POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT USING RESONANT CIRCUIT

AUTHORS: D.UJWALA 3RD EEE, AITS, RAJAMPET. Email : ujju.darisa@gmail.com Ph: 9490538511 H.VENKATA JYOTHI 3RD EEE, AITS, RAJAMPET Email: jyothi_hosuru@yahoo.co.in Ph: 9394006714

ABSTRACT
Characteristics of high-frequency modified series-parallel resonant converter operating in high power factor mode are presented. The highorder series resonant converter presented in this paper has very good characteristics viz.., high efficiency and narrow variation in switching frequency for good regulation. This converter uses capacitive output filter. Fixed-frequency controls are used to regulate the magnitude of output voltage and power. An active control of series-parallel resonant converter is used for improving input line current wave-shape. Because of this converter has a very high power factor. Design criteria that incorporate transformer nonidealities are developed, and are employed in the construction of high-voltage prototype converter. Simulation results for the converter so designed and experimental results for a 1kW, 1kV converter are presented to verify The performance of the proposed converter for varying load conditions. The converter operates in lagging power factor mode for the entire load range. Index Terms High frequency resonant converter, high-voltage, fixed frequency control, Power quality. I INTRODUCTION A number of active power line conditioners (APLCs) have been proposed in the literature. Most of These configurations are PWMtype, hard-switched. They are subjected to very high switching losses, switching noise, switching stresses and electromagnetic interference (EMI), especially at high frequency. Thus, this reduces the efficiency of the converter. To overcome these problems, the quasiresonant converter (QRC) with high power factor of input line cur-rent is reported in recent literature. The switching losses and the stresses of the converters are significantly reduced in comparison with the PWM converters. But, it is difficult to use high frequency transformer, and to operate it at high power level. In order to overcome above disadvantages, improvement of input power factor and reducing the total harmonics distortion (THD) in input line current using full-bridge configuration of resonant converter is

necessary [1-7]. Most of the schemes are series, parallel, or series-parallel resonant converters. A series resonant converter has volt-age regulation problem at light loads, parallel resonant converter has lower efficiency at light loads and LCC-type seriesparallel resonant converter takes the properties of parallel resonant converter at load below 50 % of the full load. A Modified resonant converter [4] can be used as an AC-DC converter, but the major drawback of this converter is high component stress at peak of ac input, especially at full load. The highorder series resonant converter presented in [5] has very good characteristics viz., high efficiency and narrow variation in switching frequency for good regulation. It is a good candidate for high voltage dc applications, but has

harmonics and contributes to losses in the system. This reduces the efficiency of the converter. In this paper, an improvement in power factor on ac line side of AC-DC converter using high frequency (HF) modified series-parallel resonant converter (MSPRC) is proposed. This scheme consists of an uncontrolled diode bridge rectifier followed by a small dc link capacitor Cin (i.e., high frequency bypass) connected to the MSPRC. The input line current of this converter is quasi-square wave. This leads to the presence of THD more than 100% at load below 25 % of full load. Therefore with the use of active control of input line current of ac-to-dc MSPRC, the line current waveform is purely sinusoidal in nature and power factor of the circuit is very high. The HF transformer non-idealities (i.e., leakage inductance and winding capacitance) are considered into the basic operation of circuit. The w i n d i n g c a p a c i t a n c e o f H F transformer when taken into consideration for analysis contributes to improvement of predicted performance of the converter in terms of efficiency. Therefore, this converter is best suited for high voltage dc applications like distributed power system as well as standalone converter for a variety of applications.

high voltage stress on the output HF rectifier diodes. M. J. Schutlen [6] supports the parallel and series-parallel resonant converter operated in a high power factor mode even with no active control of input line current. However, it requires large output capacitive filter to store the second harmonic (120Hz ripple for 60Hz-power supply frequency). Use of such a large capacitive filter leads to input line current with nearly quasi-square waveform. The waveform of this current contains lower order

2 2 The block diagram and circuit diagram of the proposed ac-to-dc converter employing MSPRC with capacitive output filter is shown in Fig.1 and Fig.2

respectively. The small LC filter used at input of line rectifier to re-duce the high frequency switching noise and ripple. The idealized operating waveform of MSPRC is shown in Fig.3. The proposed converter consists of an uncontrolled diode full-bridge rectifier followed by a small dc link capacitor in C (i.e., high frequency bypass) connected to the MSPRC. Therefore, Input voltage to MSPRC is a rectified line voltage. The HF transformer non-idealities are considered while designing the MSPRC. In addition to this, use of this tank circuit reduces the component-stresses. Therefore, overall performance of the proposed resonant converter is improved in terms of the efficiency and the power factor. A useful analytical technique, based on classical complex ac-circuit analysis is suggested for designing the modified series-parallel resonant tank circuit. Fixed frequency control (200 kHz) is used to regulate the out-put voltage. The closed loop control is used to meet the output ripple specifications. The closed loop gain should be chosen properly for achieving good transient response. This ac-to-dc converter is simulated using TUT-SIM package, and experimental prototype unit is designed and fabricated using high frequency switches MOSFETs. III DESIGN OF TANK CIRCUIT Based on the classical complex ac-circuit analysis, MSPRC is designed. MSPRC is operated just above the resonant peak of converter gain to maintain zero-voltage switching for the duty ratio control.

AC equivalent circuit of proposed MSPRC is shown in Fig.4, and the important equations relating to the resonant tank circuit are given as follows: Where leak L and w C are leakage inductance of primary winding and secondary winding capacitance of HF transformer, respectively.

3 3 Where, n is transformer turns ratio (primary winding to secondary winding), 'L R is load resistance referred to primary side of HF transformer, and d V is forward voltage drop of HF rectifier diodes? Using equation (1), (2), (3), and (5), the optimum component values calculated are as:

If a sinusoidal current is drawn from the ac input line, the power delivered by the converter to the output filter capacitor and load has a wave shape of a double frequency sinusoid with peak value equal to twice the aver-age power delivered by the converter. The converter is designed in the same way to a dc-to-dc converter [7] to deliver twice the average output power at the peak of minimum line voltage (115 V, rms). The different design curves like minimum kVA rating of tank circuit per kW of the output power, minimum inverter output current, maximum efficiency and normalized output voltage are considered in the design of converter. One such an optimum value of normalized voltage curves for the converter is shown in Fig.5. The optimum designs values are referred to Fig.4 are given below: The design specifications of proposed ac-to-dc converter circuit fabricated are as follows:

V Results The simulation and experimental waveform of ac input line voltage (Vin) and input line current (Iin) at different load conditions are shown in Fig.6 and Fig.7 respectively. The output voltage Vo is regulated at 975 V. This is due to fact that the component values used were not exactly the same as those obtained from the design and also losses in the semiconductor devices were not taken into account in the design. The decrease in load requires decrease in duty ratio (0.48 at full load to 0.31 at 10% of the full load) to maintain constant output voltage. The performance of the converter was investigated with closed loop conditions, with active control on the input line current. It seen from the experimental and simulation result that the power factor is very high with active control of input line current. The overall efficiency of ac-to-dc converter is 93% at full load. The Table-1 shows the power factor with and without active control of input line current. It is observed from the

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experimental waveform and table-1 that the maximum power factor is 99.97 at full load.

5 In this applications, like distributed the design. The MSPRC is a strong candidate for the high-voltage ac-dcpaper, HF transformer non- power ideali ties (i.e., l eak- age inductance 5 system stand-alone converter, highspeed DC motor drives, and other power electronics systems. and winding capacitance) are considered as useful elements of the resonant tank circuit. The resonant converter has been designed for 1000-W as given above. This converter has high power factor (99.96%) at full load and low total harmonic distortion. This is true even with no active control on the input line current. It is noteworthy from the results that the input line current decreases with decrease in load current, resulting into high efficiency (93%) at full load. Owing to use of the resonant converter at HF operation and high voltage applications, a small value of output filter capacitor is required to reduce the ripple in the output dc voltage. Also, due to the action of the resonant converter and small value of output filter capacitor, the magnitude of capacitor charging current is kept low. Thus, input line current is sinusoidal in nature and converter has high power factor. The input line current waveform is slightly distorted at light load (10% of full load). This is because of the fact that the component values used were not exactly the same as those obtained from the design and also losses in the semiconductor devices were not taken into account in

Fig.7 Experimental waveforms for AC-to-DC resonant converter for input voltage Vin , input current iin, with variable frequency control, (a) on full load Vin (100 V/div), iin (4 A/div) (b) on 50 % of full load Vin (100 V/div), iin (2 A/div) and (c) on 10 % of full load.. Vin (100 V/div), iin (0.5 A/div), Time scale: 5 ms/divison.

VI REFERENCES [1] R. L. Steigerwald, "A Comparison of half-bridge resonant converter topologies," IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol.3, no.2, pp. 174-182, April 1988. [2] A. K. S. Bhat and M. M. Swamy, "Analysis and design of a parallel resonant converter including the effect of a high frequency trans-former, " I E E E T r a n s . o n In d u s t r i a l Electronics, vol.37, no.4, pp.297-306, Aug. 1990. [3] A. K. S. Bhat, "Analysis and design of a series-parallel resonant converter, "IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol.8, no.1, pp.1- 11, Jan. 1993. [4] H. M. Suryawanshi and S. G. Tarnekar, "Modified LCLC-type series resonant converter with improved performance," IEE Proc.-Electr. Power Appl., Vol.143, No.5, Sept. 1996, pp.354-360. [5] H. M. Suryawanshi and S. G. Tarnekar, "Resonant converter in high power factor, high-voltage dc applications," Proceedings-Electric Power Application, Vol.145, No.4, July-1998, pp.307-314.

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