrived. - They claimed they got lost. Their son died in the cold car, and they tried to commit suicide after the fact. - After continuous questioning ted confessed to everything - Rose then confessed. However she claimed it was all teds idea - While in custody ted, and rose, appeared to show no remorse. He even ate quite well. - Rose made it clear that she was sane, did not want a lawyer, and was guilty - Both rose and red were found to be medically sane - Their defense tried to prove that the boy could have died from a thyroid problem. (which has been prove to not exist) - They were found not guilty largely due to sympathy from their peers.

Death in Queen City.

Trial of Clara Ford (1895) A mixed Black/white female who dressed, and behaved, like a man This was at a time when women were seen as pure and incapable of murder Frank Westwood opened the door at night and was shot by Clara First thing he did was claim he was shot by a man Attacker was claimed to have had a moustache, and was wearing dark clothes and a fedora The wound was quickly found to be fatal, but he lived on for many days At the inquest his doctor claimed that when he first asked frank about the shooting, he felt like he was hiding something Gus Clark a friend of Frank was offended at being named a suspect, and gave credence to the theory that the murderer could have been a women dressed as a man Clark remembered that there was a colored woman, (Clara), who often dressed as a man and carried a revolver. Frank, Clark, and others would often tease her, and she had resented it The police found out that she was close to a woman named flora, assumed to be her child, and quickly tracked her down. When asked about Claras whereabouts at the night o the murder, she claimed they were at the opera Her answer seemed too rehearsed, and when police questioned her it was discovered that Clara never showed up. When later Clara and her met again, Clara asked he to tell anyone who asked that she was with her that night. They found Clara and were about to take her in when she blurted out oh this is about the Westwood case. I can prove where I was that night. I was at the opera house She wasnt given any warning that she faced criminal charges At the station she was warned that she was being charged Officer Rubin repeatedly cautioned her that she didnt have to say anything and that she was being charged After flora was dismissed, after confessing in front of Clara, Rubin and Clara were alone in the room Clara claimed that she gave her friends son, Mary Crozier, her fedora. They found her, brought her in, and she contradicted this story in front of Clara She later admitted to shooting Westwood Clara claimed that Westwood tried to tape her earlier She claimed that she did not intend to kill him When asked why she did not asked during the attempted rape, or take it to court right after, she claimed as she was black and poor she would have lost the case Reburn protested that the charge would have to be proven and urged her to get a lawyer. She declined He warned he she would be hung if she pleaded guilty. She finally relented In court the judge was Colonel George T. Denison, who was known to hate technicalities, and to make sure cases went by as fast as possible. Originally she pleaded guilty, but it was not accepted by court as it was a capital offense When asked again she pleaded not guilty

Flora at the trial recounted the story of the false alibi, but added a new twist when she reported that about a week after the killing Clara had mentioned to Flora that she was in Parkdale on the night of the shooting The World considered her motives and thought, "she shot down young Westwood simply because of some remark he had made to her respecting her appearance." The World informed its readers that she was, "a sufferer from what the medical authorities call homo-sexuality in other words that she was suffering from what is called sexual perversion. " 27 It went on to advise that medical authorities cited numerous cases in which women insisted on wearing men's clothing. She was, the World concluded, sexually perverted because, "Physically she is a woman, but on the mental side she has all the characteristics of a man, and this is organically manifested in the shape and size of her feet and hands." The world claimed that she was subject to THE SWEATBOX during interrogation. While neither Slemin nor Reburn had used or even threatened to use force on her, they had extracted her confession by employing classic interrogation techniques. Despite the confession, there was a burgeoning public sympathy for Clara. A lady defending her virtue was a potent defence in Victorian Canada. The difficulty lay in the inability of a mercurial character such as Clara Ford to fit the model of the proper Victorian lady. It even suggested that Blacks were essentially different from whites; that is, her racial background also left her at the mercy of an uncontrollable inclination, a "wild impulse" opinion generally held at the time of the shooting that Westwood knew who fired the shot. the Crown's assertion that woods and Clara were lovers. She was found not guilty