Origin of Sound Nature of Sound in Air Media that Transmit Sound Speed of Sound in Air Refraction Energy in Sound

Waves Forced Vibrations Natural Frequency Resonance Interference Beats Radio Broadcasts

Sound...
...a longitudinal wave in air caused by a vibrating object.

Origin of Sound
infrasonic
frequencies < 20 Hz

ultrasonic
frequencies > 20,000 Hz

human hearing range

frequencies between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz

Nature of Sound in Air

Sound requires a medium.
solid, liquid or gas
Will a bell ring in a evacuated Bell Jar?

Sound waves have compression and rarefaction regions.

Speed of Sound in Air

340 meters/second 760 miles/hour Mach 1

SPEED OF SOUND

How it varies:

increases with humidity increases with temperature increases with density

Lightning and Thunder

What is the approximate distance of a thunderstorm when you note a 3 second delay between the flash of the lightning and the sound of the thunder?

What is the approximate distance of a thunderstorm when you note a 3 second delay between the flash of the lightning and the sound of the thunder? Answer: 3 seconds 340 meters/second = 1020 meters

Acoustics...
...the study of sound properties. When a sound wave strikes a surface it can be.
(a) reflected. (b) transmitted. (c) absorbed. (d) all of these.

Acoustics...
...the study of sound properties. When a sound wave strikes a surface it can be.
(a) reflected. (b) transmitted. (c) absorbed. (d) all of these.

Reflection of Sound
e.g. an echo Reverberation - re-echoed sound, multiple reflections of sound waves from walls Compare reflections from a hard wall with that from a carpet wall.

Refraction of Sound

Refraction - the bending of a wave Sound travels faster in warm air than in cool air. Sound waves bend toward cooler air.

Speed of Sound
Subsonic - slower than the speed of sound Supersonic faster than the speed of sound speed of object speed of sound

Mach Number

Forced Vibrations/Resonance
the setting up of vibrations in an object by a vibrating force. Examples of Forced Vibration:
A tuning fork touching a wood surface Sounding boards for stringed instruments Matching tuning fork boxes

During forced vibration sound is intensified because a larger surface area is available to vibrate air molecules.

Resonances

Sound Interference
Overlapping compressions of a sound wave will result in
constructive interference. and a louder sound.

Overlapping a compression and a rarefaction results in...

destructive interference. and a softer sound.

Constructive Interference

Destructive Interference

Sound Interference

Noise reduction headphones Echo cancellation

Beats

Beats - the periodic variation in loudness of two sounds played together The beat frequency is equal to the difference in the frequency of the two sounds. What is the beat frequency when a 262 Hz and a 266 Hz tuning fork are sounded together?

Electromagnetic Radiation Radio Transmission and Reception

Electromagnetic Radiation

Interrelated electric and magnetic fields traveling through space All electromagnetic radiation travels at c = 3 108 m/s in vacuum speed limit!

the cosmic

Electromagnetic Waves

Examples of Electromagnetic Radiation

AM and FM radio waves (including TV signals) Cell phone communication links Microwaves Infrared radiation Light X-rays Gamma rays What distinguishes these from one another?

Uses of Electromagnetic Waves

Communication systems
One-way and two-way

Radar Cooking (with microwaves) Medical Imaging (X rays) Night Vision (infrared) Astronomy (radio, wave, IR, visible, UV, gamma)

All that we experience through our eyes is conveyed by electromagnetic radiation And much, much more!

Encoding Information on Radio Waves

What quantities characterize a radio wave? Two common ways to carry analog information with radio waves
Amplitude Modulation (AM) Frequency Modulation (FM): static free

Radio Broadcasts
Modulation - an impression of the sound wave on a higher frequency radio wave AM
Amplitude Modulation 535 kHz to 1605 kHz

FM
Frequency Modulation 88 MHz to 108 MHz

AM Radio
Amplitude Modulation (AM) uses changes in the signal strength to convey information

pressure modulation (sound)

electromagnetic wave modulation

FM Radio
Frequency Modulation (FM) uses changes in the wave s frequency to convey information

pressure modulation (sound) electromagnetic wave modulation

What affects propagation of radio waves?

Absorption
by ground, terrain

Loss of energy density with distance

weak far away

Scattering
reflections: especially off metals leads to multi-path effects

Class Problem
Suppose at a concert a singer's voice is radio broadcast all the way around the world before reaching the radio you hold to your ear. This takes 1/8 second. If you're close you hear her voice in air before you hear it from the radio. But if you are far enough away, both signals will reach you at the same time. How many meters distant must you be for this to occur?

Class Problem
If you sit 42.5 meters away from the singer, both the sound from the radio that is broadcast all the way around the world and that through the air will reach you in the same 1/8 second. Distance in air = speed of sound x time in air = 340m/s x 1/8s = 42.5m.If you sit farther back, you'll hear the radio signal before you hear the sound signal!

Class Problem
Does the wind affect the pitch of the factory whistle you hear on a windy day? If so, why? If not, why?

Class Problem
No, the wind does not affect the pitch. The wind does affect the speed of sound because the medium that carries the sound moves. But the wavelength of the sound changes accordingly, which results in no change in frequency or pitch. This can be seen by analogy: Suppose a friend is placing packages on a conveyor belt, say at a "frequency" of one each second. Then you, at the other end of the belt, take off one package each second. Suppose the speed of the belt increases while your friend still places one package per second on the belt. Can you see that the packages (farther apart now) will still arrive to you at the rate of one per second?

Class Problem
A train whistle at rest has a frequency of 3000 Hertz. If you are standing still and observe the frequency to be 3010 Hertz, then you can conclude that...
a) the train is moving away from you. b) the train is moving toward you c) the sound from the whistle has echoed d) not enough information is given

Class Problem
A train whistle at rest has a frequency of 3000 Hertz. If you are standing still and observe the frequency to be 3010 Hertz, then you can conclude that...
a) the train is moving away from you. b) the train is moving toward you c) the sound from the whistle has echoed d) not enough information is given

What dictates the frequency of a sound wave?

(a) wavelength (b) medium (c) source of the sound (d) speed (e) amplitude

What dictates the frequency of a sound wave?

(a) wavelength (b) medium (c) source of the sound (d) speed (e) amplitude

When you move away from a fixed source of sound, the frequency of the sound you hear
(a) is greater than what the source emits (b) is less than what the source emits (c) is the same as what the source emits

When you move away from a fixed source of sound, the frequency of the sound you hear
(a) is greater than what the source emits (b) is less than what the source emits (c) is the same as what the source emits

Sonic booms from a plane are produced

(a) because the plane breaks through the sound barrier (b) when the plane reaches the speed of sound (c) by the plane traveling faster than the speed of sound (d) by the plane traveling slower than the speed of sound

Sonic booms from a plane are produced

(a) because the plane breaks through the sound barrier (b) when the plane reaches the speed of sound (c) by the plane traveling faster than the speed of sound (d) by the plane traveling slower than the speed of sound

For the same temperature for air, does sound travel faster in humid Galveston or in dry El Paso? (a) Galveston (b) El Paso (c) same speed in either city

For the same temperature for air, does sound travel faster in humid Galveston or in dry El Paso? (a) Galveston (b) El Paso (c) same speed in either city

The bending of sound through air of uneven temperature is called (a) reflection (b) refraction (c) interference (d) reverberation (e) resonance

The bending of sound through air of uneven temperature is called (a) reflection (b) refraction (c) interference (d) reverberation (e) resonance

Lightning is seen, then ten seconds later thunder is heard. Approximately, how far away in meters is the thunder cloud? (a) 10,500 m (b) 5280 m (c) 1050 m (d) 3400 m (e) 680 m

Lightning is seen, then ten seconds later thunder is heard. Approximately, how far away in meters is the thunder cloud? (a) 10,500 m (b) 5280 m (c) 1050 m (d) 3400 m (e) 680 m

A 250 Hz tuning fork and a 260 Hz tuning fork are vibrating near each other. How many beats per second are heard? (a) 255 (b) 510 (c) 10 (d) 250 (e) 260

A 250 Hz tuning fork and a 260 Hz tuning fork are vibrating near each other. How many beats per second are heard? (a) 255 (b) 510 (c) 10 (d) 250 (e) 260

Noise Versus Music

What is the difference between noise and music? Answer: The appearance of the waveform.

Mac Mic

NOISE VERSUS MUSIC

Pitch...
is the "highness" or "lowness" of a tone. Pitch corresponds to frequency. Concert A on the Musical Scale has a frequency of 440 Hertz.

Same Note - Different Instrument

Harmonic
a partial tone that is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency

Fundamental Frequency
the lowest frequency of vibration a.k.a. the first harmonic

Back

Sound Intensity and Loudness

Intensity of Sound
refers to the amplitude of the pressure variations in the sound wave

Loudness
the physiological sensation directly related to the sound intensity measured in bels 1bels = 10 decibels

Loudness
A sound of 10 decibels is or 101 or 10 times as intense as 0 decibels. 20 decibels is 102 or 100 times the intensity 0 decibels. How much more intense is sound at 100 dB than sound at 50 dB? Answer: 100000 times

Source of Sound Threshold of Hearing Conversation Ear Damage Begins Amplified Music Jet Airplane at 30 meters

Loudness (db) 0 60 85 110 140

Common Sound Intensities

Source of Sound Jet 30 m away Air-raid siren, nearby Disco music, amplified Riveter Busy street traffic Conversation in home Quiet radio in home Whisper Rustle of leaves Threshold of hearing Intensity (W/m2) 102 1 10-1 10-3 10-5 10-6 10-8 10-10 10-11 10-12 Sound Level (db) 140 120 110 90 70 60 40 20 10 0

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