APA ITU PEMBANGUNAN

KULIAH 2 PEMBANGUNAN INTERNASIONAL

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The three denitions of development

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#1.Development as a long-term process of structural societal transformation

focused on processes of structural societal change, it is historical and it has a long-term outlook

major societal shift from a rural or agriculturebased society to an urban or industrial-based society (the shift from traditional to modern characteristics)

societal structural changes in the respective positions of classes and groups within the relations of production

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2. Development as a short- to medium-term outcome of desirable targets

narrower in denition and is technocratic or instrumental

level it is simply concerned with development as occurring in terms of a set of short- to medium-term performance indicators goals or outcomes which can be measured and compared with targets

The MDGs now play a major role in the thinking of the international agencies

depoliticize development by taking a technocratic approach

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#3. Development as a dominant discourse of Western modernity development has consisted of bad change and bad outcomes through the imposition of Western ethnocentric notions of development upon the Third World

This is the post-modern conceptualization of development (The post-development, postcolonial or post-structuralist position)

The key element is that development are social constructs (discourse) that do not exist in an objective sense

the post-modern theorists condemnation of development as a discourse constructed in the North as modernity (superior discourse) and imposed on the South (inferior discourse)
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Sustenance: the ability to meet the basic needs

The self esteem: to be a person

The Core Values of Development

Freedom from servitude: to be able to choose

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DEVELOPMENT

Sustained elevation of an entire society and social system toward a better or more humane life

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DEVELOPMENT CLASSIFICATIONS

Lower-Middle Income (US $976-US$3.855) Low Income (US$ 975 or less)

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Developing Countries

WORLD BANK

Higher income country (Gross National Income Percapita: US$ 11.907) Upper-Middle Income (US $ 3.856-US$11.906)

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP=international price for all goods and services)

Development Indicators

Indicator of health and education

Low: 0-0,49
Human Development Index (HDI) 1. Longevity (life expectancy) 2. Knowledge (adult literacy&school enrollment) 3. Standard of living (GNI per capita & PPP)

Medium: 0,5-0,79 High: 0,8-0,9 Very High: 0,9-1

Indonesia: HDI 0,6 rank 108

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Lower level of living and productivity Lower level of human capital Higher level of inequality & absolute poverty Greater social fractionalization

Characteristic of the Developing World

Larger rural population but rapid rural to urban migration

Lower level of industrialization & manufactur export

Underdeveloped market Adverse geography Colonial impact & unequal international relations
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